GALK2

Summary

GALK2 (galactokinase 2, HGNC:4119) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 15q21.1-q21.2, encoding N-acetylgalactosamine kinase (Q01415). Acts on GalNAc.

This gene encodes a highly efficient N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) kinase, which has galactokinase activity when galactose is present at high concentrations. The encoded protein is a member of the GHMP kinase family. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 2585 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 5
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 70 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002044

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4119
Approved symbol	GALK2
Name	galactokinase 2
Location	15q21.1-q21.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	GK2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000156958
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	137028
Entrez	2585

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 28 — 17 protein_coding, 8 nonsense_mediated_decay, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000327171, ENST00000396509, ENST00000544523, ENST00000558145, ENST00000558399, ENST00000558775, ENST00000558956, ENST00000559040, ENST00000559095, ENST00000559208, ENST00000559423, ENST00000559454, ENST00000559580, ENST00000559883, ENST00000559963, ENST00000560031, ENST00000560119, ENST00000560138, ENST00000560528, ENST00000560654, ENST00000561014, ENST00000561074, ENST00000909176, ENST00000909177, ENST00000909178, ENST00000968617, ENST00000968618, ENST00000968619

RefSeq mRNA: 6 — MANE Select: NM_002044 NM_001001556, NM_001289030, NM_001289031, NM_001352047, NM_001352048, NM_002044

CCDS: CCDS32236, CCDS42034, CCDS73724

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000560031 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001406932	49327952	49331882
ENSE00002558243	49170247	49170375
ENSE00003458850	49283566	49283718
ENSE00003514630	49319604	49319805
ENSE00003528785	49239221	49239367
ENSE00003546714	49292327	49292537
ENSE00003596830	49201162	49201250
ENSE00003628224	49281987	49282085
ENSE00003656462	49217190	49217313
ENSE00003682735	49235851	49235941

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 267 present calls, max score 94.39.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 16.7209 / max 157.8898, expressed in 1805 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
146556	9.5987	1772
146558	5.1762	1571
146557	1.9460	1056

Top tissues by expression

289 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	94.39	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	92.02	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	91.23	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	90.50	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	90.22	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	89.83	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	89.82	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	89.75	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	89.72	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	89.47	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	88.98	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	88.63	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	88.35	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	88.19	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	88.04	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	87.60	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	87.59	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	87.42	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	86.71	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	86.37	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	86.32	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	86.26	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	86.18	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	86.09	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	85.88	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	85.74	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	85.73	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	85.69	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	85.68	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	85.68	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	5.57
E-MTAB-7249	no	128.88

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

102 targeting GALK2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-6833-3P	100.00	70.63	3197
HSA-MIR-4768-5P	100.00	69.49	2861
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-4482-3P	99.98	72.50	3147
HSA-MIR-548P	99.98	72.25	3784
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-548AA	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548AP-3P	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548T-3P	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379
HSA-MIR-302E	99.96	70.74	2669
HSA-MIR-4666A-3P	99.96	71.71	3434
HSA-MIR-545-3P	99.95	70.74	2783
HSA-MIR-4760-3P	99.93	70.50	2385
HSA-MIR-335-3P	99.93	73.36	4958
HSA-MIR-205-3P	99.92	69.92	3165
HSA-MIR-7-1-3P	99.91	71.53	4384
HSA-MIR-7-2-3P	99.91	71.40	4394
HSA-MIR-95-5P	99.89	72.17	3973
HSA-MIR-6844	99.82	70.69	2423
HSA-MIR-3121-3P	99.82	71.96	3630
HSA-MIR-5700	99.64	69.88	2280
HSA-MIR-3942-3P	99.57	69.03	2854

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• geometry and substrate specificity of the GalNAc kinase active site before and after catalysis (PMID:16006554)
• GALK2 has an ordered ternary complex mechanism in which ATP is the first substrate to bind (PMID:19874134)
• Kinetic studies suggest an ordered ternary complex mechanism in which ATP is the first substrate to bind. (PMID:19874134)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	galk2	ENSDARG00000004059
mus_musculus	Galk2	ENSMUSG00000027207
rattus_norvegicus	Galk2	ENSRNOG00000009289
drosophila_melanogaster	Galk	FBGN0263199
caenorhabditis_elegans	tag-96	WBGENE00006461

Paralogs (2): GALK1 (ENSG00000108479), MVK (ENSG00000110921)

Protein

Protein identifiers

N-acetylgalactosamine kinase — Q01415 (reviewed: Q01415)

Alternative names: GalNAc kinase, Galactokinase 2

All UniProt accessions (14): Q01415, B7ZAX5, H0YK10, H0YK30, H0YLF9, H0YLK3, H0YLL3, H0YLL8, H0YM44, H0YML1, H0YN31, H0YN87, H0YND3, H0YNR7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Acts on GalNAc. Also acts as a galactokinase when galactose is present at high concentrations. May be involved in a salvage pathway for the reutilization of free GalNAc derived from the degradation of complex carbohydrates.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer.

Similarity. Belongs to the GHMP kinase family. GalK subfamily.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q01415-1	1	yes
Q01415-2	2

RefSeq proteins (6): NP_001001556, NP_001275959, NP_001275960, NP_001338976, NP_001338977, NP_002035* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000705	Galactokinase	Family
IPR006203	GHMP_knse_ATP-bd_CS	Conserved_site
IPR006204	GHMP_kinase_N_dom	Domain
IPR006206	Mevalonate/galactokinase	Family
IPR013750	GHMP_kinase_C_dom	Domain
IPR014721	Ribsml_uS5_D2-typ_fold_subgr	Homologous_superfamily
IPR019539	GalKase_N	Domain
IPR019741	Galactokinase_CS	Conserved_site
IPR020568	Ribosomal_Su5_D2-typ_SF	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036554	GHMP_kinase_C_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00288, PF08544, PF10509

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.7.1.157 — N-acetylgalactosamine kinase (BRENDA: 3 organisms, 10 substrates, 4 inhibitors, 56 Km, 27 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

7 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 7. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
ATP	0.006–0.13	26
N-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOSAMINE	0.04–0.95	9
N-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOSAMINE	0.051–0.39	7
N-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-MANNOSAMINE	0.25–4.1	7
N-ACETYL-D-GALACTOSAMINE	0.04–0.14	3
D-GALACTOSE	0.5	1
GALACTOSE	0.5	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine + ATP = N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate + ADP + H(+) (RHEA:12617)

UniProt features (53 total): helix 20, strand 16, binding site 10, turn 2, chain 1, active site 1, site 1, splice variant 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
2A2C	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.65
2A2D	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q01415-F1	95.07	0.91

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (2): 190 (proton acceptor); 43 (transition state stabilizer)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (10): 233; 234; 43; 49; 50; 52; 143; 145; 146; 190

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 103 (showing top): GOBP_POLYOL_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_POLYOL_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, NKX61_01, GOBP_GLYCEROLIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, MORF_ZNF10, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CILIUM_ORGANIZATION, KEGG_PPAR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_CILIUM_MOVEMENT, GOBP_CILIUM_OR_FLAGELLUM_DEPENDENT_CELL_MOTILITY, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (3): carbohydrate metabolic process (GO:0005975), galactose metabolic process (GO:0006012), carbohydrate phosphorylation (GO:0046835)

GO Molecular Function (7): galactokinase activity (GO:0004335), ATP binding (GO:0005524), N-acetylgalactosamine kinase activity (GO:0033858), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), kinase activity (GO:0016301), transferase activity (GO:0016740), phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor (GO:0016773)

GO Cellular Component (2): cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor	2
carbohydrate kinase activity	2
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
primary metabolic process	1
hexose metabolic process	1
carbohydrate metabolic process	1
phosphorylation	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1950 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GALK2	UAP1	Q16222	672
GALK2	GALE	Q14376	666
GALK2	AKR1B1	P15121	586
GALK2	TK1	P04183	580
GALK2	GALT	P07902	554
GALK2	MVK	Q03426	508
GALK2	PTGR3	Q8N4Q0	503
GALK2	GALM	Q96C23	459
GALK2	PGM3	O95394	451
GALK2	ARMC6	Q6NXE6	435
GALK2	GNE	Q9Y223	423
GALK2	NAGK	Q9UJ70	414
GALK2	TPI1	P00938	406
GALK2	OTC	P00480	403
GALK2	MAP7D2	Q96T17	402

IntAct

3 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GALK2	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (27): GALK2 (Co-fractionation), GALK2 (Co-fractionation), GALK2 (Co-fractionation), GALK2 (Co-fractionation), LTA4H (Co-fractionation), MEMO1 (Co-fractionation), MVD (Co-fractionation), POTEF (Affinity Capture-MS), CCDC18 (Affinity Capture-MS), PABPC3 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB4 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PLS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD59 (Affinity Capture-MS), AHNAK (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1L1F0, A4IFG2, A5A6P1, A5GFY8, C3K0A7, D9IVE5, O43175, P10688, P10895, P18407, P25335, Q01415, Q02JZ8, Q09913, Q0V9A9, Q1ED21, Q2KIG4, Q32NH8, Q3B8C3, Q3KFK9, Q3TV70, Q48KS4, Q4K8H3, Q4R964, Q4ZVG8, Q58DU8, Q5EAD2, Q5PQR3, Q5R6J8, Q5R7M2, Q61753, Q640T1, Q68FH4, Q6AYP0, Q6DGA6, Q6LPX9, Q86WQ0, Q87YX4, Q8BIP0, Q8C726

Diamond homologs: A0KQH8, A1A900, A1KG98, A4W899, A5U003, A5UDQ5, A5UHX0, A7MIX5, A7MV01, A7ZJD2, A7ZY13, A8GBA5, A9MJI2, B1IXX9, B1LM48, B1YIH8, B2GEP6, B2TUY8, B2VBV2, B5ETC9, B5YRF5, B6I7R1, B7IDE2, B7LAF8, B7LK02, B7M6C0, B7MGL4, B7MPP1, B7N9Z9, B7NNH9, B7ULN0, C1AKV1, C4ZXS8, O42821, P04385, P09608, P0A6T3, P0A6T4, P13045, P31767

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

70 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	63
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

3534 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
15:49170250:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
15:49189978:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
15:49201155:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49201159:CAGGT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:49201160:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49201160:A:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:49201160:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49201161:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:49201161:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49201161:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49201161:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49201161:GGTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49201161:GGTTA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49201233:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
15:49201247:A:AG	donor_gain	1.0000
15:49201247:A:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:49201247:ATAGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
15:49201252:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
15:49217184:TTCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:49217186:CTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:49217187:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:49217188:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49217189:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49217189:GGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49217189:GGAGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:49217309:TATCC:T	donor_gain	1.0000
15:49217311:TCC:T	donor_gain	1.0000
15:49217312:CC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
15:49217313:CG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
15:49217314:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3001 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
15:49239305:A:C	S148R	0.999
15:49239307:T:A	S148R	0.999
15:49239307:T:G	S148R	0.999
15:49282051:A:C	D190A	0.999
15:49282051:A:T	D190V	0.999
15:49282052:C:A	D190E	0.999
15:49282052:C:G	D190E	0.999
15:49283581:T:C	F207L	0.999
15:49283583:T:A	F207L	0.999
15:49283583:T:G	F207L	0.999
15:49201236:G:C	R43T	0.998
15:49201237:A:C	R43S	0.998
15:49201237:A:T	R43S	0.998
15:49201243:C:A	N45K	0.998
15:49201243:C:G	N45K	0.998
15:49217190:G:A	G48E	0.998
15:49217190:G:T	G48V	0.998
15:49217202:A:T	D52V	0.998
15:49235903:T:A	W107R	0.998
15:49235903:T:C	W107R	0.998
15:49282050:G:C	D190H	0.998
15:49282060:T:A	I193K	0.998
15:49217193:A:T	E49V	0.997
15:49217201:G:C	D52H	0.997
15:49217202:A:C	D52A	0.997
15:49217203:T:A	D52E	0.997
15:49217203:T:G	D52E	0.997
15:49239299:A:C	S146R	0.997
15:49239301:C:A	S146R	0.997
15:49239301:C:G	S146R	0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000003640 (15:49235809 G>A), RS1000008209 (15:49358636 C>G,T), RS1000017721 (15:49306012 A>G), RS1000032296 (15:49217620 A>C,G,T), RS1000036230 (15:49328215 T>A), RS1000041699 (15:49280126 C>A), RS1000063705 (15:49357433 A>G), RS1000087799 (15:49266666 A>C), RS1000127130 (15:49183633 C>T), RS1000150421 (15:49265621 C>G,T), RS1000183190 (15:49363821 T>C), RS1000190135 (15:49210503 G>A,T), RS1000211049 (15:49200895 A>G), RS1000221810 (15:49243560 T>A,G), RS1000221955 (15:49167003 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:137028 | disease phenotypes: MIM:210900

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): Bloom syndrome (MONDO:0008876), familial colorectal cancer (MONDO:0023113)

Orphanet (1): Bloom syndrome (Orphanet:125)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST004744_32	Lung adenocarcinoma	3.000000e-12
GCST004744_33	Lung adenocarcinoma	5.000000e-10
GCST004748_34	Lung cancer	1.000000e-06
GCST004749_39	Lung cancer in ever smokers	9.000000e-06
GCST90002395_220	Mean platelet volume	1.000000e-12

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001816	Bloom Syndrome	C16.131.077.137; C16.320.798.313; C18.452.284.100; C20.673.795.313

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

32 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Vehicle Emissions	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression, decreases reaction	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases expression	2
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation, increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases expression	2
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
tungsten carbide	decreases expression, affects binding	1
testosterone enanthate	affects expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
quercitrin	increases expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression	1
4-aminophenylarsenoxide	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
tamibarotene	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	increases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
2-methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (2-methyl-4-o-tolylazophenyl)amide	decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Sunitinib	increases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Atrazine	decreases expression	1
Cobalt	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Progesterone	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases methylation	1
Tretinoin	decreases expression	1
Tunicamycin	increases expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

5 cell lines: 3 cancer cell line, 2 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_DX01	HAP1 GALK2 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_DX02	HAP1 GALK2 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_DX36	HAP1 GALK2 (-) NAGK (-)	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_VR13	HEK293T GALK2 KO clone 7	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_VR15	HEK293T GALE+GALK2 KO clone 7	Transformed cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

10 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00021437	Not specified	COMPLETED	Biological Significance of the Bloom’s Syndrome Protein
NCT04251325	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Socio-demographic Characteristics of Basic Life Support Course Participants
NCT04353089	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Geographical Association Between Basic Life Support Courses, Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Survival
NCT00349817	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Genetics Education: Preparing Physicians for the Future
NCT02645084	Not specified	COMPLETED	Identifying Patients With Hereditary and Familial Colorectal Cancer by Using an Online Risk Tool
NCT03365986	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Systemic Screening for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer in China
NCT04197856	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Direct Information to At-risk Relatives
NCT04280666	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Next-generation Sequencing of Colorectal Cancer Somatic Cells to Guide Genetic Susceptibility Gene Mutations Screening.
NCT05495776	Not specified	RECRUITING	Prospective Multicenter Registry Study to Assess the Frequency of Lynch Syndrome Among Patients With Colorectal Cancer
NCT07307664	Not specified	RECRUITING	Increasing Germline Genetic Testing for Patients With Cancer