GAS2

Summary

GAS2 (growth arrest specific 2, HGNC:4167) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 11p14.3, encoding Growth arrest-specific protein 2 (O43903). Required to maintain microtubule bundles in inner ear supporting cells, affording them with mechanical stiffness to transmit sound energy through the cochlea.

The protein encoded by this gene is a caspase-3 substrate that plays a role in regulating microfilament and cell shape changes during apoptosis. It can also modulate cell susceptibility to p53-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting calpain activity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 2620 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): hearing loss, autosomal recessive 125 (Moderate, GenCC) — +1 more curated relationship
• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 42 total — 1 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 7
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001143830

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4167
Approved symbol	GAS2
Name	growth arrest specific 2
Location	11p14.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000148935
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602835
Entrez	2620

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 16 — 12 protein_coding, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000278187, ENST00000454584, ENST00000524701, ENST00000526665, ENST00000528582, ENST00000532398, ENST00000533092, ENST00000533363, ENST00000534801, ENST00000630668, ENST00000648096, ENST00000867051, ENST00000867052, ENST00000867053, ENST00000867054, ENST00000941622

RefSeq mRNA: 9 — MANE Select: NM_001143830 NM_001143830, NM_001351224, NM_001391933, NM_001391934, NM_001391935, NM_001391936, NM_001391937, NM_005256, NM_177553

CCDS: CCDS7858

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000454584 — 8 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001138642	22726292	22726433
ENSE00001602001	22666611	22666899
ENSE00002197671	22811798	22813001
ENSE00003484576	22685668	22685789
ENSE00003487777	22737705	22737768
ENSE00003515833	22674850	22675014
ENSE00003594907	22755846	22755953
ENSE00003789138	22749120	22749261

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 226 present calls, max score 89.08.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.6724 / max 113.2547, expressed in 544 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (21 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
113469	0.3660	180
113470	0.3586	188
113471	0.1986	92
113472	0.1118	49
113489	0.0982	21
113475	0.0823	40
113487	0.0597	23
113473	0.0535	25
113481	0.0512	10
113480	0.0501	14

Top tissues by expression

282 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	89.08	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	88.82	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	87.92	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	87.41	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	86.78	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	83.12	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	82.98	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	82.87	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	82.75	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	82.70	gold quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	82.35	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	82.34	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	82.34	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	82.26	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	80.78	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	77.89	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	77.63	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	77.30	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	77.29	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	76.93	silver quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	76.79	silver quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	76.34	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	76.30	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	76.29	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	75.93	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	75.78	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	75.63	gold quality
skeletal muscle organ	UBERON:0014892	75.47	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	75.46	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	75.38	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-76312	yes	6129.37
E-ANND-3	yes	9.95
E-MTAB-5061	no	3.08

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ETV6, HDAC3, IRF8, STAT5A

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

71 targeting GAS2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P	100.00	76.32	3233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P	100.00	76.32	3242
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-548P	99.98	72.25	3784
HSA-MIR-512-3P	99.97	67.35	1049
HSA-MIR-6888-3P	99.97	65.95	1170
HSA-MIR-1468-3P	99.96	72.74	3797
HSA-MIR-539-5P	99.93	70.30	2855
HSA-MIR-335-3P	99.93	73.36	4958
HSA-MIR-381-3P	99.93	71.87	2854
HSA-MIR-515-5P	99.92	69.82	2343
HSA-MIR-519E-5P	99.92	69.62	2358
HSA-MIR-300	99.92	71.76	2856
HSA-MIR-145-5P	99.92	71.13	1836
HSA-MIR-5195-3P	99.92	70.92	1877
HSA-MIR-589-3P	99.91	69.62	2088
HSA-MIR-153-5P	99.89	73.86	6317
HSA-MIR-30A-3P	99.87	69.74	2928
HSA-MIR-30D-3P	99.87	69.92	2917
HSA-MIR-30E-3P	99.87	69.68	2942
HSA-MIR-629-3P	99.85	67.99	1875
HSA-MIR-576-5P	99.84	70.46	2582
HSA-MIR-520F-3P	99.82	71.32	1216
HSA-MIR-4799-5P	99.82	70.60	2663
HSA-MIR-8080	99.82	67.52	1342

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 12)

• Gas2DN can increase the activity of calpain and induce degradation of stabilized/mutated beta-catenin (PMID:15817486)
• Studies have identified a Gas2/calpain-dependent mechanism by which ICSBP influences beta-catenin activity in myeloid leukemia. (PMID:20679491)
• GAS2 is up-regulated in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. (PMID:24465953)
• Truncated HBx deregulates cell growth via direct silencing of GAS2 and thereby provides a survival advantage for pre-neoplastic hepatocytes to facilitate cancer development via TP53 signaling. (PMID:25925944)
• Taken together, our results demonstrated the deregulation of GAS2 in both AML and ALL and the requirement of GAS2-Calpain2 axis for the growth of leukemic cells. (PMID:26358320)
• This study found a highly significant correlation between colorectal cancers relapse and growth arrest-specific 2 (GAS2) gene expression. Based on cell models, the overexpressed GAS2 was associated with cellular growth rate, cell cycle regulation, and with chemotherapeutic sensitivity. (PMID:27085973)
• GAS2 protein expression was lower in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than in normal tissues. Overexpression of GAS2 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells with wide type p53, while knockdown of GAS2 promoted the proliferation of hepatocytes. Results suggest that GAS2 plays a vital role in HCC cell proliferation and apoptosis, possibly by regulating the cell cycle and p53-dependent apoptosis pathway. (PMID:31528096)
• UCHL1 enhances the malignant development of glioma via targeting GAS2. (PMID:32572885)
• Growth arrest-specific 2 protein family: Structure and function. (PMID:33103301)
• Cochlear supporting cells require GAS2 for cytoskeletal architecture and hearing. (PMID:33964205)
• Growth arrest-specific protein 2 (GAS2) interacts with CXCR4 to promote T-cell leukemogenesis partially via c-MYC. (PMID:36054080)
• A novel variant in GAS2 is associated with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing impairment in a Chinese family. (PMID:38956677)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gas2a	ENSDARG00000001259
mus_musculus	Gas2	ENSMUSG00000030498
rattus_norvegicus	Gas2	ENSRNOG00000016717

Paralogs (7): ASPM (ENSG00000066279), MICALL1 (ENSG00000100139), EHBP1 (ENSG00000115504), MICALL2 (ENSG00000164877), EHBP1L1 (ENSG00000173442), GAS2L1 (ENSG00000185340), SMTNL1 (ENSG00000214872)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Growth arrest-specific protein 2 — O43903 (reviewed: O43903)

All UniProt accessions (5): O43903, E9PM28, E9PQ37, E9PQ74, E9PRR5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Required to maintain microtubule bundles in inner ear supporting cells, affording them with mechanical stiffness to transmit sound energy through the cochlea.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Stress fiber. Membrane.

Tissue specificity. Ubiquitously expressed with highest levels in liver, lung, and kidney. Not found in spleen.

Post-translational modifications. Cleaved, during apoptosis, on a specific aspartic residue by caspases. Phosphorylated on serine residues during the G0-G1 transition phase.

Disease relevance. Deafness, autosomal recessive, 125 (DFNB125) [MIM:620877] A form of non-syndromic deafness characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the neural receptors of the inner ear, the nerve pathways to the brain, or the area of the brain that receives sound information. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Similarity. Belongs to the GAS2 family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
O43903-1	1	yes
O43903-2	2

RefSeq proteins (9): NP_001137302, NP_001338153, NP_001378862, NP_001378863, NP_001378864, NP_001378865, NP_001378866, NP_005247, NP_808221 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001715	CH_dom	Domain
IPR003108	GAR_dom	Domain
IPR036534	GAR_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036872	CH_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00307, PF02187

UniProt features (10 total): domain 2, modified residue 2, splice variant 2, chain 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O43903-F1	80.86	0.59

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 278–279 (cleavage; by a caspase during apoptosis)

Post-translational modifications (2): 183, 187

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-264870	Caspase-mediated cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins

MSigDB gene sets: 207 (showing top): LIANG_HEMATOPOIESIS_STEM_CELL_NUMBER_SMALL_VS_HUGE_UP, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_6HR_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_MORPHOGENESIS, PAL_PRMT5_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_GROWTH, GAUSSMANN_MLL_AF4_FUSION_TARGETS_E_UP, HNF1_Q6, GOBP_OVARIAN_FOLLICLE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_REPRODUCTIVE_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, SHETH_LIVER_CANCER_VS_TXNIP_LOSS_PAM4, GOBP_OVULATION_CYCLE_PROCESS, GOBP_OVULATION, GOBP_ACTIN_FILAMENT_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_CYCLE, MODULE_480

GO Biological Process (9): initiation of primordial ovarian follicle growth (GO:0001544), antral ovarian follicle growth (GO:0001547), apoptotic process (GO:0006915), regulation of cell shape (GO:0008360), regulation of Notch signaling pathway (GO:0008593), ovulation (GO:0030728), regulation of cell cycle (GO:0051726), actin crosslink formation (GO:0051764), basement membrane organization (GO:0071711)

GO Molecular Function (3): microtubule binding (GO:0008017), actin filament binding (GO:0051015), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): stress fiber (GO:0001725), cytosol (GO:0005829), actin filament (GO:0005884), membrane (GO:0016020), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Apoptotic cleavage of cellular proteins	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
ovarian follicle development	2
ovulation cycle process	2
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
developmental growth	1
programmed cell death	1
apoptotic signaling pathway	1
execution phase of apoptosis	1
regulation of cell morphogenesis	1
regulation of biological quality	1
Notch signaling pathway	1
regulation of signal transduction	1
female gamete generation	1
multicellular organismal reproductive process	1
cell cycle	1
regulation of cellular process	1
actin filament organization	1
extracellular matrix organization	1
tubulin binding	1
actin binding	1
protein-containing complex binding	1
binding	1
actomyosin	1
contractile actin filament bundle	1
cytoplasm	1
actin cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

926 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GAS2	GAS1	P54826	930
GAS2	LUZP2	Q86TE4	910
GAS2	RASL10A	Q92737	787
GAS2	LIPI	Q6XZB0	762
GAS2	PPL	O60437	712
GAS2	PLEC	Q15149	679
GAS2	SPA17	Q15506	676
GAS2	EVPL	Q92817	664
GAS2	DSP	P15924	597
GAS2	PMP22	Q01453	594
GAS2	TMEM108	Q6UXF1	521
GAS2	MSN	P26038	497
GAS2	DMD	P11532	494
GAS2	RDX	P35241	492
GAS2	DYNC1H1	Q14204	427

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GAS2	HNRNPA3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400

BioGRID (8): GAS2 (Synthetic Lethality), TBC1D21 (Two-hybrid), HNRNPA3 (Proximity Label-MS), GAS2 (Affinity Capture-MS), GAS2 (Affinity Capture-MS), GAS2 (Proximity Label-MS), GAS2 (Affinity Capture-Western), APP (Reconstituted Complex)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0JMA8, A1A535, A2AIV2, A6H8H2, A8E7C5, B7PXE3, D3ZHV2, F1REV3, O14617, O16785, O35711, O43150, O43903, O54774, P11862, P30427, Q14D04, Q5PQS3, Q5RAV3, Q5VZ89, Q61QK6, Q69YN4, Q6S5J6, Q6ZWQ0, Q6ZWR6, Q7SIG6, Q7Z3E5, Q865S1, Q8C1B1, Q8C4Q6, Q8CDA1, Q8NF91, Q8NFA0, Q91V36, Q91ZU6, Q96BJ3, Q99K01, Q9BXL7, Q9EPC1, Q9ERD8

Diamond homologs: A0A1L8H8C0, A0A1L8HFX9, D3ZHV2, D3ZUE1, O43903, O94854, P11862, Q03001, Q3UWW6, Q5SSG4, Q69ZZ9, Q86XJ1, Q8JZP9, Q8NHY3, Q91ZU6, Q99501, Q9QXZ0, Q9UPN3, Q9W3Y4

SIGNOR signaling

3 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
“Caspase 3 complex”	up-regulates	GAS2	cleavage
GAS2	up-regulates	F-actin_assembly
CASP3	up-regulates	GAS2	cleavage

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

42 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	32
Likely benign	0
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
3250374	NM_001143830.3(GAS2):c.723+1G>A	Pathogenic
3383945	NM_001143830.3(GAS2):c.533C>T (p.Thr178Ile)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

2037 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
11:22685657:T:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685663:TTCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:22685664:TCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:22685666:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685666:A:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:22685666:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685666:AGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685667:G:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685667:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685667:GGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685667:GGGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685667:GGGAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22685788:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:22685790:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:22685791:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
11:22726288:TCAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:22726289:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:22726290:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22726290:AGAAT:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:22726291:G:GA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:22726291:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22726291:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22726431:TGGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
11:22726434:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:22726434:GT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
11:22726435:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
11:22737703:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22737704:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:22747921:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:22749259:GCA:G	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2046 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
11:22674988:T:C	L40P	1.000
11:22685713:G:A	G64D	1.000
11:22726343:T:C	F107L	1.000
11:22726345:T:A	F107L	1.000
11:22726345:T:G	F107L	1.000
11:22726350:C:A	A109D	1.000
11:22726353:G:C	R110T	1.000
11:22726353:G:T	R110I	1.000
11:22726354:A:C	R110S	1.000
11:22726354:A:T	R110S	1.000
11:22726364:G:C	A114P	1.000
11:22726371:T:C	F116S	1.000
11:22737741:T:C	L149P	1.000
11:22755952:G:C	R241T	1.000
11:22755952:G:T	R241M	1.000
11:22755953:G:C	R241S	1.000
11:22755953:G:T	R241S	1.000
11:22811823:T:A	V250D	1.000
11:22811825:C:A	R251S	1.000
11:22811840:T:A	W256R	1.000
11:22811840:T:C	W256R	1.000
11:22811841:G:C	W256S	1.000
11:22811842:G:C	W256C	1.000
11:22811842:G:T	W256C	1.000
11:22674984:G:C	D39H	0.999
11:22674985:A:C	D39A	0.999
11:22674985:A:T	D39V	0.999
11:22674996:T:A	W43R	0.999
11:22674996:T:C	W43R	0.999
11:22685712:G:C	G64R	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000005473 (11:22849978 C>T), RS1000027572 (11:22838232 A>G), RS1000036585 (11:22818814 A>C), RS1000039566 (11:22760327 C>T), RS1000052967 (11:22802223 C>G,T), RS1000053454 (11:22687965 T>C), RS1000068950 (11:22645628 T>G), RS1000077385 (11:22643644 T>C), RS1000086772 (11:22819147 C>A,T), RS1000091347 (11:22714076 A>G), RS1000104718 (11:22801839 A>T), RS1000109389 (11:22756057 G>A,C), RS1000110076 (11:22884456 A>G), RS1000112519 (11:22761784 C>A), RS1000122075 (11:22776064 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602835 | disease phenotypes: MIM:620877

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
hearing loss, autosomal recessive 125	Moderate	Autosomal recessive
hearing loss disorder	Limited	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (2): hearing loss, autosomal recessive 125 (MONDO:0971152), hearing loss disorder (MONDO:0005365)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

7 total (7 of 7 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000407	Sensorineural hearing impairment
HP:0000750	Delayed speech and language development
HP:0001751	Abnormal vestibular function
HP:0001999	Abnormal facial shape
HP:0003577	Congenital onset
HP:0011463	Childhood onset

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001066_17	Dialysis-related mortality	2.000000e-06
GCST009391_1708	Metabolite levels	9.000000e-06
GCST010396_227	Gut microbiota (bacterial taxa, hurdle binary method)	4.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0010340	cholesteryl ester 14:0 measurement
EFO:0007874	gut microbiome measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D034381	Hearing Loss	C09.218.458.341; C10.597.751.418.341; C23.888.592.763.393.341

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

2 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs4442551	FANCF, GAS2		0.00	0
rs3740615	FANCF, GAS2		0.00	0

CTD chemical–gene interactions

42 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	increases expression, affects expression, decreases expression, decreases methylation, affects cotreatment	8
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases expression, decreases methylation	3
bisphenol A	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	2
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression	2
Nickel	decreases expression	2
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	decreases expression	2
Tretinoin	increases expression	2
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	2
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
trichostatin A	increases expression	1
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate	affects expression	1
beta-lapachone	decreases expression	1
arsenite	increases methylation	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
butyraldehyde	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
4-aminophenylarsenoxide	decreases reaction, affects binding	1
cyclic 3’,5’-uridine monophosphate	affects binding	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Caffeine	affects phosphorylation	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00205881	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Bilateral Benefit in Adult Users of the HiRes 90K Bionic Ear System
NCT00331539	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Relationship Between Auto NRT and Behavioural T & C Levels With the Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant
NCT00424307	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Bilateral Cochlear Implant Benefit in Young Children
NCT00765635	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Chlorobutanol, Potassium Carbonate, and Irrigation in Cerumen Removal
NCT03321006	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Hearing Loss to Improve Mood and Cognition in Older Adults
NCT01499901	PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Comparison of the Bilateral Sequential and Simultaneous Cochlear Implantation in the Deaf Children
NCT02561091	PHASE3	COMPLETED	AM-111 in the Treatment of Acute Inner Ear Hearing Loss
NCT03331627	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of STR001-IT and STR001-ER in Patients With SSHL
NCT05532657	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	ACHIEVE Brain Health Follow-Up Study
NCT00013455	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Quantifying Auditory Perceptual Learning Following Hearing Aid Fitting
NCT00323427	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Clinical Trial of the Living Well With Hearing Loss Workshop
NCT00552786	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Antioxidation Medication for Noise-induced Hearing Loss
NCT00802425	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy of AM-111 in Patients With Acute Sensorineural Hearing Loss
NCT01139281	PHASE2	COMPLETED	The Protective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Cisplatin-induced Ototoxicity in Humans
NCT01451853	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	SPI-1005 for Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy Induced Hearing Loss
NCT01588925	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Hearing Preservation Using Dexamethasone and Hyaluronic Acid for Cochlear Implantation
NCT01773278	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Cholesterol and Antioxidant Treatment in Patients With Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS)
NCT02832128	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Evaluating Possible Improvement in Speech and Hearing Tests After 28 Days of Dosing of the Study Drug AUT00063 Compared to Placebo (QuicKfire)
NCT04915183	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Atorvastatin to Reduce Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss Among Individuals With Head and Neck Cancer
NCT05258773	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Presence of SENS-401 in the Perilymph
NCT06340633	PHASE2	RECRUITING	SPI-1005 in Adults Receiving Cochlear Implant
NCT00582946	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Wide-Bandwidth Open Canal Hearing Aid For Better Multitalker Speech Understanding
NCT00584155	PHASE1	WITHDRAWN	Protection From Cisplatin Ototoxicity by Lactated Ringers
NCT01206829	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Hearing Impairment, Cognitive Therapy and Coping
NCT01256229	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Outcomes In Children With Developmental Delay And Deafness
NCT01343394	PHASE1	WITHDRAWN	Safety of Autologous Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mononuclear Fraction to Treat Acquired Hearing Loss in Children
NCT01452607	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of SPI-1005
NCT02259595	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Study to Determine the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profile of HPN-07 and HPN-07 Plus NAC
NCT04041440	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Speech Recognition Training in Children With Hearing Loss
NCT07218913	PHASE1	RECRUITING	Testing the Addition of Pedmark to Cisplatin Chemotherapy for Reducing Drug-Induced Ear Damage in Men With Stage II-III Metastatic Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
NCT00486577	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Chronic Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory Cortex for Intractable Tinnitus
NCT00789061	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Applying Proton Pump Inhibitor to Prevent and Treat Acute Fluctuating Hearing Loss in Patients With SLC26A4 Mutation
NCT01423409	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Multicenter Trial Assessing an Innovative VAS of Pain Among Deaf People
NCT05786378	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Assessment of The Efficacy of Intratympanic Platelet Rich Plasma for Treatment of Sensorineural Hearing Loss.
NCT01108601	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Transtympanic Ringer’s Lactate for the Prevention of Cisplatin Ototoxicity
NCT01621256	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Ancrod in Patients With Sudden Hearing Loss
NCT06370351	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	A Phase I/II Clinical Trial with SENS-501 in Children Suffering from Severe to Profound Hearing Loss Due to Otoferlin (OTOF) Mutations
NCT06545175	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Intracochlear Application of VSF1.01 for the Reduction of Cochlear Implant Surgery Related Trauma
NCT07304024	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	A Treatment for a Form of Age-Related Central Auditory Processing Disorder Consisting of Clemastine Fumarate Plus Engineered Sound
NCT01109576	EARLY_PHASE1	COMPLETED	Workshops for Veterans With Vision and Hearing Loss