GAST

Summary

GAST (gastrin, HGNC:4164) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17q21.2, encoding Gastrin (P01350). Gastrin stimulates the stomach mucosa to produce and secrete hydrochloric acid and the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes.

Gastrin is a hormone whose main function is to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric mucosa, which results in gastrin formation inhibition. This hormone also acts as a mitogenic factor for gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Gastrin has two biologically active peptide forms, G34 and G17.

Source: NCBI Gene 2520 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 22 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000805

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4164
Approved symbol	GAST
Name	gastrin
Location	17q21.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000184502
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	137250
Entrez	2520

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000329402

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_000805 NM_000805

CCDS: CCDS11404

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000329402 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001295310	41715778	41715969
ENSE00001317580	41715432	41715647
ENSE00001375681	41712331	41712387

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 102 present calls, max score 91.41.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 1.7558 / max 1527.4159, expressed in 57 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
160869	1.6175	54
160823	0.1384	3

Top tissues by expression

268 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	91.41	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	83.96	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	83.95	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	78.08	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	77.07	silver quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	75.95	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	75.39	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	75.06	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	73.00	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	71.71	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	70.29	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	70.15	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	69.66	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	66.81	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	66.30	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	65.97	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	65.68	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	65.65	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	65.51	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	65.42	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	65.16	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	65.04	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	64.68	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	64.34	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	64.15	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	63.96	silver quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	63.56	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	63.10	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	63.08	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	62.80	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-3929	yes	117.08
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

2 targets.

Target	Regulation
EGR1	Activation
SLC4A2	Activation

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AP1, ARNT, ARX, CEBPB, CREBZF, CREM, CTNNB1, EGR1, ESR1, FOS, GLI2, HIF1A, HSF1, ID3, IRF1, JUN, JUND, KLF2, MEN1, NEUROG3, NFKB, NKX2-2, NKX6-3, PITX2, PTF1A, RELA, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD7, SP1, SP3, SSRP1, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT6, TCF7L2, TFAP2A, TP73, ZGLP1

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• there was a significant decrease in gastrin plasma concentrations in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy (PMID:11710799)
• present in human colorectal adenocarcinomas and liver metatases (PMID:12174892)
• Gastrin induces proliferation in Barrett’s metaplasia through activation of the CCK2 receptor. (PMID:12612900)
• Serum progastrin and gastrin levels are significantly higher in GC patients than in matched controls, confirming that both gastrins may be implicated in gastric carcinogenesis. (PMID:14627349)
• the dibasic processing sites constitute the most important sorting domain of progastrin (PMID:14660571)
• Differentially expressed in gastric cancer and intestinal metaplasia. (PMID:14719064)
• Overexpression of glycine-extended gastrin in human lung cancers was associated with a significantly decreased survival. (PMID:14729624)
• Human gastric carcinomas and gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 cells coexpress CCK-B receptor and gastrin mRNA. (PMID:15040018)
• gastric hormone gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion and epithelial cell proliferation–REVIEW (PMID:15533775)
• The regulation and control of gastrin, somatostatin in cell apoptosis of large intestine carcinoma may be directly related to the abnormal expression of bcl-2, bax. (PMID:15655830)
• Gastrin and CCK exert a trophic action on some of the biliary tract cancers. (PMID:15682471)
• The important residues for binding to the low affinity gastrin-Gly receptors are in the C-terminal region of G17-Gly while those required for interaction with the high affinity receptor lie further towards the N-terminus. (PMID:15949639)
• Incidence of K-ras mutation and frequencies of COX-2 and gastrin overexpression are high in laterally spreading granular and protruded type colorectal tumors. (PMID:16174078)
• The expression rates of gastrin and gastrin receptor are high (about a half) in gastric carcinoma tissues, and there is an association between gastrin and gastrin receptor expression. (PMID:16228228)
• Gastrin modulates cell-substrate adhesion via beta 1-integrin. (PMID:16547500)
• the trophic properties of gastrin in colorectal cancer may be mediated in part by transactivation of the EGFR and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, leading to degradation of PPARgamma protein and a decrease in PPARgamma activation (PMID:16574647)
• Gastrin levels were significantly higher in H. pylori-negative children with gastric mucosa inflammation (PMID:16638693)
• A subset of tumors with immunohistochemical expression of gastrin but without evidence of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) should be designated as functionally inactive duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) expressing gastrin, but not as gastrinomas. (PMID:17006979)
• Gastrin concentrations are increased in the plasma and gastric mucosa of Hfe(-/-) mice, and in the sera of humans with HFE-related hemochromatosis. (PMID:17064691)
• Data show an increasing tendency in the expressions of GAS and SS in children with chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer. (PMID:17229384)
• Gastrin and ghrelin serum levels were respectively slightly higher and significantly lower in colon cancer patients than in controls. Gastrin levels were higher in left colon cancer and H. pylori infection while ghrelin levels were lower in both groups (PMID:17258885)
• Gastrin regulates TFF2 transcription through a GC-rich DNA-binding site and a protein kinase dependent pathway. (PMID:17332476)
• Helicobacter pylori eradication improves gastric histology and decreases serum gastrin, pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II levels in patients with duodenal ulcer. (PMID:17559360)
• description of the gastrin evoked effects on the transcriptional activity of the COX-2 gene in colorectal cancer cells and the identification of regulatory promoter elements. (PMID:17604853)
• possible biologically relevant structural motif for gastrin activity (PMID:17698249)
• A pathway comprising PKCs>Raf-1>MEK-1>ERK-1/-2 mediates the effect of gastrin on the CgA promoter, and strongly suggests that enhanced phosphorylation of Sp1 and CREB is crucial for CgA transactivation through the G protein-coupled CCK-B/gastrin receptor. (PMID:17889508)
• The duration of survival of patients whose tumors exhibited well-differentiated gastrin-positive tumor (GPT) cells (n = 12) was significantly poorer than that of patients whose tumors were GPT-negative (5-year survival, 30% vs 54%; P = 0.037). (PMID:17922093)
• differences in post-translational modifications are attributable to differential intracellular sorting of precursors;a two-step sorting mechanism for progastrin leading to differential secretion of processed fragments (PMID:18057001)
• The abnormal excretion of hormonal factors is closely related to gallstone formation (PMID:18234640)
• There was no significant correlation of expressin of gastrin, CCK-2 receptor, or gastrin precursors with known histomorphological parameters in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (PMID:18438722)
• Gastrin and somatostatin play important roles in the regulation and control of cell apoptosis in large intestinal carcinoma, and the mechanism may be directly related to the aberrant expression of Fas and Fas ligand. (PMID:18473402)
• About 35.9% of the patients with a T tube after cholecystectomy and choledochotomy have duodenal-biliary reflux. Most of them have sphincter of Oddi hypomotility and the decreased level of plasma motilin and serum gastrin. (PMID:18609694)
• The mRNA and protein expressions of GAS in well and moderately differentiated colorectal cancers were significantly lower than those in poorly differentiated cancers. (PMID:19031134)
• A single base substitution at the -31 position of the IL1B promoter brought about differential expression of IL1B which differentially altered both NFkappaB activation and gastrin expression. (PMID:19166966)
• Human gastrin is not a growth factor for Helicobacter pylori. (PMID:19674135)
• The utility of gastrin-17 for the detection of atrophy in the antral part of the stomach still requires further evaluation due to the low sensitivity. (PMID:19731026)
• In patients with autoimmune Addison’s disease hyperchromograninemia and hypergastrinemia occur with a prevalence of 27.5 and 22.5%, respectively. (PMID:19794299)
• Preprandial oral dose of sitagliptin does not affect circulating gastrin, but it increased gastrin levels after meal loading. (PMID:20145424)
• Progastrin/glycine extended gastrin stimulation of colorectal mucosa proliferation is dependent on the presence of ferric ions. (PMID:20395538)
• a positive-feedback loop whereby gastrin, acting via the CCK2 receptor, increases its own expression (PMID:20932834)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Gast	ENSMUSG00000017165
rattus_norvegicus	Gast	ENSRNOG00000014740

Protein

Protein identifiers

Gastrin — P01350 (reviewed: P01350)

All UniProt accessions (2): A0A0E3VY36, P01350

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Gastrin stimulates the stomach mucosa to produce and secrete hydrochloric acid and the pancreas to secrete its digestive enzymes. It also stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases blood circulation and water secretion in the stomach and intestine.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Post-translational modifications. Two different processing pathways probably exist in antral G-cells. In the dominant pathway progastrin is cleaved at three sites resulting in two major bioactive gastrins, gastrin-34 and gastrin-17. In the putative alternative pathway, progastrin may be processed only at the most C-terminal dibasic site resulting in the synthesis of gastrin-71. Sulfation enhances proteolytic processing, and blocks peptide degradation. Levels of sulfation differ between proteolytically-cleaved gastrins. Thus, gastrin-6 is almost 73% sulfated, whereas the larger gastrins are less than 50% sulfated. Sulfation levels are also tissue-specific.

Similarity. Belongs to the gastrin/cholecystokinin family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_000796* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001651	Gastrin/CCK	Domain
IPR013152	Gastrin/cholecystokinin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR039236	GAST	Family

Pfam: PF00918

UniProt features (22 total): peptide 6, modified residue 5, site 4, mutagenesis site 2, signal peptide 1, sequence variant 1, strand 1, propeptide 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

4 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
5WRJ	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.31
7F8W	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.1
7XOW	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.1
7F8V	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P01350-F1	64.82	0.12

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 2 — 7F8W, 7XOW

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (4): 58–59 (cleavage); 75–76 (cleavage); 95–96 (cleavage); 40–41 (cleavage)

Post-translational modifications (5): 59, 76, 87, 92, 96

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (2):

Position	Phenotype
86	small increase in ratio of gastrin-17 versus gastrin-34 production. no change in ratio of gastrin-17 versus gastrin-34 p
87	small decrease in ratio of gastrin-17 versus gastrin-34 production. no change in ratio of gastrin-17 versus gastrin-34 p

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-416476	G alpha (q) signalling events
R-HSA-881907	Gastrin-CREB signalling pathway via PKC and MAPK

MSigDB gene sets: 76 (showing top): BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, ENK_UV_RESPONSE_KERATINOCYTE_UP, MODULE_64, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_FOOD, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, MODULE_99, TGANTCA_AP1_C, NRF2_Q4, GOMF_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_BINDING, NFE2_01, BOCHKIS_FOXA2_TARGETS, GOMF_HORMONE_ACTIVITY, REACTOME_G_ALPHA_Q_SIGNALLING_EVENTS, CAMPS_COLON_CANCER_COPY_NUMBER_UP, WUNDER_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE_AND_CHOLESTEROL_UP

GO Biological Process (3): signal transduction (GO:0007165), G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186), response to food (GO:0032094)

GO Molecular Function (2): hormone activity (GO:0005179), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
GPCR downstream signalling	1
G alpha (q) signalling events	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
G protein-coupled receptor activity	1
signal transduction	1
response to nutrient levels	1
response to chemical	1
receptor ligand activity	1
binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1452 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GAST	CCKBR	P32239	999
GAST	SST	P01166	990
GAST	CCK	P06307	989
GAST	GRP	P07491	967
GAST	SCT	P09683	952
GAST	CCKAR	P32238	952
GAST	PPY	P01298	946
GAST	GCG	P01275	935
GAST	ATP12A	P54707	934
GAST	ATP4A	P20648	934
GAST	CCL28	Q9NRJ3	923
GAST	MLN	P12872	888
GAST	INS	P01308	866
GAST	VIP	P01282	847
GAST	MEN1	O00255	845

IntAct

79 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TF	GAST	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.620
GAST	TF	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.620
GAST	MMD	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	TMEM52B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	AQP9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	MUC1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	GOLM1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT34	GAST	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	CREB3L1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	BCL2L13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	CISD2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	SLC10A1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	FAM209A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	GPR152	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	ERGIC3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	PLP1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	ASPH	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	PDZK1IP1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GAST	LHFPL2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CYB5R3	GAST	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (46): GAST (Affinity Capture-MS), GAST (Affinity Capture-MS), GAST (Affinity Capture-MS), XAGE3 (Affinity Capture-MS), CROCCP2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATE1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZZEF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZER1 (Affinity Capture-MS), NME2P1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HECTD3 (Affinity Capture-MS), GAST (Two-hybrid), GAST (Two-hybrid), GAST (Two-hybrid), GAST (Two-hybrid), GAST (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A5PK62, C9JXX5, D2HJ50, P01350, P01351, P01352, P01353, P07480, P0C171, P0DJK0, P0DJK1, P0DM27, P0DW18, P10683, P11242, P20800, P22389, P22466, P23943, P47212, P55885, Q08648, Q1RMJ9, Q5NRP8, Q5NRQ0, Q6PDA7, Q765Z5, Q810H5, Q867A9, Q867D0, Q8CF31, Q8K1M5, Q8MJV4, Q8MJW9, Q8QGA2, Q8SQD7, Q8T0Y7, Q924A4, Q969E3, Q96A98

Diamond homologs: O02686, P01350, P01351, P01352, P01353, P01354, P04563, P04564, P06885, P0C228, P10034, P33713, P33714, P48757, P55885, P80111

SIGNOR signaling

3 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
GAST	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	SLC4A2	“transcriptional regulation”
GAST	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	EGR1	“transcriptional regulation”
GAST	up-regulates	CCKBR	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

22 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	16
Likely benign	3
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

267 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
17:41715430:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41715431:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41715431:GAC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41715431:GACGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41715426:TTGCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
17:41715427:TGCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
17:41715428:GCAGA:G	acceptor_loss	0.9900
17:41715429:CAGAC:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
17:41715430:AGA:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
17:41715430:AGAC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
17:41715431:GACG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
17:41715777:GACCC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
17:41712385:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	0.9800
17:41712386:AG:A	donor_loss	0.9800
17:41712387:GGTGA:G	donor_loss	0.9800
17:41712388:G:T	donor_loss	0.9800
17:41712389:T:G	donor_loss	0.9800
17:41715431:GA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9800
17:41715776:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9800
17:41715777:G:GA	acceptor_gain	0.9800
17:41715505:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9700
17:41715772:CCTCA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9700
17:41715773:CTCA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9700
17:41715774:TCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9700
17:41715775:CA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9700
17:41715776:A:AC	acceptor_loss	0.9700
17:41715427:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9500
17:41715472:ACT:A	acceptor_gain	0.9400
17:41712384:GCAG:G	donor_gain	0.9300
17:41712388:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9200

AlphaMissense

643 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
17:41715833:G:C	W89C	0.992
17:41715833:G:T	W89C	0.992
17:41715840:T:C	F92L	0.991
17:41715842:C:A	F92L	0.991
17:41715842:C:G	F92L	0.991
17:41715831:T:A	W89R	0.977
17:41715831:T:C	W89R	0.977
17:41715841:T:G	F92C	0.977
17:41715835:T:C	M90T	0.973
17:41715836:G:A	M90I	0.973
17:41715836:G:C	M90I	0.973
17:41715836:G:T	M90I	0.973
17:41715838:A:T	D91V	0.960
17:41715846:C:A	R94S	0.960
17:41715837:G:C	D91H	0.955
17:41715841:T:C	F92S	0.945
17:41715839:C:A	D91E	0.943
17:41715839:C:G	D91E	0.943
17:41715844:G:A	G93D	0.941
17:41715840:T:A	F92I	0.936
17:41715844:G:T	G93V	0.932
17:41715838:A:C	D91A	0.928
17:41715849:C:A	R95S	0.923
17:41715840:T:G	F92V	0.920
17:41715838:A:G	D91G	0.919
17:41715847:G:C	R94P	0.919
17:41715832:G:C	W89S	0.915
17:41715843:G:T	G93C	0.907
17:41715843:G:C	G93R	0.904
17:41715832:G:T	W89L	0.895

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000619331 (17:41710715 T>C), RS1000881878 (17:41711373 G>A), RS1001488657 (17:41712510 G>C), RS1003789706 (17:41714356 A>G), RS1004226549 (17:41714015 C>T), RS1004328848 (17:41714317 T>C,G), RS1004681923 (17:41712429 G>A), RS1005372308 (17:41710495 T>C,G), RS1005577177 (17:41713060 C>T), RS1006667363 (17:41711493 G>A), RS1007525829 (17:41711023 T>A,C,G), RS1007741269 (17:41716376 G>A), RS1008056228 (17:41710864 G>A,C), RS1008116903 (17:41711735 G>C), RS1008187995 (17:41713536 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:137250 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

45 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Lansoprazole	increases expression	2
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
lead acetate	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
beta-lapachone	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
cobaltous chloride	increases expression, increases reaction	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
ciglitazone	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
RTKI cpd	increases expression, decreases reaction	1
nutlin 3	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
PKF115-584	increases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Resveratrol	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Cadmium	increases expression	1
Calcium	increases reaction, increases secretion	1
Camptothecin	increases expression	1
Carmustine	decreases expression	1
Cimetidine	affects expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Copper	increases expression	1
Dactinomycin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Colforsin	increases secretion, decreases reaction, increases reaction	1
Mustard Gas	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.