GC

Summary

GC (GC vitamin D binding protein, HGNC:4187) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 4q13.3, encoding Vitamin D-binding protein (P02774). Involved in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5 alpha for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation.

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the albumin gene family. It is a multifunctional protein found in plasma, ascitic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid and on the surface of many cell types. It binds to vitamin D and its plasma metabolites and transports them to target tissues. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 2638 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 43 (top 2% of genes corpus-wide)
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 74 total
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 3 tissues, sQTL in 2 (q < 0.05)
• ChEMBL bioactivity: 1 clinical-phase molecule tested; no curated mechanism-of-action drug
• Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 0.00 (LoF-tolerant), LOEUF 1.49 (unconstrained)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000583
• Notable: 74 clinical variants but no curated precision-oncology (CIViC) evidence yet

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4187
Approved symbol	GC
Name	GC vitamin D binding protein
Location	4q13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	DBP, VDBP, hDBP
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000145321
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	139200
Entrez	2638

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 39 — 27 protein_coding, 9 nonsense_mediated_decay, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

MANE Select: ENST00000273951

Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 2, TSL 2: 1, TSL 3: 2, TSL 5: 3

ENST00000273951, ENST00000503364, ENST00000503472, ENST00000504199, ENST00000505234, ENST00000506245, ENST00000509740, ENST00000513476, ENST00000882421, ENST00000882422, ENST00000882423, ENST00000882424, ENST00000882425, ENST00000882426, ENST00000882427, ENST00000882428, ENST00000882429, ENST00000882430, ENST00000882431, ENST00000882432, ENST00000941117, ENST00000941118, ENST00000994914, ENST00000994916, ENST00000994917, ENST00000994918, ENST00000994919, ENST00000994926, ENST00000994927, ENST00000994931, ENST00000994935, ENST00000994936, ENST00000994941, ENST00000994944, ENST00000994948, ENST00000994949, ENST00001096554, ENST00001096555, ENST00001096556

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_000583 NM_000583, NM_001204306, NM_001204307, NM_001440458

CCDS: CCDS3550, CCDS56332

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000273951 — 13 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001138631	71783961	71784079
ENSE00002022228	71741697	71741870
ENSE00003462579	71769331	71769400
ENSE00003493189	71756712	71756914
ENSE00003541072	71768301	71768433
ENSE00003546253	71763408	71763502
ENSE00003555215	71754978	71755107
ENSE00003594208	71746151	71746205
ENSE00003637778	71754411	71754508
ENSE00003647250	71765432	71765643
ENSE00003676874	71763804	71763936
ENSE00003680899	71758042	71758171
ENSE00003692987	71752518	71752650

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 144 present calls, max score 99.79.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 18.8028 / max 7858.0246, expressed in 38 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): liver, lobe of liver, gall bladder, pancreatic ductal cell, type B pancreatic cell.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

GC is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 3 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 2 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

5 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Liver	sqtl	2.3e-41	+1.36	4:71752606:G:T
Stomach	eqtl	2.9e-07	+0.26	4:71858001:C:T
Pancreas	sqtl	2.6e-03	+0.45	4:71749645:A:G
Colon Transverse	eqtl	4.3e-02	-0.31	4:71582240:G:A
Esophagus Mucosa	eqtl	4.4e-02	+1.01	4:72733211:A:AAC

FANTOM5 promoters

1 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
52457	18.8028	38

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 287 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	99.79	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	99.72	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	99.62	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	99.32	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	98.64	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	98.45	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	97.28	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	91.66	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	89.87	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	89.54	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	84.85	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	81.90	silver quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	79.95	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	74.71	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	74.19	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	73.94	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	73.30	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	69.24	gold quality
jejunum	UBERON:0002115	67.14	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	65.58	silver quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	64.08	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	63.92	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	62.96	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	62.61	silver quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	60.00	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	59.44	silver quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	59.25	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	58.82	silver quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	58.19	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	57.72	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	53.87	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	53.71	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	53.29	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	50.41	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	50.18	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	50.18	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	50.06	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	49.85	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	49.53	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	49.50	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	49.30	gold quality
blood vessel layer	UBERON:0004797	49.29	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	49.25	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	49.20	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	49.18	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	49.13	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	48.92	gold quality
choroid plexus epithelium	UBERON:0003911	48.89	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	48.87	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	48.55	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	48.50	gold quality
uterine cervix	UBERON:0000002	48.31	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	48.27	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	48.24	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	48.21	silver quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	48.21	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	48.20	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	48.06	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	48.06	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	48.04	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	47.92	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	47.80	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	47.70	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	47.54	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	47.42	silver quality
periodontal ligament	UBERON:0008266	47.14	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	47.05	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	47.03	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	47.01	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	46.85	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	46.78	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	46.59	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	46.32	silver quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	45.96	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	45.40	gold quality
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve	UBERON:0002870	45.35	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	45.29	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	45.23	gold quality
inferior olivary complex	UBERON:0002127	45.14	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	44.53	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	44.44	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	44.20	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	44.17	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	44.14	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	43.98	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	43.76	gold quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	43.66	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	43.44	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	43.37	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	42.95	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	42.88	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	42.82	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	42.57	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	42.49	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	42.33	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	42.11	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	42.05	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	42.04	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	41.99	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	41.98	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 11 experiment(s), a significant marker in 11.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-81547	yes	5201.74
E-MTAB-7407	yes	2459.51
E-CURD-98	yes	1948.37
E-MTAB-5061	yes	1530.54
E-GEOD-81608	yes	1334.71
E-ENAD-27	yes	1110.10
E-GEOD-83139	yes	1092.55
E-HCAD-31	yes	67.76
E-HCAD-9	yes	58.22
E-MTAB-10553	yes	34.22
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: Tissue enriched

showing 60 of 64 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

Tissue / cell	Axis	nTPM	Protein (IHC)
Liver	tissue	7722.0	low
Gallbladder	tissue	465.2	medium
Duodenum	tissue	56.8	medium
Stomach 1	tissue	48.8	medium
Kidney	tissue	43.0	medium
Pancreas	tissue	41.9	medium
Small intestine	tissue	7.5	low
Cerebral cortex	tissue	0.7	low
Basal ganglia	tissue	0.7	not detected
Amygdala	tissue	0.7
Cerebellum	tissue	0.7	not detected
Hippocampal formation	tissue	0.7
Entorhinal cortex	tissue	0.7
Retrosplenial and cingulate cortex	tissue	0.7
Periaqueductal gray	tissue	0.7
Olfactory bulb	tissue	0.7
Retrosplenial cortex	tissue	0.7
Insular cortex	tissue	0.7
Prefrontal cortex	tissue	0.6
Motor cortex	tissue	0.6
Hypothalamus	tissue	0.6
Spinal cord	tissue	0.6
Corpus callosum	tissue	0.6
Ventral forebrain	tissue	0.6
Septum	tissue	0.6
Somatosensory cortex	tissue	0.6
Temporal cortex	tissue	0.6
Occipital cortex	tissue	0.6
Epididymis	tissue	0.5	not detected
Putamen	tissue	0.5
Substantia nigra	tissue	0.5
Midbrain	tissue	0.4
Medulla oblongata	tissue	0.4
Thalamus	tissue	0.4
Superior colliculi	tissue	0.4
Skin 1	tissue	0.3	low
Pons	tissue	0.3
Adipose tissue	tissue	0.3	low
Lymph node	tissue	0.2	not detected
Caudate putamen	tissue	0.2
Heart muscle	tissue	0.1	low
Esophagus	tissue	0.1	not detected
Colon	tissue	0.1	low
Spleen	tissue	0.1	not detected
Bone marrow	tissue	0.1	not detected
Postcentral gyrus	tissue	0.1
Cervix	tissue	0.0	low
Breast	tissue	0.0	medium
Testis	tissue	0.0	medium
Ovary	tissue	0.0	low
Vagina	tissue	0.0	low
Seminal vesicle	tissue	0.0	low
Rectum	tissue	0.0	low
Parathyroid gland	tissue	0.0	low
Smooth muscle	tissue	0.0	low
Urinary bladder	tissue	0.0	low
Endometrium 1	tissue	0.0	medium
Placenta	tissue	0.0	low
Lung	tissue	0.0	low
Prostate	tissue	0.0	medium

Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 40; highest nTPM — Superior vestibular nucleus (0.8), Dorsal hippocampus (0.6), Ventral spinal cord (0.6), White matter (0.6), Dorsal spinal cord (0.5).

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AP1, AR, GCFC2, HIF1A, HNF1A, JUN, KLF5, NFATC3, NR4A1, RELA, SP1, SP3, TBP, TP53, WT1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting GC by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

16 miRNAs:

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6508-5P	99.92	70.67	2465
HSA-MIR-8067	99.86	69.59	2260
HSA-MIR-6885-3P	99.75	70.36	3187
HSA-MIR-297	99.40	69.58	1418
HSA-MIR-19A-5P	99.36	66.93	1675
HSA-MIR-19B-1-5P	99.36	67.07	1669
HSA-MIR-19B-2-5P	99.36	67.07	1669
HSA-MIR-3149	98.77	67.13	1639
HSA-MIR-1-5P	98.70	68.66	1017
HSA-MIR-3928-5P	98.50	67.48	980
HSA-MIR-6806-3P	98.50	67.31	980
HSA-MIR-6764-3P	98.44	67.64	1153
HSA-MIR-6824-3P	98.44	67.62	1154
HSA-MIR-616-3P	96.82	66.99	784
HSA-MIR-584-5P	95.82	68.05	848
HSA-MIR-675-3P	95.77	69.27	675

Functional genomics

gnomAD constraint: pLI 2.29e-07, LOEUF 1.49, missense Z 0.308 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD

Regional missense constraint (gnomAD RMC): no regional variation along ENST00000273951 — one region, missense o/e 0.97.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• GC*IF gene polymorphism of Gc-globulin may be one of the risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, no association between this polymorphism of Gc-globulin and susceptibility to diffuse panbronchiolitis was found. (PMID:11757623)
• crystal structure in complex with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, a vitamin D3 metabolite, which reveals the vitamin D-binding site in the N-terminal part of domain I; crystal structure in complex with a vitamin D3 analog (PMID:11799400)
• A polymorphism within the vitamin D-binding protein gene is associated with Graves’ disease but not with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. (PMID:12050214)
• Although binding of 25-OH-D(3) to DBP might result in discrete conformational changes in the holo-protein to influence actin-binding, these binding processes are largely independent of each other in solution. (PMID:12051678)
• gene and genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Polish population. (PMID:12062854)
• crystal structure of complex with actin (PMID:12119014)
• function in macrophage tumoricidal activity (PMID:12580408)
• Data show that vitamin D-binding protein-macrophage-activating factor (DBP-maf) induces apoptosis in macrophages via a p38 and jun kinase 1/2 pathway. (PMID:12938159)
• The analysis involved the data on nine polymorphic codominant loci: HP, GC, TF, PI, PGM1, GLO1, C3, ACP1, and ESD. The loci were selected by significance of differences in genotype frequencies between tuberculosis patients and healthy controls (PMID:12942785)
• complex combined effect of several SNPs within the DBP gene that might underlie susceptibility to low radial BMD and osteoporosis (PMID:12968673)
• Gc-globulin polymorphism is significantly associated with susceptibility to COPD (PMID:14718422)
• Chronic liver patients showed increased levels of Gc globulin following transplantation (PMID:15115254)
• Association was found between frequencies of genotypes SS, 2F and FS, F allele of GC gene with osteoporosis. (PMID:15230135)
• a 20-amino-acid sequence (residues 130-149, 5’-EAFRKDPKEYANQFMWEYST-3’) in domain I of DBP is essential for its C5a chemotactic cofactor function (PMID:15485893)
• single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the transcriptional regulatory regions of the VDR and DBP are associated with prostate cancer risk (PMID:15717311)
• The decreased level of DBPE in the peritoneal fluid but not in plasma of women with untreated endometriosis suggests that this molecule may be relevant in the pathogenesis of this disease (PMID:15866120)
• The active form of Vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) completely eliminated the chemotactic cofactor function of DBP (Vitamin B binding protein). (PMID:16115686)
• vitamin D binding sites are important for initiating the activities of vitamin D-binding protein on vascular smooth muscle cells (PMID:16269129)
• No major effect of (TAAA)(n)-Alu repeat DBP-polymorphism was demonstrated on BMD, bone turnover markers or body composition. (PMID:16309986)
• Inhibits angiogenesis by blocking critical steps such as endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation and microvessel sprouting. (PMID:16400520)
• A model is proposed in which the DBP gene is independently regulated by dedicated locus control regions. (PMID:16648359)
• These results indicate that fusion of granules with the plasma membrane forms heavy plasma membrane that contains DBP binding sites. (PMID:17113648)
• Polymorphisms of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) gene were significantly association with human percentage of fat mass, especially in female, suggesting the importance of DBP gene in the pathogenesis of human obesity. (PMID:17342072)
• C5 gene variants and Gc-globulin levels co-define the proinflammatory and profibrogenic effects of C5 in patients at-risk for progression of liver fibrosis (PMID:17428459)
• Free Gc-globulin provides prognostic information in acute liver fafilure. (PMID:17763387)
• A prognostic marker for liver transplantation after acute liver failure. (PMID:17763397)
• *mportance of acute liver failure Gc reductions in the development of multiple organ dysfunction in acute liver failure and cirrhosis. (PMID:17763400)
• These data demonstrate a critical role for elements within intron 1 in the establishment of an autonomous and productive hDBP chromatin locus and suggest that this function is dependent upon C/EBPalpha. (PMID:17785430)
• results provide a direct evidence of cross-talk among the structural domains of DBP (PMID:18035050)
• There was a relationship between DBP Alu genotype and BMD, suggesting that DBP-Alu genotype may influence fracture risk. This effect may be mediated by changes in the circulating concentrations of DBP which influences free concentrations of vitamin D. (PMID:18038108)
• Serum VDBP can be considered a nutritional marker for lipids in cystic fibrosis. (PMID:18303991)
• Serum and peritoneal DBP concentrations are not affected in women with endometriosis. (PMID:18334925)
• the micro-environment of the fatty acid-binding domains of DBP and albumin may be different; and DBP may not replace ALB as a transporter of fatty acids. (PMID:18374965)
• A significantly reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in homozygote carriers of the Gc2 allele in the vitamin D binding protein was observed, independent of serum 25(OH)D. (PMID:18559548)
• SNPs in the DBP are associated with levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D in hispanics and African americans. (PMID:18593774)
• characterization of genotype-dependent glycosylation patterns for the 3 major allele products of DBP (PMID:18686987)
• No evidence that DBP polymorphisms were associated with mammographic breast density among Caucasian premenopausal women of French descent. (PMID:18768522)
• These results support a correlation between the level of DBP and MS. DBP may be a potential useful biomarker for diagnosis or a medicine target for treatment of MS. (PMID:18807170)
• Data show that vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) is elevated in the CSF of temporal lobe epilepsy patients. (PMID:19109932)
• Circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in premenopausal women are strongly related to DBP polymorphisms (PMID:19116321)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gc	ENSDARG00000089310
mus_musculus	Gc	ENSMUSG00000035540
rattus_norvegicus	Gc	ENSRNOG00000003119

Paralogs (3): AFM (ENSG00000079557), AFP (ENSG00000081051), ALB (ENSG00000163631)

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:95669) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 11 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
decreased circulating HDL cholesterol level	1
decreased circulating triglyceride level	1
abnormal bone mineralization	1
increased circulating alanine transaminase level	1
abnormal bone remodeling	1
increased activity of parathyroid	1
abnormal osteoblast physiology	1
decreased circulating cholesterol level	1
decreased circulating glucose level	1
decreased circulating total protein level	1
abnormal vitamin D level	1

Additional cross-species homologs

Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara’s model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions’ gene symbols aren’t in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.

Organism	UniProt	Identity	Method
Oryctolagus cuniculus	P53789	82.5%	Diamond
Bos taurus	Q3MHN5	80.3%	Diamond

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
NPFFR2	protein-coding	10886
ADAMTS3	protein-coding	9508
SLC4A4	protein-coding	8671

Protein

Protein identifiers

Vitamin D-binding protein — P02774 (reviewed: P02774)

Alternative names: Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor, Gc-globulin, Group-specific component, Vitamin D-binding protein-macrophage activating factor

All UniProt accessions (4): D6RBJ7, D6RF20, D6RF35, P02774

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Involved in vitamin D transport and storage, scavenging of extracellular G-actin, enhancement of the chemotactic activity of C5 alpha for neutrophils in inflammation and macrophage activation.

Subunit / interactions. Associates with membrane-bound immunoglobulin on the surface of B-lymphocytes and with IgG Fc receptor on the membranes of T-lymphocytes. Interacts with LRP2; the interaction is required for renal uptake of GC in complex with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in the liver. Found in plasma, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid and urine.

Post-translational modifications. Allele GC*1S is O-glycosylated at Thr-436. The trisaccharide sugar moiety can be modified by the successive removal of neuraminic acid and galactose leaving an O-mceeN-acetyl-galactosamine. This conversion is thought to produce a macrophage-activating factor (Gc-MAF). Only a minor proportion of plasma GC is O-glycosylated. The potential N-glycosylation site predicted at Asn-288 is thought to be nonglycosylated.

Polymorphism. Over 80 variants of human DBP have been identified. The three most common alleles are called GC1F, GC1S, and GC2. The sequence shown is that of the GC1A1 allele.

Miscellaneous. May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Similarity. Belongs to the ALB/AFP/VDB family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P02774-1	1	yes
P02774-2	2
P02774-3	3

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_000574, NP_001191235, NP_001191236, NP_001427387 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000213	VitD-bd	Family
IPR000264	ALB/AFP/VDB	Family
IPR014760	Serum_albumin_N	Domain
IPR015247	VitD-bind_III	Domain
IPR020857	Serum_albumin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR020858	Serum_albumin-like	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00273, PF09164

UniProt features (64 total): helix 27, disulfide bond 14, strand 5, sequence variant 4, turn 4, domain 3, sequence conflict 3, splice variant 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

6 structures by resolution:

PDB	Title	Method	Resolution (Å)
1KXP	CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN IN COMPLEX WITH SKELETAL ACTIN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
1KW2	CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF UNCOMPLEXED VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.15
1J78	Crystallographic analysis of the human vitamin D binding protein	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.31
1MA9	Crystal structure of the complex of human vitamin D binding protein and rabbit muscle …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.4
1LOT	CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX OF ACTIN WITH VITAMIN D-BINDING PROTEIN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
1J7E	A Structural Basis for the Unique Binding Features of the Human Vitamin D-binding Protein	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.55

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P02774-F1	92.81	0.89

Human Protein Atlas

Protein class: Metabolic proteins, Predicted secreted proteins, Plasma proteins

Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level

Antibody reliability (HPA): IH supported

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (14)

Type	Positions
Disulfide bond	189–198, 220–266, 265–273, 286–300, 299–311, 335–376, 375–384, 407–453, 452–462, 29–75, 74–83, 96–112, 111–122, 145–190

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 curated (TAS) of 4; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

4 pathways:

ID	Pathway	Evidence
R-HSA-196791	Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism	curated
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism	—
R-HSA-556833	Metabolism of lipids	—
R-HSA-8957322	Metabolism of steroids	—

MSigDB gene sets: 386 (showing top): RNGTGGGC_UNKNOWN, MODULE_93, MODULE_52, GOBP_HEPATICOBILIARY_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, WANG_CLIM2_TARGETS_UP, MYOGENIN_Q6, RORA1_01, YAO_HOXA10_TARGETS_VIA_PROGESTERONE_UP, HNF1_Q6, MODULE_404, MODULE_503, chr4q13, MODULE_66, MODULE_118, CAIRO_HEPATOBLASTOMA_CLASSES_DN

GO Biological Process (4): response to nutrient levels (GO:0031667), vitamin D metabolic process (GO:0042359), vitamin transport (GO:0051180), vitamin transmembrane transport (GO:0035461)

GO Molecular Function (5): actin binding (GO:0003779), vitamin D binding (GO:0005499), vitamin transmembrane transporter activity (GO:0090482), molecular carrier activity (GO:0140104), calcidiol binding (GO:1902118)

GO Cellular Component (6): extracellular region (GO:0005576), cytosol (GO:0005829), lysosomal lumen (GO:0043202), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), blood microparticle (GO:0072562), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

3 top-level categories:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of steroids	1
Metabolism	1
Metabolism of lipids	1

GO top-level categories

20 GO namespaces:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	4
response to stimulus	1
steroid metabolic process	1
transport	1
vitamin transport	1
transmembrane transport	1
cytoskeletal protein binding	1
steroid binding	1
vitamin binding	1
transmembrane transporter activity	1
vitamin transmembrane transport	1
molecular_function	1
binding	1
D3 vitamins binding	1
cytoplasm	1
lysosome	1
vacuolar lumen	1
extracellular vesicle	1
extracellular region	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 4 of 16 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

4 experimentally-supported GO terms:

GO term	NS	Evidence
blood microparticle	CC	high-throughput assay
extracellular exosome	CC	high-throughput assay
actin binding	MF	physical interaction
calcidiol binding	MF	direct assay

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

showing 15 of 1,314 interactions by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GC	CYP2R1	Q6VVX0	913
GC	SLC25A18	Q9H1K4	894
GC	CYP24A1	Q07973	860
GC	CYP27B1	O15528	858
GC	LRP2	P98164	852
GC	CUBN	O60494	839
GC	PTH	P01270	786
GC	SCIN	Q9Y6U3	782
GC	AHSG	P02765	768
GC	GSN	P06396	746
GC	ST6GALNAC1	Q9NSC7	738
GC	AMBP	P00977	732
GC	DHCR7	Q9UBM7	723
GC	HP	P00737	708
GC	GSR	P00390	696

IntAct

Human interaction partners of GC in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

10 partners by confidence:

Partner	Interaction type	MIscore	Records
POTEF	association	0.530	4
HYCC1	association	0.530	2
NR2F2	association	0.530	2
ACTA1	direct interaction	0.440	1
CCND3	physical association	0.370	1
CDC73	physical association	0.000	1
GRB2	physical association	0.000	1
PIK3R3	physical association	0.000	1
RIF1	physical association	0.000	1
SERF2	physical association	0.000	1

BioGRID (77 interactions; top human partners by supporting records): ACTA2 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), ACTB (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), DDX31 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), FAM126A (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), NR2F2 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), POTEF (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), POTEI (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), POTEKP (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), ACTA1 (Co-crystal Structure), AGPAT1 (Affinity Capture-MS), BUB1B (Affinity Capture-MS), CCND3 (Two-hybrid), CCR1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CDC73 (Two-hybrid)

SIGNOR signaling

1 signaling interactions:

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
GC	“up-regulates quantity”	“vitamin D”	relocalization

Disease & clinical

Genetic variants

Variant evidence for GC: 74 ClinVar records (0 pathogenic / likely pathogenic); 1 PharmGKB clinical annotation; 43 GWAS associations.

ClinVar

74 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	44
Likely benign	7
Benign	9

SpliceAI

Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 32 predictions of 755):

Position(s)	Effect	Δscore	Sites
4:71754409–71754410	donor_loss	1.0000	6
4:71754509–71754510	acceptor_loss	1.0000	4
4:71754982	donor_gain	1.0000
4:71756715	donor_gain	1.0000
4:71756872	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:71756915–71756916	acceptor_loss	1.0000	5
4:71758040–71758041	donor_loss	1.0000	5
4:71763802–71763803	donor_loss	1.0000	3
4:71765457	donor_gain	1.0000
4:71768299–71768300	donor_loss	1.0000	5

AlphaMissense

583 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 3,098 scored), across 180 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:

Residue	Likely-pathogenic substitutions	Mean am_pathogenicity	Max am_pathogenicity
F199	8	0.907	0.993
C145	7	0.984	0.991
C190	7	0.980	0.989
C189	7	0.978	0.988
C74	7	0.976	0.990
C75	7	0.975	0.988
C96	7	0.975	0.988
C29	7	0.973	0.989
C122	7	0.972	0.988
C83	7	0.971	0.983
C198	7	0.967	0.979
C111	7	0.963	0.985
C220	7	0.960	0.979
C112	7	0.957	0.974
C286	7	0.936	0.969
C266	7	0.933	0.963
F40	7	0.929	0.983
F52	7	0.927	0.980
C462	7	0.925	0.959
C453	7	0.916	0.955

HPA cancer prognostics

RNA cancer specificity: Cancer enriched (Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma)

Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.

2 prognostic cancer types:

Cancer	Prognostic	p-value
Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA)	favorable	0.000866
Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA)	unfavorable	0.00099

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:139200 | disease phenotypes:

Genomics England panels (PanelApp)

Clinical diagnostic gene panels including this gene (1 panels, 0 green/diagnostic-grade). Confidence: green = diagnostic, amber = moderate.

1 panels:

Panel	Rating
COVID-19 research	amber

GWAS associations

showing 30 of 43 associations:

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST005367_3	Vitamin D levels	0.000000e+00
GCST002414_1	Serum vitamin D-binding protein levels	1e-246
GCST005366_1	Vitamin D levels (dietary vitamin D intake interaction)	1e-187
GCST000697_2	Vitamin D insufficiency	2e-109
GCST002414_3	Serum vitamin D-binding protein levels	5e-91
GCST012426_1	Serum vitamin D-binding protein levels in type 2 diabetes	9e-86
GCST005782_4	Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels	4e-63
GCST005782_11	Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels	4e-62
GCST000664_1	Vitamin D levels	2e-49
GCST012426_2	Serum vitamin D-binding protein levels in type 2 diabetes	5e-43
GCST90002407_75	White blood cell count	1e-40
GCST005729_1	Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels	5e-38
GCST90002398_294	Neutrophil count	4e-33
GCST012014_1	Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels	2e-25
GCST012425_1	Bioavailable vitamin D levels in type 2 diabetes	3e-19
GCST001639_31	Metabolite levels	1e-14
GCST012426_3	Serum vitamin D-binding protein levels in type 2 diabetes	1e-14
GCST001560_1	Vitamin D levels	2e-14
GCST005782_15	Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels	6e-13
GCST005782_1	Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels	1e-12
GCST009240_166	Serum metabolite levels (CMS)	3e-12
GCST009671_1	Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels	1e-11
GCST004610_143	White blood cell count	2e-11
GCST90002400_440	Plateletcrit	2e-11
GCST90002388_143	Lymphocyte count	4e-11
GCST004626_103	Myeloid white cell count	5e-11
GCST004614_93	Granulocyte count	1e-10
GCST004620_83	Sum basophil neutrophil counts	1e-10
GCST004613_100	Sum neutrophil eosinophil counts	2e-10
GCST004629_14	Neutrophil count	2e-10

EFO canonical traits (from GWAS)

12 canonical traits:

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0003762	vitamin D deficiency
EFO:0004723	coronary artery calcification
EFO:0005675	vitamin D-binding protein measurement
EFO:0004833	neutrophil count
EFO:0004842	eosinophil count
EFO:0007987	granulocyte count
EFO:0005090	basophil count
EFO:0008539	vitamin D dietary intake measurement
EFO:0004587	lymphocyte count
EFO:0005091	monocyte count
EFO:0007985	platelet crit
EFO:0004309	platelet count

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL2259 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

Phase ≥1, by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 29,883 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

1 molecules by phase:

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL846	CALCITRIOL	4	29,883

PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

1 annotations by evidence level (1 strongest → 4):

Variant	Association	Level	Drugs	Phenotypes
rs7041	Efficacy	3	deferasirox	Beta-thalassemia and related diseases

PharmGKB variants

1 variants:

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs7041	GC	3	2.00	1	deferasirox

PharmGKB variant annotations

Per-publication pharmacogenomic findings for this gene (significant associations).

3 published findings:

Variant	Drug(s)	Category	Finding	PMID
rs4588	bevacizumab	Efficacy	Genotype TT is associated with decreased overall survival when treated with bevacizumab in people with Colorectal Neoplasms and Neoplasm Metastasis as compared to genotypes GG + GT.	PMID:29208668
rs4588	cetuximab	Efficacy	Genotype TT is associated with increased overall survival when treated with cetuximab in people with Colorectal Neoplasms and Neoplasm Metastasis as compared to genotypes GG + GT.	PMID:29208668
rs7041	deferasirox	Efficacy	Genotype AA is associated with increased response to deferasirox in people with beta-Thalassemia as compared to genotypes AC + CC.	PMID:30651574

ChEMBL bioactivities

1 potent at pChembl≥5 of 1 total, top 1 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
7.62	Kd	24	nM	CALCITRIOL

PubChem BioAssay actives

1 with measured affinity, of 57 total; 1 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
Calcitriol	472017: Binding affinity to human vitamin D binding protein	kd	0.0240	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

30 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Calcitriol	affects binding, affects abundance, affects transport	3
25-hydroxyvitamin D	affects abundance	2
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression	2
Vitamin D	affects binding	2
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases methylation	2
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	affects binding	1
potassium persulfate	increases expression	1
terbufos	affects response to substance	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Olanzapine	affects phosphorylation	1
Zoledronic Acid	increases expression	1
Ethanol	decreases expression	1
Vehicle Emissions	decreases methylation	1
Cadmium	affects binding	1
Carbon	affects response to substance	1
Copper	affects binding	1
Lead	affects binding	1
Lipopolysaccharides	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine	decreases expression	1
Nickel	affects binding	1
Ouabain	affects expression	1
Parathion	affects response to substance	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression	1
Tretinoin	increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

13 unique, capped per target: 13 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1014566	Binding	Binding affinity to human DBP at EC50 in 4 degC relative to 1-alpha,25-(OH)2D3	Synthesis and biological activity of previtamin D(3) analogues with A-ring modifications. — *Bioorg Med Chem*

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

showing 60 of 300 trials:

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00296881	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	SRP in Combination With PERIOWAVE in Comparison to SRP Alone in Chronic Periodontitis
NCT00297518	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Study of Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) With PerioWave vs. SRP Alone in Chronic Periodontitis
NCT00297531	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Study of Scaling and Root Planing With PerioWave Versus Scaling and Root Planing Alone in Chronic Periodontitis
NCT00668746	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Long-term Safety of Minocycline in Patients With Gum Disease
NCT00707369	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Adjunctive Antimicrobial Therapy of Periodontitis: Long-Term Effects on Disease Progression and Oral Microbiological Colonization
NCT01030666	Phase 4	TERMINATED	Effect of Postsurgical Systemic Doxycycline After Regenerative Periodontal Therapy
NCT01538927	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Fibrin Sealant on Early Wound Healing
NCT01548469	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Bio Mineral Toothpaste in Patients With Mild Periodontitis
NCT01593540	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Clinical Examination of Metal Free Interdental Brushes
NCT01806974	Phase 4	TERMINATED	Consequences of Anti-interleukin 6 Immunotherapy Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis on Periodontium
NCT02030470	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Photodynamic Treatment FOTOSAN® Efficacy in Periodontology
NCT02062047	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Full-mouth and Partial-mouth Scaling and Root Planing in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
NCT02124655	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Antiplaque Effect of Essential Oils and 0.2% Chlorhexidine on an in Situ Model of Oral Biofilm Growth.
NCT02135952	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Metronidazole and Amoxicillin for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects With Periodontitis
NCT02149758	Phase 4	COMPLETED	EFFECT OF SELECTIVE COX-2 INHIBITOR (ETORICOXIB) ALONG WITH SCALING AND ROOT PLANING (SRP) ON CLINICAL PARAMETERS AND SALIVARY LEVEL OF SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE IN CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS A DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, DOUBLE-MASKED RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (RCT).
NCT02215460	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Periodontitis by Conventional 4 Weekly Sections or Within 24 Hours
NCT02215473	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Bacteremia in Periodontal Patients
NCT02267239	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Methodology Antiseptic Application, Influence on Oral Biofilm.
NCT02359721	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Clarithromycin is an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing
NCT02470611	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Sodium Alendronate in Non Surgical Periodontal Therapy
NCT02794506	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Propolis Improves Glycemic Control in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Periodontitis
NCT02921165	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Topical Analgesic With Saline Rinses in Post Extraction Healing
NCT02946801	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Antiplaque Effect of Essential Oils With and Without Alcochol on an in Situ Model of Oral Biofilm Growth
NCT03103204	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Periodontitis in Obese Individuals
NCT03146390	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Essential Oils With and Without Alcohol: Substantivity and Antiplaque Effect
NCT03176537	Phase 4	WITHDRAWN	Periodontal Profile of Hypogonadic Men
NCT03311906	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Efficacy of 0.8% Hyaluronic Acid Gel
NCT03354312	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Acceptance and Preference of Lidocaine Gel Compared to Injection Anesthesia After Non Surgical Periodontal Treatment
NCT04027179	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Tongue Dysbiosis Effects on Arterial Pressure of Periodontitis Patients
NCT04032132	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Curcumin Paste as an Adjunctive Therapy in Periodontitis
NCT04036890	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Local Minocycline in Patients Under Supportive Periodontal Therapy
NCT04044417	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Curcumin-Simvastatin-EDTA in the Treatment of Periodontitis
NCT04149405	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Alterations of GCF Levels of Sclerostin and DKK-1 in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
NCT04178590	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (i-PRF) in Initial Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis
NCT04223076	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Clinical Effect of Chlorhexidine Mouthwash After Periodontal Surgery
NCT04353362	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Alternative Antibiotic Regimen in Periodontitis Treatment
NCT04964167	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Indocyanine-green Mediated Photosensitizer VS Aloe Vera Gel: Adjunct Therapy to Scaling and Root Planing in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
NCT04983849	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Metronidazole Hydrogel 25% in Stage II and III Periodontitis
NCT05530252	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effects of AMP Application After Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy on Treatment of Periodontitis
NCT05657015	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Lepidium Sativum Extract Versus Simvastatin as an Adjunctive Local Delivery Agents to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy
NCT05834517	Phase 4	COMPLETED	‘‘Efficacy of Locally Delivered Hyaluronic Acid Gel as an Adjunctive to Non-Surgical Management of Periodontitis
NCT05870358	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Melatonin Supports Non Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Periodontitis
NCT05936450	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Assessment Of Healing After Periodontal Flap Surgery With And Without The Use Of Placental Extracts
NCT07316582	Phase 4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Melatonin Loaded in Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Management Periodontitis
NCT07402694	Phase 4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Oral Health Outcomes With Amphion Mouthwash as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy
NCT07459049	Phase 4	RECRUITING	Effect of Ibuprofen on Acute Inflammatory Response After One-Stage Periodontal Therapy
NCT07707063	Phase 4	RECRUITING	This a Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of I-PRF, Povidone-Iodine and Laser as Adjuncts to Non-surgical Periodontal Treatment in Smokers and Non-Smokers Periodontitis Patients
NCT00066027	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Effects of Low-Dose Doxycycline on Oral Bone Loss
NCT00066131	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy (OPT) Study
NCT00327561	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Effect of Intensive Periodontal Therapy on Vascular Function
NCT00336661	Phase 3	COMPLETED	PerioWave Re-Treatment Protocol Compared to Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) and a Single Treatment With PerioWave
NCT00371332	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Effect of Adjunctive Treatment With Arestin on the Subgingival Microflora in Patients With Moderate to Advanced Periodontitis
NCT00662532	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Antibiotic Study for Dental Implants
NCT00681564	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Periodontal Infection and Endothelial Dysfunction
NCT00734708	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Phase 3 Clinical Trial of Periodontal Tissue Regeneration Using Fibroblast Growth Factor-2(Trafermin)
NCT00762762	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of a Triclosan Containing Toothpaste in Maintaining Periodontal Health in a Type 2 Diabetic Population
NCT01015404	Phase 3	COMPLETED	A Study to Assess the Safety of Using Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 With Periodontal Surgery in Japan (Phase 3)
NCT01098448	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Control of Periodontal Infections
NCT01503593	Phase 3	UNKNOWN	Using Combination of Synthetic Bone Substitutes During Extractions
NCT01750801	Phase 3	UNKNOWN	Efficacy of a Mouthwash Containing Propolis

Predicted chemistry — Sugi Predict

The predicted patent-compound landscape for GC across ~30M SureChEMBL compounds — explore on Sugi Predict.