GCNA

Summary

GCNA (germ cell nuclear acidic peptidase, HGNC:15805) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome Xq13.1, encoding Germ cell nuclear acidic protein (Q96QF7). May play a role in DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) clearance through a SUMO-dependent recruitment to sites of DPCs, ensuring the genomic stability by protecting germ cells and early embryos from various sources of damage.

Enables SUMO polymer binding activity. Involved in protein-DNA covalent cross-linking repair. Located in PML body. Implicated in X-linked spermatogenic failure 4.

Source: NCBI Gene 93953 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): spermatogenic failure, X-linked, 4 (Strong, GenCC)
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 184 total — 3 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 14
• MANE Select transcript: NM_052957

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:15805
Approved symbol	GCNA
Name	germ cell nuclear acidic peptidase
Location	Xq13.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	NAAR1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000147174
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	300369
Entrez	93953

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 3 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000373695, ENST00000373696, ENST00000471950, ENST00000917930

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_052957 NM_052957

CCDS: CCDS35326

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000373696 — 13 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000979126	71612355	71612559
ENSE00001092444	71608973	71609117
ENSE00001092445	71605663	71605729
ENSE00001212552	71578437	71578522
ENSE00001212564	71612862	71613583
ENSE00001212574	71580820	71580880
ENSE00001461268	71603588	71604676
ENSE00001461272	71597950	71598038
ENSE00001602456	71592122	71592168
ENSE00001644420	71594746	71594779
ENSE00001767295	71594331	71594377
ENSE00001790793	71592537	71592570
ENSE00003551053	71610681	71610819

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 183 present calls, max score 88.40.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0228 / max 12.6304, expressed in 11 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
196706	0.0228	11

Top tissues by expression

241 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	88.40	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	82.07	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	78.76	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	78.58	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	77.99	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	77.40	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	77.17	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	76.80	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	76.72	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	76.50	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	76.35	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	75.70	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	75.41	silver quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	75.12	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	73.96	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	73.46	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	73.31	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	72.86	silver quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	72.67	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	72.15	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	72.15	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	72.03	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	71.62	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	71.49	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	71.46	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	71.37	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	71.31	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	71.17	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	71.03	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	70.71	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	3.41

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

37 targeting GCNA, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3682-5P	99.93	67.97	1163
HSA-MIR-374A-5P	99.90	71.34	2923
HSA-MIR-374B-5P	99.90	69.98	2734
HSA-MIR-5582-3P	99.86	72.48	4221
HSA-MIR-369-3P	99.85	70.52	2264
HSA-MIR-5003-3P	99.85	69.29	2517
HSA-MIR-576-5P	99.84	70.46	2582
HSA-MIR-8076	99.78	68.52	1170
HSA-MIR-3680-3P	99.75	72.51	3095
HSA-MIR-1976	99.74	65.48	1127
HSA-MIR-3618	99.69	68.57	1012
HSA-MIR-24-3P	99.59	69.97	1934
HSA-MIR-6727-3P	99.49	65.92	1333
HSA-MIR-4480	99.42	66.02	735
HSA-MIR-4722-3P	99.35	65.22	1099
HSA-MIR-4312	99.34	67.30	511
HSA-MIR-6739-3P	99.22	68.84	1843
HSA-MIR-6814-5P	99.03	66.68	1273
HSA-MIR-511-5P	98.97	70.94	2268
HSA-MIR-10A-5P	98.89	69.85	712
HSA-MIR-10B-5P	98.89	69.86	711
HSA-MIR-3074-5P	98.82	66.56	1414
HSA-MIR-942-3P	98.81	69.04	876
HSA-MIR-7705	98.69	67.47	543
HSA-MIR-6830-3P	98.62	68.07	1760
HSA-MIR-6852-3P	98.54	67.60	1468
HSA-MIR-4317	98.49	67.09	987
HSA-MIR-4766-3P	98.48	67.94	1347
HSA-MIR-4421	97.99	64.89	701
HSA-MIR-1912-5P	97.94	67.98	832

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• Variants in GCNA, X-linked germ-cell genome integrity gene, identified in men with primary spermatogenic failure. (PMID:33963445)
• Pathogenic variations in Germ Cell Nuclear Acidic Peptidase (GCNA) are associated with human male infertility. (PMID:34413498)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gcna	ENSDARG00000101060
drosophila_melanogaster	Gcna	FBGN0023515
drosophila_melanogaster	CG2694	FBGN0024991
drosophila_melanogaster	CG11322	FBGN0031856
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00022694

Protein

Protein identifiers

Germ cell nuclear acidic protein — Q96QF7 (reviewed: Q96QF7)

Alternative names: Acidic repeat-containing protein, Germ cell nuclear acidic peptidase, Germ cell nuclear antigen

All UniProt accessions (1): Q96QF7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May play a role in DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) clearance through a SUMO-dependent recruitment to sites of DPCs, ensuring the genomic stability by protecting germ cells and early embryos from various sources of damage. Can resolve the topoisomerase II (TOP2A) DPCs.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts (via SIM domains) with SUMO2; this interaction allows the GCNA recruitment to DPCs sites. Interacts with TOP2A; this interaction allows the resolution of topoisomerase II (TOP2A) DNA-protein cross-links.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. PML body. Chromosome.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in germ cells of the testis (at protein level). Detected in skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, lung and brain. Expressed throughout spermatogenesis, from spermatogonia to elongated spermatids, in normal adult testis (at protein level).

Disease relevance. Spermatogenic failure, X-linked, 4 (SPGFX4) [MIM:301077] A male infertility disorder characterized by non-obstructive azoospermia or oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Some patients present spermatogenic maturation arrest with an almost complete absence of early and late primary spermatocytes. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Domain organisation. SUMO interaction motif 1 (SIM) mediates the binding to polysumoylated substrates.

Similarity. Belongs to the serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein (SDr) family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_443189* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR006640	SprT-like_domain	Domain

Pfam: PF10263

UniProt features (34 total): sequence variant 18, compositionally biased region 5, short sequence motif 4, mutagenesis site 4, chain 1, domain 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q96QF7-F1	59.13	0.21

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (4):

Position	Phenotype
22–25	impairs sumo2 interaction. loss of sumo2 interaction; when associated with 76-a–a-79, 97-a–a-100 and 121-a–a-124. los
76–79	impairs sumo2 interaction. loss of sumo2 interaction; when associated with 22-a–a-25, 97-a–a-100 and 121-a–a-124. los
97–100	impairs sumo2 interaction. loss of sumo2 interaction; when associated with 22-a–a-25, 76-a–a-79 and 121-a–a-124. loss
121–124	impairs sumo2 interaction. loss of sumo2 interaction; when associated with 22-a–a-25, 76-a–a-79 and 97-a–a-100. loss

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 82 (showing top): GSE45365_CD8A_DC_VS_CD11B_DC_IFNAR_KO_DN, GOBP_DNA_DAMAGE_RESPONSE, GOCC_NUCLEAR_BODY, GOCC_PML_BODY, GOBP_DNA_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOMF_UBIQUITIN_LIKE_PROTEIN_BINDING, GOBP_DNA_REPAIR, GOMF_SUMO_BINDING, SENESE_HDAC1_AND_HDAC2_TARGETS_UP, chrXq13, GOMF_SUMO_POLYMER_BINDING, STK33_SKM_UP, H1_6_TARGET_GENES, LMTK3_TARGET_GENES, ZNF184_TARGET_GENES

GO Biological Process (2): protein-DNA covalent cross-linking repair (GO:0106300), DNA damage response (GO:0006974)

GO Molecular Function (2): SUMO polymer binding (GO:0032184), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), chromosome (GO:0005694), PML body (GO:0016605)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
DNA repair	1
cellular response to stress	1
SUMO binding	1
binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
nuclear lumen	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
nuclear body	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

764 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GCNA	SPRTN	Q9H040	745
GCNA	TAF1	P21675	560
GCNA	DAZL	Q92904	543
GCNA	STRA8	Q7Z7C7	538
GCNA	SYCP3	Q8IZU3	523
GCNA	FAM111A	Q96PZ2	507
GCNA	FRMPD1	Q5SYB0	472
GCNA	TDP2	O95551	447
GCNA	SPO11	Q9Y5K1	440
GCNA	FBXO21	O94952	429
GCNA	FLAD1	Q8NFF5	427
GCNA	ELP4	Q96EB1	425
GCNA	DDX4	Q9NQI0	419
GCNA	NANOS3	P60323	417
GCNA	USP31	Q70CQ4	411

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GCNA	sph	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (6): SUMO2 (Affinity Capture-Western), ACRC (Affinity Capture-MS), HSP90B2P (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), HSP90B1 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), PLCB3 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), ACRC (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1D9BZF0, A6QL64, B4DH59, B5DUH6, D3YZV8, E9Q6E9, O43493, O46383, O77733, P06916, P08116, P0C758, P0DKJ7, P0DKJ8, P0DPF3, P31568, P62521, Q01033, Q01042, Q1HVF7, Q2W8Q7, Q3BBV2, Q42626, Q42627, Q4ZJZ1, Q4ZJZ3, Q5JPF3, Q5MJ10, Q6AXX0, Q6GX35, Q6IC83, Q6P3W6, Q6PGQ1, Q7M4S9, Q7M732, Q86T75, Q8BP27, Q8IZU1, Q8N2N9, Q96QF7

Diamond homologs: A0A0R4IWG9, O42953, Q23462, Q7KW09, Q96QF7

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

184 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	3
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	93
Likely benign	21
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (4)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1180854	NM_052957.5(GCNA):c.1180G>T (p.Glu394Ter)	Pathogenic
1328948	NM_052957.5(GCNA):c.1507del (p.Glu504fs)	Pathogenic
1676580	NM_052957.5(GCNA):c.653_654delinsGC (p.Lys218Ser)	Pathogenic
1244252	NM_052957.5(GCNA):c.343del (p.Ala115fs)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

1917 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
X:71578520:CAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
X:71578523:GTAG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:71578524:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:71592535:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71592536:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71592536:GCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71594744:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71594745:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71594745:GCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71598012:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
X:71603587:GATGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71605652:ATCT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71605655:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71608969:GCAGG:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:71608970:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:71608971:A:AC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:71608971:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71608971:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71608972:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71608972:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71609113:AAAAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:71609114:AAAGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:71609116:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:71609118:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:71609119:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:71612349:TTCAA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:71612350:TCAAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:71612351:CAA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:71612352:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:71612352:AAGA:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4697 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
X:71609001:T:C	F499L	0.953
X:71609003:C:A	F499L	0.953
X:71609003:C:G	F499L	0.953
X:71612406:T:C	L601P	0.951
X:71610777:T:C	F570L	0.930
X:71610779:T:A	F570L	0.930
X:71610779:T:G	F570L	0.930
X:71610705:T:A	W546R	0.923
X:71610705:T:C	W546R	0.923
X:71612474:C:G	H624D	0.915
X:71612476:C:A	H624Q	0.915
X:71612476:C:G	H624Q	0.915
X:71610787:T:C	I573T	0.914
X:71612402:T:A	W600R	0.911
X:71612402:T:C	W600R	0.911
X:71612899:T:C	F665L	0.911
X:71612901:C:A	F665L	0.911
X:71612901:C:G	F665L	0.911
X:71609089:T:C	L528P	0.910
X:71609068:T:C	L521S	0.903
X:71610707:G:C	W546C	0.898
X:71610707:G:T	W546C	0.898
X:71609005:T:C	L500S	0.897
X:71612404:G:C	W600C	0.889
X:71612404:G:T	W600C	0.889
X:71612540:T:A	C646S	0.889
X:71612541:G:C	C646S	0.889
X:71612443:G:C	W613C	0.888
X:71612443:G:T	W613C	0.888
X:71609100:T:C	S532P	0.886

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000167614 (X:71593174 G>A), RS1000545918 (X:71596569 T>C), RS1000605059 (X:71577782 C>CT), RS1000681564 (X:71597479 G>A), RS1000687217 (X:71581225 A>G), RS1000873953 (X:71604985 G>A), RS1000977475 (X:71607899 G>A), RS1001030161 (X:71596153 T>G), RS1001164776 (X:71581934 C>T), RS1001169665 (X:71589717 G>A), RS1001269447 (X:71605553 T>C), RS1001307009 (X:71588769 G>C), RS1001470472 (X:71601758 C>T), RS1001744318 (X:71602071 C>T), RS1002302565 (X:71598494 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:300369 | disease phenotypes: MIM:301077

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
spermatogenic failure, X-linked, 4	Strong	X-linked

Mondo (2): spermatogenic failure, X-linked, 4 (MONDO:0024773), azoospermia (MONDO:0100459)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

14 total (14 of 14 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000027	Azoospermia
HP:0000118	Phenotypic abnormality
HP:0000837	Increased circulating gonadotropin level
HP:0001417	X-linked inheritance
HP:0003251	Male infertility
HP:0008232	Elevated circulating follicle stimulating hormone level
HP:0008669	Abnormal spermatogenesis
HP:0008734	Decreased testicular size
HP:0011462	Young adult onset
HP:0011961	Non-obstructive azoospermia
HP:0011962	Obstructive azoospermia
HP:0011969	Elevated circulating luteinizing hormone level
HP:0040086	Abnormal prolactin level
HP:0040171	Decreased serum testosterone concentration

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D053713	Azoospermia	C12.100.500.430.380; C12.100.750.700.380; C12.200.294.430.380

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

45 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
methylmercuric chloride	increases expression	3
mercuric bromide	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	2
Valproic Acid	increases expression, increases methylation	2
Cyclosporine	increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one	increases expression	1
2-butenal	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
ochratoxin A	increases expression	1
cupric oxide	increases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
2-palmitoylglycerol	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
torcetrapib	increases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	increases expression	1
PCI 5002	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
theaflavin-3,3’-digallate	affects expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Hexachlorocyclohexane	increases expression	1
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	decreases expression	1
Demecolcine	increases expression	1
Disulfiram	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Drugs, Chinese Herbal	increases expression	1
Formaldehyde	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

27 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02307994	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Clinical Research on Effectiveness and Safety of Treatment of Severe Oligospermia or Azoospermia With uFSH
NCT02275169	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	FSH Treatment for Non-obstructive Azoospermic Patients
NCT02544191	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	GnRHa Combined With hCG and hMG for Treatment of Patients With Non-obstructive Azoospermia
NCT03762967	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Autologous Adipose-Derived Adult Stromal Vascular Cell Administration for Male Patients With Infertility
NCT02041910	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Testicular Injection of Autologous Stem Cells for Treatment of Patients With Azoospermia
NCT00282477	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Trial to Evaluate Erectile Function, Fertility and Sperm Count in Male Cyclists Compared to Age Matched Controls
NCT00484081	Not specified	COMPLETED	Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction (MicroTESE) and IVF-ICSI Outcome in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA)
NCT00548977	Not specified	COMPLETED	Genetic Studies Spermatogenic Failure
NCT01375062	Not specified	COMPLETED	Obtaining Undifferentiated Cells From Testis Biopsy
NCT01509482	Not specified	COMPLETED	Insulin Resistance in Idiopathic Oligospermia and Azoospermia
NCT02008799	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Intra Testicular Artery Injection of Bone Marrow Stem Cell in Management of Azoospermia
NCT02339272	Not specified	COMPLETED	Study of Synapsis and Recombination in Male Meiosis and the Implications in Infertility
NCT02414295	Not specified	COMPLETED	Sperm Production in Kleinfelter Syndrome Patients After Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection
NCT02418832	Not specified	RECRUITING	Testis Needle Aspiration of Sperm in Men With Azoospermia
NCT02617173	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The Effect of Low Electrical Current on Testicular Spermatocyte Count
NCT02773498	Not specified	TERMINATED	Comparison of Medical Results of Testicular Sperm Extraction by Conventional Surgery and Microsurgical Track
NCT03497728	Not specified	TERMINATED	Detection of Microdeletions in the Azoospermia Factor (AZF) Regions in Infertile Male Patients
NCT04675164	Not specified	COMPLETED	Laser Assisted Sperm Selection of Viable Immotile Testicular Sperm in Azoospermic Infertile Men
NCT05479474	Not specified	RECRUITING	Platelet Rich Plasma Testis Treatment for Infertile Men
NCT05628987	Not specified	RECRUITING	The Association of Gut Microbiota and Spermatogenic Dysfunction
NCT05866484	Not specified	COMPLETED	Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA) vs. Microfluidic Sperm Separation (MSS)
NCT06524258	Not specified	COMPLETED	Testicular Elastography for Microscopic Testicular Sperm Extraction
NCT06841328	Not specified	RECRUITING	Fertility Enhancement Through Regenerative Treatment in Ovaries and Testes
NCT06941922	Not specified	RECRUITING	Testicular Evaluation of Azoospermia Using Micro-Ultrasound
NCT07074015	Not specified	RECRUITING	IntelliWell: An AI-Assisted Imaging Platform for Detection and Location of Ultra-Rare Testicular Sperm in Surgical Specimens
NCT07357701	Not specified	RECRUITING	Identifying Genome Variants in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA) or Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)
NCT07542626	Not specified	RECRUITING	Fertility Restoration With Autografting of Cryopreserved Immature Testicular Tissue