GINS4

Summary

GINS4 (GINS complex subunit 4, HGNC:28226) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 8p11.21, encoding DNA replication complex GINS protein SLD5 (Q9BRT9). Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 97.9% of cancer cell lines).

The yeast heterotetrameric GINS complex is made up of Sld5, Psf1 (GINS1; MIM 610608), Psf2 (GINS2; MIM 610609), and Psf3 (GINS3; MIM 610610). The formation of the GINS complex is essential for the initiation of DNA replication in yeast and Xenopus egg extracts (Ueno et al., 2005 [PubMed 16287864]). See GINS1 for additional information about the GINS complex.

Source: NCBI Gene 84296 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 35 total
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 97.9% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_032336

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:28226
Approved symbol	GINS4
Name	GINS complex subunit 4
Location	8p11.21
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MGC14799, SLD5
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000147536
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	610611
Entrez	84296

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 4 protein_coding, 4 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000276533, ENST00000518430, ENST00000518671, ENST00000520354, ENST00000520631, ENST00000520710, ENST00000520736, ENST00000522642, ENST00000523277

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_032336 NM_032336

CCDS: CCDS6116

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000276533 — 8 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001253142	41541991	41545030
ENSE00001746541	41529261	41529396
ENSE00003516905	41539916	41540004
ENSE00003554215	41536360	41536446
ENSE00003585396	41530184	41530298
ENSE00003691403	41537180	41537293
ENSE00003692072	41539678	41539775
ENSE00003889930	41541809	41541899

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 174 present calls, max score 88.35.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 7.0009 / max 91.0908, expressed in 1490 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
88646	4.7495	1303
88645	2.2514	996

Top tissues by expression

289 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	88.35	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	88.12	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	83.22	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	81.60	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	80.31	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	79.61	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	78.31	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	74.89	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	73.10	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	72.60	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	70.27	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	70.09	silver quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	69.80	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	68.80	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	68.69	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	68.21	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	68.11	silver quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	67.94	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	67.83	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	67.52	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	67.39	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	66.73	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	66.68	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	66.63	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	66.62	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	66.48	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	65.84	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	64.91	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	64.73	silver quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	64.29	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6379	no	59.57
E-ENAD-27	no	3.91
E-ANND-3	no	3.37

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

91 targeting GINS4, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4713-3P	100.00	65.92	505
HSA-MIR-4455	100.00	65.48	1587
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-548AW	99.99	72.57	3559
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-4482-3P	99.98	72.50	3147
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775
HSA-MIR-9983-3P	99.94	71.48	3631
HSA-MIR-381-3P	99.93	71.87	2854
HSA-MIR-300	99.92	71.76	2856
HSA-MIR-450B-5P	99.92	71.48	3175
HSA-MIR-6809-3P	99.91	71.45	3814
HSA-MIR-106A-5P	99.90	73.94	2683
HSA-MIR-4753-3P	99.90	71.03	3786
HSA-MIR-17-5P	99.89	73.83	2665
HSA-MIR-95-5P	99.89	72.17	3973
HSA-MIR-3140-3P	99.88	68.47	2069
HSA-MIR-106B-5P	99.88	74.72	2795
HSA-MIR-20A-5P	99.88	74.76	2769
HSA-MIR-20B-5P	99.88	74.01	2621
HSA-MIR-93-5P	99.88	73.98	2606
HSA-MIR-129-5P	99.88	70.26	3273
HSA-MIR-526B-3P	99.88	74.06	2587
HSA-MIR-519D-3P	99.88	73.97	2607

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 97.9% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 18)

• The C-terminal domains of the Sld5 and Psf1 subunits are connected by linker regions to the core complex, and the C-terminal domain of Sld5 is important for core complex assembly. (PMID:17417653)
• Knockdown of SLD5 using small interfering RNA resulted in reduction of cell growth both in vitro and an in vivo xenograft model. Moreover, we found that high levels of SLD5 in bladder cancer cells result from downregulation of microRNA (miR)-370 that otherwise suppresses its expression. (PMID:27499248)
• Sld5 a component of GINS complex interacts with SIK1 and recruits it to the sites of DNA replication at the onset of S phase. (PMID:27592030)
• The authors show that GINS is a compact tetramer in solution as observed in crystal structures, but also forms a double-tetrameric population, detectable by electron microscopy. (PMID:28071757)
• Sld5 has an independent role in maintaining the centrosome structure by resisting the microtubule-mediated forces during mitosis. (PMID:29061732)
• mRNA expressions of all GINS subunits were significantly up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tumor than in non-tumor liver tissues. (PMID:30413605)
• Influenza virus matrix protein M1 interacts with SLD5 to block host cell cycle. (PMID:31050118)
• GINS4 facilitates lung cancer progression by promoting key characteristics of tumor potential, and LSH epigenetically interacts with and stabilizes GINS4 transcripts. (PMID:31253190)
• The novel GINS4 axis promotes gastric cancer growth and progression by activating Rac1 and CDC42. (PMID:31754397)
• Besides, our results also indicated that Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) can negatively regulate GINS4 expression at the transcriptional level and the KLF/GINS4 pathway might play a vital role in the growth and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). (PMID:32012389)
• Overexpression of GINS4 is associated with poor prognosis and survival in glioma patients. (PMID:34556022)
• Multiple RNA virus matrix proteins interact with SLD5 to manipulate host cell cycle. (PMID:34882534)
• GINS4 might be a novel prognostic immune-related biomarker of not only esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and other cancers. (PMID:35365175)
• Combined analysis of expression, prognosis and immune infiltration of GINS family genes in human sarcoma. (PMID:35896011)
• MicroRNA-133a-3p Inhibits Lung Adenocarcinoma Development and Cisplatin Resistance through Targeting GINS4. (PMID:36273455)
• Partial loss-of-function mutations in GINS4 lead to NK cell deficiency with neutropenia. (PMID:36345943)
• Hsa_circ_0008673 Promotes Breast Cancer Progression by MiR-578/GINS4 Axis. (PMID:36628810)
• The Molecular Pathogenesis of Tumor-Suppressive miR-486-5p and miR-486-3p Target Genes: GINS4 Facilitates Aggressiveness in Lung Adenocarcinoma. (PMID:37508549)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gins4	ENSDARG00000016044
mus_musculus	Gins4	ENSMUSG00000031546
rattus_norvegicus	Gins4	ENSRNOG00000018040
drosophila_melanogaster	Sld5	FBGN0039403
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00013768

Protein

Protein identifiers

DNA replication complex GINS protein SLD5 — Q9BRT9 (reviewed: Q9BRT9)

Alternative names: GINS complex subunit 4

All UniProt accessions (3): Q9BRT9, E5RFF9, E5RH56

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Required for correct functioning of the GINS complex, a complex that plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication, and progression of DNA replication forks. GINS complex is a core component of CDC45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, the molecular machine that unwinds template DNA during replication, and around which the replisome is built.

Subunit / interactions. Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of GINS1, GINS2, GINS3 and GINS4. Forms a stable subcomplex with GINS1. GINS complex interacts with DNA primase in vitro. Component of the CMG helicase complex, a hexameric ring of related MCM2-7 subunits stabilized by CDC45 and the tetrameric GINS complex.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Chromosome. Cytoplasm.

Induction. Significantly up-regulated in aggressive melanomas.

Similarity. Belongs to the GINS4/SLD5 family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9BRT9-1	1	yes
Q9BRT9-2	2

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_115712* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR008591	GINS_Sld5	Family
IPR021151	GINS_A	Domain
IPR031633	SLD5_C	Domain
IPR036224	GINS_bundle-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR038749	Sld5_GINS_A	Domain

Pfam: PF05916, PF16922

UniProt features (26 total): helix 10, strand 6, modified residue 4, chain 2, splice variant 2, initiator methionine 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

10 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
2E9X	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
2Q9Q	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.36
9E2Z	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.6
7PLO	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.8
2EHO	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3
7PFO	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.2
6XTX	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.29
8B9D	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.4
8OK2	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.1
6XTY	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.77

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9BRT9-F1	90.84	0.82

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (4): 1, 2, 12, 16

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

7 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-176974	Unwinding of DNA
R-HSA-1640170	Cell Cycle
R-HSA-69190	DNA strand elongation
R-HSA-69239	Synthesis of DNA
R-HSA-69242	S Phase
R-HSA-69278	Cell Cycle, Mitotic
R-HSA-69306	DNA Replication

MSigDB gene sets: 146 (showing top): REACTOME_DNA_REPLICATION, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, BUYTAERT_PHOTODYNAMIC_THERAPY_STRESS_DN, STARK_PREFRONTAL_CORTEX_22Q11_DELETION_DN, GOBP_GROWTH, GOBP_INNER_CELL_MASS_CELL_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_IN_UTERO_EMBRYONIC_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_BLASTOCYST_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_DNA_DAMAGE_RESPONSE, FISCHER_DREAM_TARGETS, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_BLASTOCYST_GROWTH, GOBP_RECOMBINATIONAL_REPAIR, ROSTY_CERVICAL_CANCER_PROLIFERATION_CLUSTER, GOBP_DNA_REPLICATION

GO Biological Process (4): double-strand break repair via break-induced replication (GO:0000727), inner cell mass cell proliferation (GO:0001833), DNA replication (GO:0006260), DNA-templated DNA replication (GO:0006261)

GO Molecular Function (1): protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): GINS complex (GO:0000811), nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), CMG complex (GO:0071162), chromosome (GO:0005694)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-6 pathways:

Category	Pathways
DNA strand elongation	1
Synthesis of DNA	1
S Phase	1
DNA Replication	1
Cell Cycle, Mitotic	1
Cell Cycle	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
nuclear chromosome	2
DNA replication preinitiation complex	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	1
blastocyst growth	1
cell population proliferation	1
DNA metabolic process	1
DNA biosynthetic process	1
DNA replication	1
binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
nuclear lumen	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
GINS complex	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1298 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GINS4	GINS2	Q9Y248	999
GINS4	GINS1	Q14691	999
GINS4	GINS3	Q9BRX5	999
GINS4	CDC45	O75419	996
GINS4	TICRR	Q7Z2Z1	875
GINS4	MCM10	Q7L590	857
GINS4	MCM4	P33991	831
GINS4	TOPBP1	Q92547	826
GINS4	WDHD1	O75717	816
GINS4	MCM3	P25205	797
GINS4	DBF4	Q9UBU7	792
GINS4	CDT1	Q9H211	737
GINS4	MCM7	P33993	732
GINS4	RECQL4	O94761	725
GINS4	CDC6	Q99741	718

IntAct

89 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
RPA2	RPA1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.960
RPA1	RPA2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.960
RPA3	RPA2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.930
GINS3	GINS1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.880
GINS4	GINS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.870
GINS2	GINS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.870
GINS1	GINS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.860
GINS1	GINS4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.860
MCM2	MCM4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.830
GINS4	SIK1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.800
SIK1	GINS4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.800
H2AX	PPM1G	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
GINS4	MCMBP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.590
CDC45	GINS4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.570
PPP1R13B	GINS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (131): GINS4 (Two-hybrid), GINS4 (Affinity Capture-MS), GINS4 (Affinity Capture-MS), GINS4 (Affinity Capture-MS), GINS4 (Two-hybrid), GINS4 (Co-fractionation), GINS4 (Co-fractionation), GINS4 (Co-fractionation), GINS4 (Co-fractionation), GINS4 (Co-fractionation), WDHD1 (Co-fractionation), GINS4 (Affinity Capture-MS), GINS4 (Affinity Capture-MS), GINS4 (Affinity Capture-MS), GINS4 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2VE40, A4IFH4, G5EDN3, O94329, P0CQ30, P29458, P41229, P41230, P52590, P57740, P91133, Q03406, Q09915, Q12488, Q14691, Q22019, Q2HE71, Q2KI89, Q38JA7, Q499W2, Q54HR6, Q55EA2, Q5R629, Q626F4, Q6BXX6, Q6BZ44, Q6CE80, Q6CHE4, Q6CKF3, Q6CPV6, Q6CRT8, Q6CW43, Q6FS76, Q6FT85, Q6FVY5, Q6NQP5, Q753I0, Q75E92, Q7ZT47, Q7ZT48

Diamond homologs: A2VE40, Q499W2, Q55EA2, Q6NQP5, Q7ZT48, Q99LZ3, Q9BRT9, Q9P7C8, Q2HE71, Q4IQM6, Q753I0, Q03406, Q6BXX6, Q6CE80, Q6CKF3, Q6FT85

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 63 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Activation of the pre-replicative complex	8	58.0×	1e-10
Activation of ATR in response to replication stress	8	53.4×	1e-10
DNA Replication Pre-Initiation	5	35.2×	2e-05
Synthesis of DNA	5	33.4×	2e-05
DNA Replication	5	26.4×	5e-05
G1/S Transition	5	25.9×	5e-05
Mitotic G1 phase and G1/S transition	5	20.5×	1e-04
S Phase	5	20.1×	1e-04

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
DNA replication	13	36.4×	8e-15
nucleosome assembly	5	11.9×	3e-03
DNA repair	7	7.6×	2e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

35 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	23
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1358 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
8:41529397:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41530295:GCAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41530296:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41530297:AGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41530298:GGTAA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41530299:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41530299:GTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41530300:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41535596:A:AG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41535601:T:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41536354:TTTTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:41536356:TTAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:41536357:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:41536358:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41536358:A:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:41536358:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41536359:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41536359:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41536359:GGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41536359:GGCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41536359:GGCCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41536444:ATG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41536447:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41537177:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:41537178:AGG:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:41537179:G:GC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:41537269:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41537317:GGAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41537328:GCACA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:41537333:GTCT:G	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

1476 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
8:41542074:T:A	V220D	0.996
8:41537277:G:C	R94P	0.994
8:41537282:C:A	R96S	0.994
8:41537283:G:C	R96P	0.994
8:41542037:T:G	Y208D	0.994
8:41542059:T:A	V215D	0.994
8:41542080:T:C	L222P	0.994
8:41537282:C:G	R96G	0.992
8:41537286:T:C	L97P	0.992
8:41536363:T:A	W34R	0.991
8:41536363:T:C	W34R	0.991
8:41536374:A:C	E37D	0.991
8:41536374:A:T	E37D	0.991
8:41537248:G:C	R84S	0.991
8:41537248:G:T	R84S	0.991
8:41542080:T:A	L222Q	0.991
8:41530279:T:C	L26P	0.990
8:41536382:C:A	A40D	0.990
8:41541842:T:C	L173P	0.990
8:41536424:T:A	V54D	0.989
8:41537262:T:C	L89P	0.989
8:41541838:T:C	F172L	0.989
8:41541839:T:C	F172S	0.989
8:41541840:T:A	F172L	0.989
8:41541840:T:G	F172L	0.989
8:41536373:A:T	E37V	0.988
8:41536436:T:C	L58P	0.988
8:41537247:G:C	R84T	0.988
8:41542019:T:C	S202P	0.987
8:41542029:T:C	L205S	0.987

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000262073 (8:41544986 G>T), RS1000419496 (8:41530507 G>T), RS1000702407 (8:41532427 A>C,G,T), RS1000805511 (8:41545255 C>A,T), RS1000866372 (8:41534597 T>A), RS1001887933 (8:41531675 T>C), RS1002215363 (8:41540529 G>A), RS1002479101 (8:41537561 C>T), RS1002548466 (8:41528971 G>C,T), RS1002754481 (8:41534779 C>T), RS1002807634 (8:41541184 C>G,T), RS1002829166 (8:41537327 A>G), RS1002881352 (8:41537606 A>C,G), RS1003166577 (8:41531661 C>T), RS1003179090 (8:41543186 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:610611 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

34 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression, increases expression, increases methylation	4
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	3
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, increases expression	3
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide	decreases expression	2
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
afuresertib	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
2,2’-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol)	affects expression, affects response to substance	1
2,3-bis(3’-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
K 7174	decreases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Dasatinib	decreases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Coumestrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Ethyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Formaldehyde	increases expression	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Niclosamide	decreases expression	1
Oxygen	decreases expression	1
Quercetin	increases expression	1
Testosterone	decreases expression	1
Tretinoin	decreases expression	1
Urethane	decreases expression	1
Oxyquinoline	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.