GNG10

Summary

GNG10 (G protein subunit gamma 10, HGNC:4402) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 9q31.3, encoding Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 (P50151). Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems.

Predicted to enable G-protein beta-subunit binding activity. Predicted to be involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. Predicted to be part of heterotrimeric G-protein complex.

Source: NCBI Gene 2790 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• MANE Select transcript: NM_001017998

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4402
Approved symbol	GNG10
Name	G protein subunit gamma 10
Location	9q31.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000242616
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	604389
Entrez	2790

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 10 — 10 protein_coding

ENST00000374293, ENST00000856097, ENST00000856098, ENST00000856099, ENST00000856100, ENST00000936108, ENST00000936109, ENST00000936110, ENST00000936111, ENST00000936112

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_001017998 NM_001017998, NM_001198664

CCDS: CCDS35107

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000374293 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001463059	111661605	111661715
ENSE00001816903	111669269	111670226
ENSE00003550470	111666815	111666946

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 134 present calls, max score 97.79.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 33.0053 / max 965.7419, expressed in 1792 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
98020	32.1678	1789
98018	0.6923	279
98019	0.1452	62

Top tissues by expression

134 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	97.79	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	97.66	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	97.39	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	97.34	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	97.21	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	97.19	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	97.17	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	97.10	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	97.01	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	96.99	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	96.94	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	96.91	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	96.81	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	96.72	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	96.70	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	96.69	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	96.68	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	96.65	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	96.64	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	96.61	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	96.41	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	96.33	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	96.32	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	96.32	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	96.27	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	96.26	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	96.25	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	96.24	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	96.23	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	96.21	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 4 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	10.51
E-HCAD-13	no	828.45
E-MTAB-7381	no	610.21
E-GEOD-86618	no	191.48

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

62 targeting GNG10, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3924	100.00	72.09	2394
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P	100.00	76.32	3233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P	100.00	76.32	3242
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-3667-3P	99.99	67.17	1636
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-548AN	99.97	70.91	2817
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-218-5P	99.93	72.22	2103
HSA-MIR-124-3P	99.89	73.74	3043
HSA-MIR-506-3P	99.89	73.55	3057
HSA-MIR-153-5P	99.89	73.86	6317
HSA-MIR-605-3P	99.88	69.22	1833
HSA-MIR-579-3P	99.86	71.66	3628
HSA-MIR-548AZ-5P	99.83	69.94	3230
HSA-MIR-548T-5P	99.83	69.91	3220
HSA-MIR-4799-5P	99.82	70.60	2663
HSA-MIR-4495	99.82	72.08	3080
HSA-MIR-3133	99.81	70.92	3506
HSA-MIR-4639-5P	99.81	67.37	1028
HSA-MIR-636	99.80	69.58	1500
HSA-MIR-4679	99.76	69.19	1229
HSA-MIR-4255	99.72	67.70	1541
HSA-MIR-494-3P	99.70	71.45	2795
HSA-MIR-4729	99.69	72.18	4233

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 1)

• GNG10 mutations are associated with melanoma. (PMID:20424519)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gng10	ENSDARG00000104043
mus_musculus	Gng10	ENSMUSG00000038607
rattus_norvegicus	Gng10-ps1	ENSRNOG00000070865
drosophila_melanogaster	Ggamma1	FBGN0004921

Paralogs (11): GNG11 (ENSG00000127920), GNGT1 (ENSG00000127928), GNG5B (ENSG00000133136), GNG3 (ENSG00000162188), GNGT2 (ENSG00000167083), GNG8 (ENSG00000167414), GNG4 (ENSG00000168243), GNG12 (ENSG00000172380), GNG5 (ENSG00000174021), GNG7 (ENSG00000176533), GNG2 (ENSG00000186469)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 — P50151 (reviewed: P50151)

All UniProt accessions (1): P50151

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Interacts with beta-1 and beta-2, but not with beta-3.

Subunit / interactions. G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Abundantly and ubiquitously expressed.

Similarity. Belongs to the G protein gamma family.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001017998, NP_001185593 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001770	G-protein_gamma	Family
IPR015898	G-protein_gamma-like_dom	Domain
IPR036284	GGL_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00631

UniProt features (6 total): modified residue 2, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, propeptide 1, lipid moiety-binding region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P50151-F1	89.58	0.67

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (3): 2, 65, 65

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

29 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1296041	Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels
R-HSA-163359	Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
R-HSA-202040	G-protein activation
R-HSA-381676	Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion
R-HSA-392170	ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12
R-HSA-392451	G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma
R-HSA-392851	Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor
R-HSA-400042	Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion
R-HSA-4086398	Ca2+ pathway
R-HSA-416476	G alpha (q) signalling events
R-HSA-416482	G alpha (12/13) signalling events
R-HSA-418217	G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta
R-HSA-418555	G alpha (s) signalling events
R-HSA-418592	ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1
R-HSA-418594	G alpha (i) signalling events
R-HSA-418597	G alpha (z) signalling events
R-HSA-420092	Glucagon-type ligand receptors
R-HSA-428930	Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor
R-HSA-432040	Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins
R-HSA-456926	Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs)
R-HSA-500657	Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors
R-HSA-6814122	Cooperation of PDCL (PhLP1) and TRiC/CCT in G-protein beta folding
R-HSA-8964315	G beta:gamma signalling through BTK
R-HSA-8964616	G beta:gamma signalling through CDC42
R-HSA-9009391	Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling
R-HSA-9634597	GPER1 signaling
R-HSA-9660821	ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production
R-HSA-9856530	High laminar flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and PECAM1:CDH5:KDR in endothelial cells
R-HSA-997272	Inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels via Gbeta/gamma subunits

MSigDB gene sets: 262 (showing top): HORIUCHI_WTAP_TARGETS_DN, REACTOME_GLUCAGON_TYPE_LIGAND_RECEPTORS, DORSAM_HOXA9_TARGETS_UP, MODULE_169, REACTOME_ADRENALINE_NORADRENALINE_INHIBITS_INSULIN_SECRETION, REACTOME_POTASSIUM_CHANNELS, MODULE_151, REACTOME_INWARDLY_RECTIFYING_K_CHANNELS, REACTOME_PLATELET_ACTIVATION_SIGNALING_AND_AGGREGATION, REACTOME_G_ALPHA_Z_SIGNALLING_EVENTS, SHAFFER_IRF4_TARGETS_IN_ACTIVATED_B_LYMPHOCYTE, REACTOME_GLUCAGON_SIGNALING_IN_METABOLIC_REGULATION, GOLDRATH_ANTIGEN_RESPONSE, LINDGREN_BLADDER_CANCER_CLUSTER_2A_DN, GTGCCTT_MIR506

GO Biological Process (2): signal transduction (GO:0007165), G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186)

GO Molecular Function (3): GTPase activity (GO:0003924), G-protein beta-subunit binding (GO:0031681), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): heterotrimeric G-protein complex (GO:0005834), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-12 pathways:

Category	Pathways
GPCR downstream signalling	5
Signal amplification	3
Regulation of insulin secretion	2
G-protein beta:gamma signalling	2
G protein gated Potassium channels	1
Integration of energy metabolism	1
Opioid Signalling	1
Platelet homeostasis	1
Beta-catenin independent WNT signaling	1
Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors)	1
Aquaporin-mediated transport	1
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
G protein-coupled receptor activity	1
signal transduction	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane	1
plasma membrane protein complex	1
GTPase complex	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1168 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GNG10	GNG11	P50152	982
GNG10	GNG13	Q9P2W3	751
GNG10	GNB1	P04697	743
GNG10	GNB4	Q9HAV0	669
GNG10	DEFB124	Q8NES8	478
GNG10	GNB2	P11016	451
GNG10	GNGT2	O14610	435
GNG10	LPAR1	P78351	423
GNG10	GNB3	P16520	417
GNG10	GNG12	Q9UBI6	414
GNG10	ENAH	Q8N8S7	411
GNG10	CACNA1B	Q00975	410
GNG10	SBF2	Q86WG5	406
GNG10	FOXK2	Q01167	405
GNG10	CLPSL2	Q6UWE3	399

IntAct

61 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PCGF2	CBX4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
RAMAC	RNMT	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.810
GNG10	KRT38	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.740
KRT38	GNG10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.740
HNRNPCL1	HNRNPC	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.670
GNG10	GNB1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
GNG10	GNB2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
GNG10	GNAI1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
GNAI3	RGS12	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
GNG10	TCF4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GNG10	KRT31	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT31	GNG10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TCF4	GNG10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT34	GNG10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT16	GNG10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GNG10	GNB3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
FYTTD1	UBA6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SLC25A41	NUDT19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
GNG10	GNAS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (67): KRT31 (Two-hybrid), TCF4 (Two-hybrid), KRT38 (Two-hybrid), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNG10 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A804HLA8, O14610, O60262, O97564, P02698, P30671, P38040, P43425, P50150, P50151, P50153, P50154, P54406, P59768, P61952, P61953, P61954, P63077, P63078, P63210, P63211, P63212, P63213, P63214, P63215, P63216, P63217, P63218, P63219, Q28024, Q4VT26, Q5E9F0, Q5R639, Q5R7U4, Q5RBQ0, Q5REH7, Q61012, Q61016, Q61017, Q6CPB4

Diamond homologs: A0A804HLA8, O60262, P30671, P38040, P43425, P50150, P50151, P50153, P59768, P63077, P63078, P63212, P63213, P63214, P63215, P63216, P63217, P63218, P63219, Q28024, Q4VT26, Q5R639, Q5R7U4, Q5RBQ0, Q5REH7, Q61016, Q80SZ7, Q9CXP8, Q9DAS9, Q9UBI6, Q9UK08, O14610, O97564, P02698, P50154, P54406, P61952, P61953, P61954, P63210

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 48 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12	8	104.5×	4e-13
Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor	5	79.1×	9e-08
Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion	6	62.2×	1e-08
G alpha (z) signalling events	10	61.3×	8e-14
ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production	9	60.1×	1e-12
GPER1 signaling	9	58.8×	1e-12
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation	5	45.5×	1e-06
Glucagon-type ligand receptors	5	45.5×	1e-06

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	8	6.3×	3e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

0 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	0
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

847 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
9:111663345:GAGGA:G	donor_gain	0.9900
9:111663347:GGA:G	donor_gain	0.9900
9:111663348:GAG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
9:111666897:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
9:111661713:AAGG:A	donor_loss	0.9800
9:111661714:AG:A	donor_loss	0.9800
9:111661715:GG:G	donor_loss	0.9800
9:111663350:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9800
9:111666942:GACTC:G	donor_gain	0.9800
9:111666947:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9800
9:111666811:TCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9700
9:111666812:CAGGT:C	acceptor_loss	0.9700
9:111666813:A:C	acceptor_loss	0.9700
9:111661772:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9600
9:111666814:G:GT	acceptor_loss	0.9600
9:111666951:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9600
9:111669267:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9600
9:111669268:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9600
9:111669268:GTA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9600
9:111661813:G:GA	donor_gain	0.9500
9:111661676:AG:A	donor_gain	0.9400
9:111666950:A:AG	donor_gain	0.9400
9:111661675:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9300
9:111661812:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9300
9:111669267:AGTAG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9300
9:111669268:GTAGG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9300
9:111662447:GAAA:G	donor_gain	0.9200
9:111662478:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9200
9:111664074:A:AG	donor_gain	0.8900
9:111663348:GA:G	donor_gain	0.8800

AlphaMissense

432 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
9:111666908:T:C	F59L	0.999
9:111666910:C:A	F59L	0.999
9:111666910:C:G	F59L	0.999
9:111661708:G:T	R25M	0.998
9:111666837:T:A	L35H	0.998
9:111666837:T:C	L35P	0.998
9:111666908:T:A	F59I	0.998
9:111666828:C:A	A32D	0.997
9:111666909:T:C	F59S	0.997
9:111661709:G:C	R25S	0.996
9:111661709:G:T	R25S	0.996
9:111666908:T:G	F59V	0.996
9:111661684:T:C	L17P	0.995
9:111666827:G:C	A32P	0.995
9:111666869:G:C	D46H	0.995
9:111666909:T:G	F59C	0.995
9:111666824:G:C	A31P	0.994
9:111666870:A:C	D46A	0.994
9:111666870:A:T	D46V	0.994
9:111666876:T:A	L48Q	0.994
9:111666845:T:G	Y38D	0.993
9:111666904:C:A	N57K	0.993
9:111666904:C:G	N57K	0.993
9:111661695:G:C	A21P	0.992
9:111661708:G:C	R25T	0.992
9:111666850:T:G	C39W	0.992
9:111666846:A:C	Y38S	0.991
9:111666849:G:A	C39Y	0.991
9:111666869:G:A	D46N	0.990
9:111666870:A:G	D46G	0.990

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000298525 (9:111664315 TAG>T), RS1000510852 (9:111665696 T>C,G), RS1000516030 (9:111668481 C>T), RS1000564181 (9:111664053 T>A), RS1000712983 (9:111660998 A>G), RS1001397678 (9:111661313 T>C), RS1001879633 (9:111664009 A>G,T), RS1001887584 (9:111661356 C>T), RS1002095635 (9:111662547 G>A), RS1002334447 (9:111665285 A>G), RS1002535582 (9:111665425 T>G), RS1002552681 (9:111662105 G>C), RS1003008710 (9:111662140 T>A,C), RS1003240970 (9:111665778 G>C), RS1003879953 (9:111666313 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:604389 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

32 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, affects expression, increases abundance	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, increases expression	2
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	2
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
glycidyl methacrylate	decreases expression	1
beta-lapachone	increases expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression	1
manganese chloride	increases abundance, increases expression	1
isobutyl alcohol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
2-palmitoylglycerol	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
MT19c compound	increases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Zoledronic Acid	increases expression	1
Cannabidiol	decreases expression	1
Doxorubicin	increases expression	1
Gasoline	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	1
Gold	decreases expression	1
Manganese	increases expression, increases abundance	1
Nicotine	increases expression	1
Ozone	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Smoke	increases abundance, decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.