GNG13

Summary

GNG13 (G protein subunit gamma 13, HGNC:14131) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16p13.3, encoding Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 (Q9P2W3). Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems.

Heterotrimeric G proteins, which consist of alpha (see MIM 139320), beta (see MIM 139380), and gamma subunits, function as signal transducers for the 7-transmembrane-helix G protein-coupled receptors. GNG13 is a gamma subunit that is expressed in taste, retinal, and neuronal tissues and plays a key role in taste transduction (Li et al., 2006 [PubMed 16473877]).

Source: NCBI Gene 51764 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 18 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_016541

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:14131
Approved symbol	GNG13
Name	G protein subunit gamma 13
Location	16p13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	h2-35, G(gamma)13
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000127588
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	607298
Entrez	51764

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 3 protein_coding

ENST00000248150, ENST00000851007, ENST00000851008

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_016541 NM_016541

CCDS: CCDS10427

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000248150 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000873984	798041	798824
ENSE00000873985	798980	799111
ENSE00001367900	800666	800734

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 85 present calls, max score 94.05.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.5000 / max 474.8632, expressed in 200 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
155788	1.3623	186
155787	0.0865	17
155789	0.0511	26

Top tissues by expression

249 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	94.05	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	90.32	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	90.28	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	88.60	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	86.30	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	86.12	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	83.52	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	80.21	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	80.08	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	76.97	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	76.92	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	76.33	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	73.22	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	73.11	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	72.80	silver quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	71.89	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	68.39	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	67.37	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	66.62	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	62.56	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	62.01	gold quality
telencephalon	UBERON:0001893	61.67	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	61.63	gold quality
occipital lobe	UBERON:0002021	61.56	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	60.94	gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	60.70	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	60.43	silver quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	59.75	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	59.60	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	59.02	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 5 experiment(s), a significant marker in 4.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-7316	yes	3226.67
E-MTAB-9906	yes	1750.88
E-MTAB-11121	yes	1185.65
E-MTAB-8410	yes	4.15
E-ANND-3	no	0.86

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

58 targeting GNG13, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4283	100.00	66.42	2097
HSA-MIR-4481	100.00	66.42	1669
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-1193	100.00	65.93	529
HSA-MIR-4534	99.99	66.58	1907
HSA-MIR-4745-5P	99.98	65.95	1028
HSA-MIR-185-3P	99.95	67.01	1743
HSA-MIR-8082	99.95	67.27	1170
HSA-MIR-4492	99.87	68.25	3611
HSA-MIR-3151-5P	99.86	63.83	1069
HSA-MIR-92A-2-5P	99.75	67.01	2164
HSA-MIR-1296-3P	99.72	64.04	636
HSA-MIR-6848-3P	99.64	66.49	885
HSA-MIR-762	99.58	66.61	1994
HSA-MIR-4437	99.52	65.29	1266
HSA-MIR-4489	99.50	65.56	785
HSA-MIR-4498	99.47	67.42	2360
HSA-MIR-2392	99.43	67.50	708
HSA-MIR-4284	99.36	65.25	1293
HSA-MIR-128-1-5P	99.33	60.46	332
HSA-MIR-128-2-5P	99.33	60.83	311
HSA-MIR-504-3P	99.30	67.18	1745
HSA-MIR-4505	99.27	67.81	2678
HSA-MIR-6843-3P	99.26	66.42	915
HSA-MIR-5787	99.22	67.86	2628
HSA-MIR-4426	99.17	66.74	1949
HSA-MIR-3199	99.17	65.19	696
HSA-MIR-8052	99.17	65.01	719
HSA-MIR-5001-5P	99.05	66.76	1972
HSA-MIR-1228-3P	99.00	66.53	857

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• Ggamma13 interacts with PDZ domain-containing proteins (PMID:16473877)
• GNG13 Is a Potential Marker of the State of Health of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients’ Cerebellum. (PMID:33057964)
• High GNG13 expression is associated with poor survival in epithelial ovarian cancer and breast cancer. (PMID:34734529)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gng13b	ENSDARG00000037921
mus_musculus	Gng13	ENSMUSG00000025739
rattus_norvegicus	Gng13	ENSRNOG00000039350
caenorhabditis_elegans	gpc-2	WBGENE00001682

Protein

Protein identifiers

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 — Q9P2W3 (reviewed: Q9P2W3)

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9P2W3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction.

Subunit / interactions. G proteins are composed of 3 units, alpha, beta and gamma.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Similarity. Belongs to the G protein gamma family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_057625* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001770	G-protein_gamma	Family
IPR015898	G-protein_gamma-like_dom	Domain
IPR036284	GGL_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR039227	GNG13	Family

Pfam: PF00631

UniProt features (4 total): chain 1, propeptide 1, modified residue 1, lipid moiety-binding region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
9M8K	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
9M8L	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9P2W3-F1	88.95	0.61

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (2): 64, 64

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

32 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1296041	Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels
R-HSA-163359	Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation
R-HSA-202040	G-protein activation
R-HSA-381676	Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion
R-HSA-381753	Olfactory Signaling Pathway
R-HSA-381771	Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
R-HSA-392170	ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12
R-HSA-392451	G beta:gamma signalling through PI3Kgamma
R-HSA-392851	Prostacyclin signalling through prostacyclin receptor
R-HSA-400042	Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion
R-HSA-4086398	Ca2+ pathway
R-HSA-416476	G alpha (q) signalling events
R-HSA-416482	G alpha (12/13) signalling events
R-HSA-418217	G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta
R-HSA-418555	G alpha (s) signalling events
R-HSA-418592	ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 1
R-HSA-418594	G alpha (i) signalling events
R-HSA-418597	G alpha (z) signalling events
R-HSA-420092	Glucagon-type ligand receptors
R-HSA-428930	Thromboxane signalling through TP receptor
R-HSA-432040	Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins
R-HSA-456926	Thrombin signalling through proteinase activated receptors (PARs)
R-HSA-500657	Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors
R-HSA-6814122	Cooperation of PDCL (PhLP1) and TRiC/CCT in G-protein beta folding
R-HSA-8964315	G beta:gamma signalling through BTK
R-HSA-8964616	G beta:gamma signalling through CDC42
R-HSA-9009391	Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling
R-HSA-9634597	GPER1 signaling
R-HSA-9660821	ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production
R-HSA-9717207	Sensory perception of sweet, bitter, and umami (glutamate) taste

MSigDB gene sets: 170 (showing top): REACTOME_GLUCAGON_TYPE_LIGAND_RECEPTORS, REACTOME_ADRENALINE_NORADRENALINE_INHIBITS_INSULIN_SECRETION, REACTOME_POTASSIUM_CHANNELS, REACTOME_INWARDLY_RECTIFYING_K_CHANNELS, REACTOME_PLATELET_ACTIVATION_SIGNALING_AND_AGGREGATION, REACTOME_G_ALPHA_Z_SIGNALLING_EVENTS, STARK_PREFRONTAL_CORTEX_22Q11_DELETION_DN, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_CHEMICAL_STIMULUS, REACTOME_GLUCAGON_SIGNALING_IN_METABOLIC_REGULATION, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_TASTE, SMID_BREAST_CANCER_LUMINAL_B_UP, REACTOME_G_PROTEIN_ACTIVATION, REACTOME_G_BETA_GAMMA_SIGNALLING_THROUGH_PI3KGAMMA, REACTOME_G_PROTEIN_BETA_GAMMA_SIGNALLING, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION

GO Biological Process (4): G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186), phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007200), sensory perception of taste (GO:0050909), signal transduction (GO:0007165)

GO Molecular Function (2): G-protein beta-subunit binding (GO:0031681), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): heterotrimeric G-protein complex (GO:0005834), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), dendrite (GO:0030425), synapse (GO:0045202), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-12 pathways:

Category	Pathways
GPCR downstream signalling	5
Signal amplification	3
Regulation of insulin secretion	2
G-protein beta:gamma signalling	2
G protein gated Potassium channels	1
Integration of energy metabolism	1
Opioid Signalling	1
Sensory Perception	1
Incretin synthesis, secretion, and inactivation	1
Platelet homeostasis	1
Beta-catenin independent WNT signaling	1
Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors)	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
G protein-coupled receptor activity	1
signal transduction	1
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
phospholipase C activator activity	1
sensory perception of chemical stimulus	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane	1
plasma membrane protein complex	1
GTPase complex	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
neuron projection	1
dendritic tree	1
cell junction	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2350 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GNG13	GNB3	P16520	918
GNG13	GNB1	P04697	888
GNG13	GNG3	P29798	873
GNG13	GNB4	Q9HAV0	832
GNG13	GNGT2	O14610	780
GNG13	GNGT1	P63211	768
GNG13	GNG12	Q9UBI6	766
GNG13	GNG10	P50151	751
GNG13	GNG4	P50150	716
GNG13	GNAT3	A8MTJ3	705
GNG13	GNAL	P38405	692
GNG13	GNG2	P59768	687
GNG13	PLCB2	Q00722	678
GNG13	GRIK2	Q13002	665
GNG13	GNAO1	P09471	649

IntAct

104 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GNG13	FTO	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GNG13	UQCC2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PAX5	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CTAG1A	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT37	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
DISC1	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TRIM54	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TEAD2	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MEOX2	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CYSRT1	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RASSF10	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ADAMTSL4	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT27	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT38	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRTAP9-2	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GLRX3	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CCHCR1	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT34	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GNG13	WASHC3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PLSCR2	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GNG13	EMILIN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
BEX5	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RPRM	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HOXA10	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HAUS3	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RSPO4	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
FTO	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ABI3	GNG13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (41): GNG13 (Two-hybrid), GNG13 (Two-hybrid), GNG13 (Two-hybrid), GNG13 (Two-hybrid), GNG13 (Two-hybrid), GNG13 (Two-hybrid), GNG13 (Two-hybrid), KRT34 (Two-hybrid), UQCC2 (Two-hybrid), EMILIN1 (Two-hybrid), TRIM54 (Two-hybrid), FTO (Two-hybrid), ADAMTSL4 (Two-hybrid), DISC1 (Two-hybrid), PLSCR2 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A804HLA8, O14610, O60262, O97564, P02698, P30671, P38040, P43425, P50150, P50151, P50153, P50154, P54406, P59768, P61952, P61953, P61954, P63077, P63078, P63210, P63211, P63212, P63213, P63214, P63215, P63216, P63217, P63218, P63219, Q28024, Q4VT26, Q5E9F0, Q5R639, Q5R7U4, Q5RBQ0, Q5REH7, Q61012, Q61016, Q61017, Q6CPB4

Diamond homologs: O14610, O60262, O97564, P02698, P30671, P38040, P43425, P50150, P50151, P50153, P50154, P54406, P59768, P61952, P61953, P61954, P63210, P63211, P63212, P63213, P63214, P63215, P63216, Q28024, Q5E9F0, Q5R639, Q5R7U4, Q5RBQ0, Q61012, Q61016, Q61017, Q9CXP8, Q9DAS9, Q9NFZ2, Q9NFZ3, Q9P2W3, Q9UBI6, Q9UK08, Q9JMF3

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 35 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
ADORA2B mediated anti-inflammatory cytokines production	5	63.4×	4e-07
GPER1 signaling	5	62.1×	4e-07
G alpha (z) signalling events	5	58.3×	4e-07
G alpha (s) signalling events	5	18.3×	3e-05
Keratinization	5	13.9×	7e-05
G alpha (i) signalling events	5	9.7×	3e-04

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

18 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	18
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

508 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:798978:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
16:798979:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
16:798979:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
16:798821:CAGC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:798822:AGCC:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
16:798824:CCTGC:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
16:798825:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:798825:C:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
16:798826:T:G	acceptor_loss	0.9900
16:798971:GGCAC:G	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798972:GCAC:G	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798973:CACTC:C	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798974:ACTC:A	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798976:T:TC	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798977:CACT:C	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798978:A:C	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798979:C:CA	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798979:CTCG:C	donor_gain	0.9900
16:799107:TGGGG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:799108:GGGG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:799110:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:799112:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:800661:CCTA:C	donor_loss	0.9900
16:800662:CTAC:C	donor_loss	0.9900
16:800663:TAC:T	donor_loss	0.9900
16:800665:CCTTG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
16:798823:GC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9800
16:798824:CC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9800
16:798978:ACT:A	donor_gain	0.9800
16:798979:CTC:C	donor_gain	0.9800

AlphaMissense

446 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:798751:A:G	W58R	0.996
16:798751:A:T	W58R	0.996
16:798749:C:A	W58C	0.993
16:798749:C:G	W58C	0.993
16:799031:A:G	L16P	0.992
16:798755:G:C	N56K	0.991
16:798755:G:T	N56K	0.991
16:798822:A:G	L34P	0.983
16:798750:C:G	W58S	0.982
16:799019:A:G	L20P	0.981
16:798733:A:G	C64R	0.978
16:798780:A:G	L48P	0.977
16:798790:C:G	D45H	0.976
16:798731:G:C	C64W	0.969
16:799033:G:C	S15R	0.969
16:799033:G:T	S15R	0.969
16:799035:T:G	S15R	0.969
16:798789:T:G	D45A	0.968
16:799007:C:G	R24P	0.968
16:798732:C:G	C64S	0.967
16:798733:A:T	C64S	0.967
16:798783:A:G	F47S	0.967
16:798751:A:C	W58G	0.965
16:798789:T:C	D45G	0.965
16:798757:T:C	N56D	0.963
16:798789:T:A	D45V	0.962
16:799007:C:A	R24L	0.961
16:799031:A:T	L16H	0.961
16:798788:G:C	D45E	0.960
16:798788:G:T	D45E	0.960

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000512492 (16:800254 T>A,C), RS1000968959 (16:798515 C>A,G,T), RS1001968399 (16:800128 T>G), RS1002035161 (16:799276 G>A,T), RS1002647091 (16:800683 G>A), RS1002698044 (16:800562 C>T), RS1002968228 (16:799210 A>G), RS1003948879 (16:797588 G>A,T), RS1004521249 (16:798954 G>A), RS1004980289 (16:801354 G>T), RS1005306988 (16:799609 T>C), RS1006323536 (16:800642 C>G,T), RS1006353338 (16:800715 A>C,G), RS1006967320 (16:801034 A>G), RS1007658016 (16:800414 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607298 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST009391_719	Metabolite levels	5.000000e-06
GCST90002390_646	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin	3.000000e-14
GCST90002396_574	Mean reticulocyte volume	6.000000e-20

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0010532	salicylurate measurement
EFO:0004527	mean corpuscular hemoglobin
EFO:0010701	mean reticulocyte volume

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

14 total (human), top 14 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Particulate Matter	affects methylation, increases abundance, affects expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	increases expression	1
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid	increases expression	1
licochalcone B	increases expression	1
jinfukang	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	affects methylation, increases abundance	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases methylation	1
Chelating Agents	decreases expression, affects binding	1
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Nitrogen Dioxide	affects methylation, increases abundance	1
Phthalic Acids	increases methylation	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.