GOLGA7

Summary

GOLGA7 (golgin A7, HGNC:24876) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 8p11.21, encoding Golgin subfamily A member 7 (Q7Z5G4). May be involved in protein transport from Golgi to cell surface.

Involved in Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport; peptidyl-L-cysteine S-palmitoylation; and protein stabilization. Acts upstream of or within Golgi to plasma membrane transport. Located in Golgi membrane and Golgi stack. Part of palmitoyltransferase complex.

Source: NCBI Gene 51125 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 17 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001002296

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:24876
Approved symbol	GOLGA7
Name	golgin A7
Location	8p11.21
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	GCP16, HSPC041, GOLGA3AP1, GOLGA7A
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000147533
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	609453
Entrez	51125

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 34 — 24 protein_coding, 5 retained_intron, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000357743, ENST00000405786, ENST00000518270, ENST00000520817, ENST00000521417, ENST00000523128, ENST00000523420, ENST00000687203, ENST00000688142, ENST00000694863, ENST00000694865, ENST00000694872, ENST00000694873, ENST00000694874, ENST00000694875, ENST00000694876, ENST00000694877, ENST00000694878, ENST00000694879, ENST00000694883, ENST00000694884, ENST00000694885, ENST00000694886, ENST00000694887, ENST00000694888, ENST00000694889, ENST00000694890, ENST00000694908, ENST00000694909, ENST00000694910, ENST00000694911, ENST00000694913, ENST00000694915, ENST00000694916

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_001002296 NM_001002296, NM_001174124, NM_001362979, NM_001362980, NM_016099

CCDS: CCDS34887, CCDS55226

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000357743 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001527013	41490582	41490965
ENSE00002093074	41509584	41510980
ENSE00003568474	41507059	41507121
ENSE00003637833	41497509	41497661
ENSE00003669753	41505911	41506012

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 288 present calls, max score 98.39.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 50.5155 / max 366.5055, expressed in 1824 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (7 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
88639	46.3522	1822
88637	1.7217	852
88640	1.3183	831
88641	0.5073	153
88642	0.4174	72
88638	0.1647	53
205167	0.0338	23

Top tissues by expression

288 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	98.39	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	98.09	gold quality
superior vestibular nucleus	UBERON:0007227	97.92	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	97.75	gold quality
cranial nerve II	UBERON:0000941	97.70	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	97.70	gold quality
subthalamic nucleus	UBERON:0001906	97.69	gold quality
medulla oblongata	UBERON:0001896	97.66	gold quality
ventral tegmental area	UBERON:0002691	97.63	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	97.56	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	97.32	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	97.30	gold quality
midbrain	UBERON:0001891	97.29	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	97.24	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	97.16	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	97.13	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	96.98	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	96.95	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	96.88	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	96.80	gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	96.80	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	96.79	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	96.64	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	96.63	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	96.62	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	96.59	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	96.54	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	96.51	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	96.29	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	96.26	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-8060	no	494.61
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

105 targeting GOLGA7, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-7110-3P	100.00	73.18	2486
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-150-5P	99.99	66.69	1976
HSA-MIR-4531	99.99	69.70	3181
HSA-MIR-25-3P	99.98	74.60	1817
HSA-MIR-363-3P	99.98	74.72	1821
HSA-MIR-367-3P	99.98	74.83	1819
HSA-MIR-32-5P	99.98	75.21	1964
HSA-MIR-92A-3P	99.98	75.21	1960
HSA-MIR-92B-3P	99.98	75.25	1955
HSA-LET-7F-2-3P	99.98	70.98	2588
HSA-MIR-1185-1-3P	99.98	71.04	2593
HSA-MIR-1185-2-3P	99.98	71.04	2593
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379
HSA-MIR-5688	99.96	73.23	4504
HSA-MIR-495-3P	99.96	72.81	4197
HSA-MIR-545-3P	99.95	70.74	2783
HSA-MIR-559	99.95	72.28	3609
HSA-MIR-6845-3P	99.94	66.88	1439
HSA-MIR-144-3P	99.94	73.98	2698
HSA-MIR-548A-5P	99.94	71.27	3482
HSA-MIR-218-5P	99.93	72.22	2103
HSA-MIR-3143	99.93	71.96	3104
HSA-MIR-515-5P	99.92	69.82	2343
HSA-MIR-519E-5P	99.92	69.62	2358
HSA-MIR-205-3P	99.92	69.92	3165
HSA-MIR-3119	99.92	71.34	2390

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• results indicate that GCP16 is the acylated membrane protein, associated with GCP170, and possibly involved in vesicular transport from the Golgi to the cell surface (PMID:14522980)
• Data show that H- and N-Ras are palmitoylated by a human protein palmitoyltransferase encoded by the ZDHHC9 and GCP16 genes. (PMID:16000296)
• The interactions of ZDHHC5/GOLGA7 with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and their effects on S protein’s subcellular localization, palmitoylation and pseudovirus entry. (PMID:34961524)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	golga7	ENSDARG00000057676
mus_musculus	Golga7	ENSMUSG00000015341
rattus_norvegicus	Golga7	ENSRNOG00000017956
drosophila_melanogaster	CG5447	FBGN0039427
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00013323

Paralogs (1): GOLGA7B (ENSG00000155265)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Golgin subfamily A member 7 — Q7Z5G4 (reviewed: Q7Z5G4)

Alternative names: Golgi complex-associated protein of 16 kDa

All UniProt accessions (7): Q7Z5G4, A0A8I5KQW6, A0A8I5KXE5, A0A8Q3SHJ7, A0A8Q3WKQ1, A0A8Q3WLM5, A0A8Q3WLN5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May be involved in protein transport from Golgi to cell surface. The ZDHHC9-GOLGA7 complex is a palmitoyltransferase specific for HRAS and NRAS.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with GOLGA3. Interacts with ZDHHC9.

Subcellular location. Golgi apparatus membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in all tissues except colon and thymus.

Post-translational modifications. Palmitoylated on Cys-69 and Cys-72; which is required for Golgi localization and interaction with GOLGA3.

Similarity. Belongs to the ERF4 family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q7Z5G4-1	1	yes
Q7Z5G4-3	2

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001002296, NP_001167595, NP_001349908, NP_001349909, NP_057183 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR019383	Golgin_A_7/ERF4	Domain
IPR051371	Ras_palmitoyltransferase	Family

Pfam: PF10256

UniProt features (19 total): turn 4, helix 4, mutagenesis site 4, lipid moiety-binding region 2, strand 2, chain 1, splice variant 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8HF3	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.4
9OA6	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.9

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q7Z5G4-F1	89.24	0.67

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (2): 69, 72

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (4):

Position	Phenotype
24	slightly reduces palmitoylation.
69	strongly reduces palmitoylation. abolishes palmitoylation and golgi localization; when associated with a-72.
72	strongly reduces palmitoylation. abolishes palmitoylation and golgi localization; when associated with a-69.
81	slightly reduces palmitoylation.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6798695	Neutrophil degranulation
R-HSA-9648002	RAS processing
R-HSA-9694548	Maturation of spike protein

MSigDB gene sets: 229 (showing top): GCM_MAP4K4, REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_POORLY_DIFFERENTIATED_UP, GOBP_LIPOPROTEIN_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE, AAGCCAT_MIR135A_MIR135B, GOBP_PROTEIN_TARGETING, SHAFFER_IRF4_TARGETS_IN_ACTIVATED_B_LYMPHOCYTE, GOBP_VESICLE_MEDIATED_TRANSPORT, GOBP_PEPTIDYL_CYSTEINE_MODIFICATION, CAGCTG_AP4_Q5, GOBP_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_CELL_PERIPHERY, GOBP_GOLGI_TO_PLASMA_MEMBRANE_TRANSPORT, GOBP_PROTEIN_TARGETING_TO_MEMBRANE, GOBP_LIPOPROTEIN_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (6): protein targeting to membrane (GO:0006612), Golgi to plasma membrane transport (GO:0006893), Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport (GO:0043001), post-translational protein modification (GO:0043687), peptidyl-L-cysteine S-palmitoylation (GO:0018230), protein stabilization (GO:0050821)

GO Molecular Function (1): protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (8): Golgi membrane (GO:0000139), palmitoyltransferase complex (GO:0002178), extracellular region (GO:0005576), Golgi stack (GO:0005795), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), tertiary granule lumen (GO:1904724), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Innate Immune System	1
RAF/MAP kinase cascade	1
Translation of Structural Proteins	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
protein targeting	1
establishment of protein localization to membrane	1
post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport	1
vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane	1
Golgi to plasma membrane transport	1
protein transport	1
establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane	1
protein localization to plasma membrane	1
protein modification process	1
peptidyl-S-diacylglycerol-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine	1
protein palmitoylation	1
regulation of protein stability	1
binding	1
Golgi apparatus	1
bounding membrane of organelle	1
transferase complex	1
Golgi apparatus subcompartment	1
extracellular vesicle	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1
tertiary granule	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

744 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GOLGA7	ZDHHC9	Q9Y397	999
GOLGA7	ZFP36L2	P47974	918
GOLGA7	GOLGA3	Q08378	917
GOLGA7	ZDHHC5	Q9C0B5	917
GOLGA7	NRAS	P01111	860
GOLGA7	HRAS	P01112	635
GOLGA7	ZDHHC2	Q9UIJ5	616
GOLGA7	ZDHHC6	Q9H6R6	610
GOLGA7	ZDHHC15	Q96MV8	545
GOLGA7	ZDHHC3	Q9NYG2	524
GOLGA7	ZDHHC8	Q9ULC8	516
GOLGA7	TOGARAM1	Q9Y4F4	514
GOLGA7	TMEM260	Q9NX78	505
GOLGA7	ZDHHC20	Q5W0Z9	490
GOLGA7	ZDHHC16	Q969W1	490

IntAct

85 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ZDHHC5	S	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.860
S	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.820
GOLGA7	S	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.820
S	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.820
GOLGA7	S	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.820
GOLGA7	ZDHHC5	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.710
GOLGA7	ZDHHC5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
GYPA	TCAF2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
GYPA	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
ACTN2	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KCNIP3	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GOLGA7	MID2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GOLGA7	KCNIP2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
FAM72D	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GOLGA7	KCNIP3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
NCALD	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KCNIP4	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MESD	GOLGA7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GOLGA7	FGFR3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TSPAN3	MAP1LC3B2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
HAVCR2	TCAF2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (88): GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Two-hybrid), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA7 (Synthetic Lethality), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-RNA), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLGA3 (Affinity Capture-Western), GOLGA7 (Affinity Capture-RNA)

ESM2 similar proteins: B3M9W1, B3NDM7, B4FF80, B4FUS3, B4GRI8, B4HIJ8, B4J043, B4L0H1, B4LIH0, B4MXW6, B4QLP9, B6TYV8, B6TZ45, D9HP19, D9HP20, D9HP23, D9HP25, D9HP26, D9HP27, P0CW97, P0CW98, Q0VBW2, Q3ZCB2, Q4PIP8, Q5EA55, Q5REK4, Q5ZLC9, Q66I68, Q6AYQ1, Q6C938, Q6DK93, Q6DK99, Q6FLC9, Q6NUC1, Q6PCW6, Q7Z5G4, Q8S8T8, Q91W53, Q95T12, Q9BYD5

Diamond homologs: Q2TAP0, Q5EA55, Q5ZLC9, Q6AYQ1, Q7Z5G4, Q91W53, Q9D428

SIGNOR signaling

3 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
GOLGA7	“up-regulates activity”	HRAS	palmitoylation
GOLGA7	“up-regulates activity”	ZDHHC9	binding
GOLGA7	“up-regulates activity”	NRAS	palmitoylation

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 62 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
protein localization to plasma membrane	6	13.3×	3e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

17 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	7
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

948 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
8:41497505:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497506:C:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497507:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497507:AGATT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497508:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497508:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497508:GAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497508:GATT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497508:GATTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:41497657:AGAAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41497659:AAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41497660:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41497661:GG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41497662:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41497663:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
8:41490822:C:CA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:41490831:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:41490831:AGCGC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:41490832:G:GA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:41490832:GC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:41490832:GCGC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:41490832:GCGCG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:41490963:CGGG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
8:41490964:GG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
8:41490965:GG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
8:41490965:GGTA:G	donor_loss	0.9900
8:41490966:GT:G	donor_loss	0.9900
8:41490967:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
8:41491002:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
8:41497503:CTACA:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

885 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
8:41490891:T:C	F13L	1.000
8:41490893:C:A	F13L	1.000
8:41490893:C:G	F13L	1.000
8:41490930:T:C	F26L	1.000
8:41490931:T:C	F26S	1.000
8:41490931:T:G	F26C	1.000
8:41490932:C:A	F26L	1.000
8:41490932:C:G	F26L	1.000
8:41497611:T:C	C72R	1.000
8:41497618:C:T	T74I	1.000
8:41497621:C:A	A75E	1.000
8:41505945:A:C	Q100P	1.000
8:41505975:T:C	L110P	1.000
8:41505989:C:T	P115S	1.000
8:41505990:C:A	P115H	1.000
8:41505990:C:G	P115R	1.000
8:41505999:G:C	R118P	1.000
8:41506001:G:A	G119R	1.000
8:41506001:G:C	G119R	1.000
8:41506002:G:A	G119E	1.000
8:41506002:G:T	G119V	1.000
8:41506005:T:C	L120P	1.000
8:41490901:G:C	R16P	0.999
8:41490901:G:T	R16L	0.999
8:41490930:T:A	F26I	0.999
8:41490930:T:G	F26V	0.999
8:41490955:T:A	L34Q	0.999
8:41490955:T:C	L34P	0.999
8:41497525:T:C	F43S	0.999
8:41497537:T:A	V47D	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000054599 (8:41509623 G>A), RS1000133883 (8:41488978 A>G), RS1000144529 (8:41507448 A>G), RS1000425942 (8:41495355 G>A,T), RS1000995524 (8:41504147 CA>C,CAA), RS1001214737 (8:41499127 C>G,T), RS1001273139 (8:41490184 G>A,T), RS1001369653 (8:41506171 A>T), RS1001571372 (8:41497097 ACCGCACCTGG>A), RS1001614546 (8:41509132 A>G), RS1001741610 (8:41491933 G>A,C), RS1001748108 (8:41501578 T>C), RS1002075502 (8:41493569 C>T), RS1002083764 (8:41503323 G>A,C), RS1002107978 (8:41493225 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:609453 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST009391_1765	Metabolite levels	6.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0010370	lysophosphatidylethanolamine 20:4 measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

20 total (human), top 20 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	increases expression, affects expression	2
cobaltous chloride	increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, increases expression	2
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
glycidyl methacrylate	decreases expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
zinc chromate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
chromium hexavalent ion	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Ivermectin	decreases expression	1
Rotenone	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation	1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Sodium Selenite	increases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	increases expression	1
Lactic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.