GPD2

Summary

GPD2 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2, HGNC:4456) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 2q24.1, encoding Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (P43304). Calcium-responsive mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which seems to be a key component of the pancreatic beta-cell glucose-sensing device.

The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, using FAD as a cofactor. Along with GDP1, the encoded protein constitutes the glycerol phosphate shuttle, which reoxidizes NADH formed during glycolysis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 2820 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent (No Known Disease Relationship, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 18
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 131 total — 1 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Regional missense constraint (gnomAD): 1 of 3 regions constrained (≈4% of expected missense variation)
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 24 tissues, sQTL in 5 (q < 0.05)
• Phenotypes (HPO): 5
• Drug target: yes — 1 curated mechanism-of-action drug
• Approved drugs (ChEMBL mechanism of action): 1 — Metformin Hydrochloride
• Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 0.00 (LoF-tolerant), LOEUF 0.80 (unconstrained)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000408
• Interaction hub: 1,814 STRING partners (top 9% of genes corpus-wide)
• Notable: 131 clinical variants but no curated precision-oncology (CIViC) evidence yet

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4456
Approved symbol	GPD2
Name	glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2
Location	2q24.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000115159
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	138430
Entrez	2820

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 28 — 18 protein_coding, 6 nonsense_mediated_decay, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

MANE Select: ENST00000438166

Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 2, TSL 2: 2, TSL 3: 2, TSL 4: 3, TSL 5: 2

ENST00000438166, ENST00000310454, ENST00000409674, ENST00000409861, ENST00000415049, ENST00000416888, ENST00000430992, ENST00000464846, ENST00000492005, ENST00000495851, ENST00000496190, ENST00000540309, ENST00000893602, ENST00000893603, ENST00000893604, ENST00000893605, ENST00000893606, ENST00000893607, ENST00000893608, ENST00000893609, ENST00000893610, ENST00000893611, ENST00001003519, ENST00001063663, ENST00001110239, ENST00001114516, ENST00001118603, ENST00001138880

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_000408 NM_000408, NM_001083112

CCDS: CCDS2202

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000438166 — 17 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000778506	156510796	156510920
ENSE00001188495	156582793	156586403
ENSE00001581432	156436379	156436513
ENSE00001596519	156513333	156513496
ENSE00001655975	156550602	156550746
ENSE00001667537	156512220	156512317
ENSE00001669783	156568825	156568959
ENSE00001685130	156570087	156570218
ENSE00001689131	156557389	156557582
ENSE00001748838	156569363	156569538
ENSE00001768130	156578889	156579001
ENSE00001784164	156571134	156571292
ENSE00003488102	156579086	156579164
ENSE00003546640	156496044	156496215
ENSE00003554397	156579690	156579788
ENSE00003688248	156476098	156476207
ENSE00003745755	156549608	156549772

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 271 present calls, max score 97.66.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 17.7097 / max 312.3710, expressed in 1758 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): secondary oocyte, sperm, oocyte, esophagus squamous epithelium, buccal mucosa cell.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

GPD2 is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 24 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 5 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

showing 20 of 29 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Testis	sqtl	7.6e-35	-1.10	2:156612298:C:T
Cells Cultured fibroblasts	eqtl	7.8e-35	+0.31	2:156437479:A:G
Nerve Tibial	eqtl	5.7e-24	+0.32	2:156431846:T:C
Adipose Subcutaneous	eqtl	1.8e-18	+0.28	2:156464828:C:G
Artery Tibial	eqtl	1.7e-16	+0.23	2:156437479:A:G
Whole Blood	eqtl	1.6e-11	+0.18	2:156451296:A:AC
Cells Cultured fibroblasts	sqtl	1.3e-07	+1.39	2:156434467:T:TA
Thyroid	eqtl	8.1e-06	+0.57	2:156497991:C:G
Colon Transverse	eqtl	2.9e-05	+0.10	2:156524067:G:A
Breast Mammary Tissue	eqtl	3.4e-05	+0.23	2:156612032:C:A
Artery Coronary	eqtl	4.0e-05	+0.24	2:156431846:T:C
Brain Cerebellar Hemisphere	eqtl	3.2e-04	-0.16	2:156573645:A:G
Cells EBV-transformed lymphocytes	sqtl	1.3e-03	+1.30	2:156434467:T:TA
Esophagus Gastroesophageal Junction	eqtl	1.4e-03	+0.17	2:156609646:G:C
Adipose Visceral Omentum	eqtl	1.5e-03	+0.18	2:156442679:G:A
Heart Atrial Appendage	eqtl	1.5e-03	+0.16	2:156484204:G:A
Small Intestine Terminal Ileum	eqtl	2.2e-03	+0.16	2:156462379:G:A
Stomach	sqtl	3.0e-03	+1.10	2:156723095:A:T
Colon Sigmoid	sqtl	6.3e-03	+1.01	2:156256142:C:G
Esophagus Muscularis	eqtl	8.5e-03	+0.23	2:156359692:C:T

FANTOM5 promoters

10 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
23174	11.0671	1684
23173	2.6390	1084
23175	1.7138	988
23169	0.5606	268
23171	0.4588	249
23168	0.3789	206
23170	0.3123	149
23172	0.2801	156
23176	0.2764	135
23177	0.0227	3

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 297 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	97.66	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	96.21	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	95.25	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	94.81	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	93.90	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	93.51	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	93.42	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	93.10	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	92.71	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	92.58	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	92.44	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	92.09	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	91.80	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	91.63	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	91.40	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	91.12	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	90.94	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	90.26	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	90.19	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	89.69	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	89.33	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	89.25	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	89.01	gold quality
jejunum	UBERON:0002115	88.91	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	88.69	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	88.66	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	88.61	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	88.23	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	88.13	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	87.91	gold quality
entorhinal cortex	UBERON:0002728	87.90	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	87.71	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	87.18	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	87.11	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	86.75	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	86.73	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	86.72	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	86.70	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	86.65	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	86.60	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	86.50	gold quality
eye	UBERON:0000970	86.39	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	86.38	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	86.28	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	86.21	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	86.18	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	85.97	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	85.90	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	85.85	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	85.73	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	85.69	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	85.67	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	85.63	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	85.61	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	85.58	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	85.56	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	85.54	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	85.21	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	85.13	gold quality
visceral pleura	UBERON:0002401	85.06	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	84.81	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	84.79	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	84.77	gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	84.76	gold quality
parietal pleura	UBERON:0002400	84.54	gold quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	84.46	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	84.42	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	84.20	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	84.12	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	84.07	gold quality
skeletal muscle organ	UBERON:0014892	84.02	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	84.00	gold quality
pleura	UBERON:0000977	83.89	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	83.89	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	83.80	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	83.58	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	83.57	gold quality
telencephalon	UBERON:0001893	83.56	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	83.45	gold quality
mammary gland	UBERON:0001911	83.43	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	83.40	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	83.40	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	83.11	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	83.03	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	82.97	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	82.97	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	82.94	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	82.84	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	82.82	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	82.80	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	82.73	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	82.72	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	82.69	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	82.66	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	82.66	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	82.58	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	82.56	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	82.46	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	82.43	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	82.35	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-100618	yes	260.58
E-ANND-3	yes	7.01

HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: Low tissue specificity

showing 60 of 80 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

Tissue / cell	Axis	nTPM	Protein (IHC)
Spinal cord	tissue	102.0
Hippocampal formation	tissue	93.2
Midbrain	tissue	81.3
Cerebral cortex	tissue	80.2	medium
Motor cortex	tissue	80.2
Medulla oblongata	tissue	79.8
Occipital cortex	tissue	79.3
Somatosensory cortex	tissue	76.8
Thalamus	tissue	76.3
Prefrontal cortex	tissue	74.8
Entorhinal cortex	tissue	74.8
Pons	tissue	74.1
Insular cortex	tissue	71.7
Retrosplenial cortex	tissue	71.2
Amygdala	tissue	70.9
Periaqueductal gray	tissue	70.9
Temporal cortex	tissue	70.6
Retrosplenial and cingulate cortex	tissue	70.3
Substantia nigra	tissue	70.2
Putamen	tissue	68.2
Cerebellum	tissue	65.0	high
Superior colliculi	tissue	63.8
Corpus callosum	tissue	62.0
Hypothalamus	tissue	58.3
Frontal cortex	tissue	53.2
Ventral forebrain	tissue	50.9
Basal ganglia	tissue	47.1	medium
Septum	tissue	45.0
Olfactory bulb	tissue	42.4
Nucleus accumbens	tissue	32.8
Hippocampus	tissue	32.5	high
Caudate putamen	tissue	31.2
Postcentral gyrus	tissue	29.8
Locus coeruleus	tissue	26.8
Skeletal muscle	tissue	23.1	medium
Parathyroid gland	tissue	19.3	high
Colon	tissue	17.4	high
Fallopian tube	tissue	17.2	high
Rectum	tissue	16.9	high
Stomach 1	tissue	16.5	high
Esophagus	tissue	16.1	high
Breast	tissue	15.1	high
Small intestine	tissue	14.8	high
Salivary gland	tissue	14.1	high
Duodenum	tissue	13.6	high
Choroid plexus	tissue	13.5
Urinary bladder	tissue	13.4	high
Tongue	tissue	13.3
Bone marrow	tissue	12.6	medium
Skin 1	tissue	11.8	high
Thyroid gland	tissue	11.5	medium
Lung	tissue	10.8	high
Prostate	tissue	10.3	high
Cervix	tissue	9.6	high
Vagina	tissue	9.1	high
Retina	tissue	8.8
Gallbladder	tissue	8.4	high
Tonsil	tissue	8.1	high
Spleen	tissue	8.0	medium
Adipose tissue	tissue	7.7	medium

Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 192; highest nTPM — Ventral spinal cord (102.0), Dorsal hippocampus (93.2), Subiculum (80.2), Ventral hippocampus (79.6), Dorsal spinal cord (74.1).

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): FOXO1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting GPD2 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

showing 30 of 220 miRNAs:

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-3925-3P	100.00	69.95	1237
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-3134	100.00	66.43	777
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-196A-1-3P	99.99	72.15	2772
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-4715-3P	99.98	66.03	670
HSA-MIR-548P	99.98	72.25	3784
HSA-MIR-302C-5P	99.97	72.56	3642
HSA-MIR-3065-5P	99.97	71.56	3281
HSA-MIR-548AN	99.97	70.91	2817
HSA-MIR-548AT-5P	99.96	70.83	2666
HSA-MIR-548AJ-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-548X-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-5688	99.96	73.23	4504
HSA-MIR-493-5P	99.96	72.47	2382
HSA-MIR-495-3P	99.96	72.81	4197

Functional genomics

gnomAD constraint: pLI 0.000127, LOEUF 0.796, missense Z 1.99 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD

Regional missense constraint (gnomAD)

ENST00000438166 splits into 3 regions with different missense tolerance; 1 is missense-constrained (≈4% of the expected missense variation). Missense variants in a constrained region (low observed/expected) are more likely to be pathogenic. gnomAD

Region (GRCh38)	Missense obs / exp	o/e	Constrained
2:156,476,106–156,579,697	692 / 809.7	0.85	no
2:156,579,698–156,582,800	10 / 37.4	0.27	yes (p 7.5e-06)
2:156,582,801–156,582,915	46 / 49.1	0.94	no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 11)

• testis-specific promoter of mitochondrial GPDH (PMID:15456763)
• Overall, these data demonstrate that mGPDH is involved in maintaining a high rate of glycolysis and is an important site of electron leakage leading to ROS production in prostate cancer cells. (PMID:15967408)
• the up-regulation of mGPDH, due to a highly glycolytic environment, contributes to the overall increase in ROS generation and may result in the progression of prostate cancer (PMID:17886033)
• We report 3 additional patients with a de novo deletion encompassing NR4A2: 2 patients have deletions encompassing only NR4A2 gene and 1 patient has a deletion including NR4A2 and the first exon of GPD2 (PMID:29770430)
• Here, the authors identify mGPDH as a critical regulator of skeletal muscle regeneration. Specifically, it regulates myogenic markers and myoblast differentiation by controlling mitochondrial biogenesis via CaMKKbeta/AMPK. (PMID:30389681)
• mRNA and protein levels reduced in livers of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (PMID:30653687)
• Deficiency of Mitochondrial Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Exacerbates Podocyte Injury and the Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease. (PMID:33741719)
• mGPDH Deficiency leads to melanoma metastasis via induced NRF2. (PMID:33939274)
• A ferroptosis defense mechanism mediated by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 in mitochondria. (PMID:35749365)
• GPD2: The relationship with cancer and neural stemness. (PMID:36592694)
• Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (1 and 2) in cancer and other diseases. (PMID:38689091)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gpd2	ENSDARG00000062430
mus_musculus	Gpd2	ENSMUSG00000026827
rattus_norvegicus	Gpd2	ENSRNOG00000033824
drosophila_melanogaster	Gpo1	FBGN0022160
drosophila_melanogaster	Gpo2	FBGN0033190
caenorhabditis_elegans	gpdh-3	WBGENE00012031

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:99778) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 23 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
decreased body weight	3
decreased body size	1
abnormal eating behavior	1
decreased white adipose tissue amount	1
reduced fertility	1
decreased litter size	1
decreased circulating insulin level	1
decreased insulin secretion	1
increased circulating cholesterol level	1
decreased oxygen consumption	1
abnormal triiodothyronine level	1
increased circulating thyroxine level	1
increased circulating triiodothyronine level	1
increased body temperature	1
decreased body mass index	1
decreased brown fat cell lipid droplet size	1
decreased epididymal fat pad weight	1
decreased parametrial fat pad weight	1
decreased susceptibility to weight gain	1
impaired adaptive thermogenesis	1
postnatal lethality, incomplete penetrance	1
prenatal lethality, incomplete penetrance	1
decreased brown adipose tissue mass	1

Additional cross-species homologs

Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara’s model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions’ gene symbols aren’t in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.

Organism	UniProt	Identity	Method
Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS315	P0DB20	100.0%	Diamond
Streptococcus pyogenes SSI-1	P0DB21	100.0%	Diamond
Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant bovis AF2122/97	P64183	100.0%	Diamond
Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551	P9WN78	100.0%	Diamond
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv	P9WN79	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus USA300	Q2FHD8	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus NCTC 8325	Q2FYZ4	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus COL	Q5HGD1	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A	Q5HPP0	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus MSSA476	Q6G9R2	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus MW2	Q7A105	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus N315	Q7A5V7	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228	Q8CPE6	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Mu50	Q99UH2	100.0%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus RF122	Q2YXR5	99.8%	Diamond
Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus MRSA252	Q6GHD4	99.8%	Diamond
Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1	Q99YI8	99.5%	Diamond
Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS8232	Q8NZX0	99.2%	Diamond
Macaca fascicularis	Q4R755	99.0%	Diamond
Bos taurus	A6QLU1	97.1%	Diamond
Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS10394	Q5XAK0	95.1%	Diamond
Mesocricetus auratus	A7DZP8	92.6%	Diamond
Mycobacterium leprae TN	P53435	90.9%	Diamond
Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 = NCTC 7292	Q49X94	81.1%	Diamond
Staphylococcus haemolyticus JCSC1435	Q4L608	80.1%	Diamond
Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4	P35596	75.8%	Diamond
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168	P18158	61.8%	Diamond
Enterococcus casseliflavus	O86963	61.4%	Diamond
Escherichia coli K-12	P13035	61.1%	Diamond
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Il1403	Q9CG65	59.9%	Diamond
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-	O14400	54.7%	Diamond
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	P32191	54.7%	Diamond
Brucella abortus 2308	Q2YIQ2	52.0%	Diamond
Arabidopsis thaliana	Q9SS48	52.0%	Diamond
Dictyostelium discoideum	Q54QC1	49.4%	Diamond
Encephalitozoon cuniculi GB-M1	Q8SR40	42.8%	Diamond
Schistosoma mansoni	Q07167	42.4%	Diamond
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 substr. Kazusa	P74257	38.3%	Diamond

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
TRG-GCC2-2	tRNA	100189208
FLJ46875	ncRNA	440918
TRA-CGC3-1	tRNA	100189021
LINC01958	ncRNA	105373708
LINC03176	ncRNA	124907897
NR4A2	protein-coding	4929
LINC01876	ncRNA	101929378

Protein

Protein identifiers

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial — P43304 (reviewed: P43304)

Alternative names: mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase gene, mtGPD

All UniProt accessions (4): E7EM56, E9PDK4, F5GYK7, P43304

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Calcium-responsive mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which seems to be a key component of the pancreatic beta-cell glucose-sensing device.

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion.

Activity regulation. Calcium-binding enhance the activity of the enzyme.

Pathway. Polyol metabolism; glycerol degradation via glycerol kinase pathway; glycerone phosphate from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (anaerobic route): step 1/1.

Similarity. Belongs to the FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P43304-1	1	yes
P43304-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_000399, NP_001076581 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000447	G3P_DH_FAD-dep	Family
IPR002048	EF_hand_dom	Domain
IPR006076	FAD-dep_OxRdtase	Domain
IPR011992	EF-hand-dom_pair	Homologous_superfamily
IPR018247	EF_Hand_1_Ca_BS	Binding_site
IPR031656	DAO_C	Domain
IPR036188	FAD/NAD-bd_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR038299	DAO_C_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF01266, PF13499, PF16901

Enzyme classification (BRENDA)

• EC 1.1.5.3 — glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (BRENDA: 17 organisms, 47 substrates, 82 inhibitors, 25 Km, 1 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

12 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 12. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
GLYCEROL 3-PHOSPHATE	0.1–3.2	5
SN-GLYCEROL 3-PHOSPHATE	3.7–10	4
DL-GLYCEROL 3-PHOSPHATE	0.8–10.2	3
2,6-DICHLOROPHENOLINDOPHENOL	0.076–0.125	2
COENZYME Q1	0.013–0.052	2
COENZYME Q0	0.125	1
COENZYME Q10	0.05	1
COENZYME Q2	0.023	1
COENZYME Q6	0.11	1
DL-ALPHA-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE	5.17	1
FERRICYANIDE	0.55	1
PHENAZINE METHOSULFATE	0.13	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea)

• a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol (RHEA:18977)

UniProt features (18 total): sequence variant 6, binding site 6, domain 2, transit peptide 1, chain 1, modified residue 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P43304-F1	86.47	0.60

Human Protein Atlas

Protein class: Enzymes, ENZYME proteins, Oxidoreductases, Metabolic proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins, Plasma proteins

Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level

Subcellular location (HPA, imaging): mitochondria

Antibody reliability (HPA): IH enhanced · IF supported

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (6)

Position	Role
71–99	FAD
672	Ca(2+)
674	Ca(2+)
676	Ca(2+)
678	Ca(2+)
683	Ca(2+)

Post-translational modifications (1)

Type	Positions
Phosphotyrosine	601

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 curated (TAS) of 7; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

7 pathways:

ID	Pathway	Evidence
R-HSA-1483166	Synthesis of PA	curated
R-HSA-163560	Triglyceride catabolism	curated
R-HSA-1483206	Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis	—
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism	—
R-HSA-556833	Metabolism of lipids	—
R-HSA-1483257	Phospholipid metabolism	—
R-HSA-8979227	Triglyceride metabolism	—

MSigDB gene sets: 339 (showing top): GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_UP, REACTOME_TRIGLYCERIDE_CATABOLISM, RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_POORLY_DIFFERENTIATED_UP, GOBP_POLYOL_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_GROWTH, GOBP_POLYOL_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, KYNG_DNA_DAMAGE_DN, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_12HR_UP, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NADPLUS_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NUCLEOBASE_CONTAINING_SMALL_MOLECULE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, WEI_MYCN_TARGETS_WITH_E_BOX, GOBP_SMALL_MOLECULE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, MODULE_205

GO Biological Process (3): glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process (GO:0006072), glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle (GO:0006127), glycerol catabolic process (GO:0019563)

GO Molecular Function (4): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity (GO:0004368), calcium ion binding (GO:0005509), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (2): mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial inner membrane (GO:0005743)

Reactome top-level categories

5 top-level categories:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of lipids	2
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis	1
Triglyceride metabolism	1
Phospholipid metabolism	1
Metabolism	1

GO top-level categories

14 GO namespaces:

Category	Terms
alditol phosphate metabolic process	1
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity	1
NAD+ metabolic process	1
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	1
glycerol metabolic process	1
alditol catabolic process	1
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor	1
metal ion binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
organelle inner membrane	1
mitochondrial membrane	1

Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 2 of 9 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

2 experimentally-supported GO terms:

GO term	NS	Evidence
mitochondrion	CC	direct assay
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity	MF	direct assay

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

showing 15 of 1,814 interactions by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GPD2	GPD1	P21695	960
GPD2	GK2	Q14410	802
GPD2	GK	P32189	794
GPD2	NFYC	Q13952	744
GPD2	NFYB	P25208	741
GPD2	PC	P11498	738
GPD2	NDE1	Q9NXR1	662
GPD2	POLR2B	P30876	640
GPD2	NDEL1	Q9GZM8	639
GPD2	GAPDH	P00354	501
GPD2	SLC2A2	P11168	500
GPD2	GABPA	Q06546	491
GPD2	KCNJ15	Q99712	487
GPD2	MICOS10	Q5TGZ0	480
GPD2	CAPN10	Q9HC96	463

IntAct

Human interaction partners of GPD2 in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

7 partners by confidence:

Partner	Interaction type	MIscore	Records
PLEKHG7	association	0.350	1
SFXN1	association	0.350	1
SFXN3	association	0.350	1
SLC8A3	association	0.350	1
TRAPPC10	association	0.350	1
TSPAN2	association	0.350	1
TTC19	association	0.350	1

BioGRID (163 interactions; top human partners by supporting records): SLC39A4 (Affinity Capture-MS; 4 records), HAX1 (Affinity Capture-MS; 3 records), SLC39A8 (Affinity Capture-MS; 3 records), SLC8A3 (Affinity Capture-MS; 3 records), TRAPPC10 (Affinity Capture-MS; 3 records), WDFY2 (Affinity Capture-MS; 3 records), C12orf74 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), GDPD5 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), NUFIP1 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), PARK2 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), PHB (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS); 2 records), PVR (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), SFXN1 (Proximity Label-MS; 2 records), SLC25A51 (Proximity Label-MS; 2 records), ACO2 (Co-fractionation)

Disease & clinical

Genetic variants

Variant evidence for GPD2: 131 ClinVar records (2 pathogenic / likely pathogenic); 18 GWAS associations. Per-variant detail is on Sugi Variant.

ClinVar

131 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	95
Likely benign	8
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Showing all 2 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic ClinVar records, ranked by ClinVar review status (expert panel → multiple submitters → single submitter), then by number of submitting labs.

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification	Review	Submitters
1807710	GRCh37/hg19 2q24.1(chr2:156996368-157372032)x1	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
16081	NM_000408.5(GPD2):c.1904T>C (p.Phe635Ser)	Pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided	1

Per-variant reference — Sugi Variant

Explore GPD2’s pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants individually — each with its ClinVar classification and conditions, applied ACMG criteria (ClinGen expert panel, where curated), the calibrated in-silico predictors (AlphaMissense, REVEL, SaProt, conservation), gnomAD frequency, and the predictor-disagreement QC signal — on Sugi Variant.

SpliceAI

Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 39 predictions of 1,646):

Position(s)	Effect	Δscore	Sites
2:156436514–156436515	donor_loss	1.0000	3
2:156476085	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:156476096–156476097	acceptor_loss	1.0000	6
2:156476208–156476209	donor_loss	1.0000	5
2:156510785	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:156510793	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:156510794–156510795	acceptor_loss	1.0000	5
2:156510921–156510922	donor_loss	1.0000	5
2:156512218–156512219	acceptor_loss	1.0000	6
2:156550600–156550601	acceptor_loss	1.0000	6

HPA cancer prognostics

RNA cancer specificity: Low cancer specificity

Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.

3 prognostic cancer types:

Cancer	Prognostic	p-value
Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA)	favorable	3.02e-06
Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA)	unfavorable	0.000294
Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA)	unfavorable	0.000805

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:138430 | disease phenotypes: MIM:125853

GenCC curated gene-disease

1 curated gene-disease records:

Disease	Classification	Inheritance	Records
diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent	No Known Disease Relationship	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (2): type 2 diabetes mellitus (MONDO:0005148), (MONDO:0007455)

HPO phenotypes

5 phenotypes (HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000855	Insulin resistance
HP:0003584	Late onset
HP:0005978	Type II diabetes mellitus
HP:0031819	Increased waist to hip ratio

GWAS associations

18 associations:

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST010002_401	Refractive error	1e-35
GCST002759_2	Motion sickness	2e-29
GCST006291_95	Spherical equivalent or myopia (age of diagnosis)	5e-15
GCST003997_10	Myopia	6e-13
GCST005316_115	Intelligence (MTAG)	8e-13
GCST005316_116	Intelligence (MTAG)	7e-10
GCST005141_68	Cognitive ability (MTAG)	1e-9
GCST005142_48	Cognitive ability	4e-9
GCST009640_20	Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio	1e-8
GCST005839_7	Depression	2e-8
GCST005316_117	Intelligence (MTAG)	3e-8
GCST005316_184	Intelligence (MTAG)	4e-8
GCST006269_645	General cognitive ability	4e-8
GCST002875_95	Diisocyanate-induced asthma	1e-6
GCST003963_3	Possible neuropathic pain in post total joint replacement surgery for osteoarthritis	3e-6
GCST006088_22	Familial squamous cell lung carcinoma	3e-6
GCST002548_3	Ulcerative colitis	6e-6
GCST000635_3	Response to statin therapy	9e-6

EFO canonical traits (from GWAS)

8 canonical traits:

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0006928	motion sickness
EFO:0006995	response to diisocyanate
EFO:0005762	neuropathic pain
EFO:0004337	intelligence
EFO:0004784	self reported educational attainment
EFO:0006953	family history of lung cancer
EFO:0004847	age at onset
EFO:0007778	urinary albumin to creatinine ratio

MeSH disease descriptors

1 disease descriptors:

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D003924	Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2	C18.452.394.750.149; C19.246.300

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3391681 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Drugs by curated mechanism of action (ChEMBL)

Drugs whose curated ChEMBL mechanism of action targets the GPD2 protein itself — single-protein targets only (drugs acting on a protein family or complex that merely includes it are excluded). Includes antibodies and oligonucleotides that bioactivity screening does not capture.

1 curated-mechanism drugs:

Drug	Modality	Max phase
METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	4

PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

47 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	decreases expression, increases methylation	6
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases methylation	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
FR900359	increases phosphorylation	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
trichostatin A	affects expression	1
beta-lapachone	decreases expression	1
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
2,3,5-(triglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone	increases ADP-ribosylation	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression, increases expression	1
bisphenol S	increases expression	1
LDN 193189	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
bisphenol AF	increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	increases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Troglitazone	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Arbutin	increases expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Clozapine	decreases expression	1
Coal	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Coumestrol	increases expression	1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	increases expression	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

4 cell lines: 4 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_E1FG	Abcam A-431 GPD2 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_E1YD	HAP1 GPD2 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_E1YE	HAP1 GPD2 (-) 3	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_XP32	HAP1 GPD2 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

showing 60 of 300 trials:

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00006163	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Computer-assisted Diabetes Self-management Interventions
NCT00036504	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Twice-Daily Insulin Lispro Low Mixture Compared to a Once-Daily Long Acting Insulin Comparator in Patients Who Have Been Using One or More Oral Antihyperglycemic Agents Without Insulin
NCT00044460	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety In Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetics
NCT00095446	Phase 4	COMPLETED	NovoLog Observation Trial in Subjects With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00101751	Phase 4	COMPLETED	INITIATE Plus (INITiation of Insulin to Reach A1c TargEt) Study
NCT00110370	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Comparing Pre-Mixed Insulin With Insulin Glargine Combined With Rapid-Acting Insulin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00110448	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Japanese Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis With Aspirin for Diabetes (JPAD) Trial
NCT00118950	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Metformin Versus Repaglinide Treatment in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients Uncontrolled by Diet
NCT00118963	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Repaglinide Versus Metformin Treatment in Non-Obese Patients With Type-2-Diabetes
NCT00121966	Phase 4	COMPLETED	South Danish Diabetes Study: Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00123604	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Vascular Effects of Carvedilol Versus Metoprolol in Hypertensive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00123643	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Vascular Effects of Rosiglitazone Versus Glyburide in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
NCT00124397	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Atorvastatin and Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (ATTEND-Study)
NCT00129233	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Valsartan With Amlodipine in Hypertensive Patients With Glucose Intolerance
NCT00133718	Phase 4	COMPLETED	A 2 Year Trial of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Focusing on Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Metabolic Control
NCT00135070	Phase 4	TERMINATED	Hospital In-Patient Insulin Study
NCT00141232	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Evaluating Atorvastatin With Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00144144	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	A Study on Ca Blocker Versus AII Antagonists in Hypertension With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00149331	Phase 4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Two Education Strategies About Insulin on Patient Preferences and Perceptions About Insulin Therapy
NCT00162357	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Post-PCI:Cardiac Imaging in Patients With Diabetes to Detect Coronary Artery Blockages Previously Opened by Angioplasty
NCT00174681	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Tulip Study: Testing the Usefulness of Lantus When Initiated Prematurely In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00174824	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Insulin Glargine and NPH Human Insulin in Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
NCT00177398	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Glargine Insulin on Glucose Control in Hospitalized Patients Who Receive Tube Feedings
NCT00179400	Phase 4	COMPLETED	The Role of Acute Combined PPAR Alpha and Gamma Stimulation on Insulin Action in Humans
NCT00184561	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness and Safety of Biphasic Insulin Aspart 70/30 in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00184626	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Insulin Glargine Versus Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30/70 or Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30/70 in Combination With Metformin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes.
NCT00191178	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effects of Insulin in Perceived Mood Symptoms in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00191282	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Hyperglycemia and Cardiovascular Outcomes With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00191464	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Long-Term Effects of Insulin Plus Metformin Regimens on the Overall and Postprandial Glycemic Control of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00192803	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2): Diabetic Patients Treated With Antihypertensive Drugs
NCT00202033	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Impact of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Frequency on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00205660	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Changes in Adiposity, Metabolic Measures From Atypicals to Aripiprazole
NCT00212290	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Insulin Resistance and Central Nervous System (CNS) Function in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00212303	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Exercise Training in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension
NCT00225342	Phase 4	WITHDRAWN	Study Protocol for Rosiglitazone Versus Gliclazide in Diabetics With Angina
NCT00238472	Phase 4	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effects of Nateglinide vs. Glibenclamide on Renal Hemodynamics and Albumin Excretion
NCT00239538	Phase 4	COMPLETED	SMOOTH - Blood Pressure Control in Diabetic/Obese Patients
NCT00240253	Phase 4	COMPLETED	A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Adding Symlin® to Lantus® (Insulin Glargine) in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00240422	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Trial to Compare the Effects of Either Telmisartan (40-80 mg PO Once Daily) or Ramipril (5-10 mg PO Once Daily) on Renal Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00241085	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Valsartan on Proteinuria in Patients With Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00241605	Phase 4	COMPLETED	AVANDAMET Versus Metformin For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00254085	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Substitution of First Phase Insulin Response in Patient With Type 2 Diabetes.
NCT00258804	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Insulin Glargine During and After the Period of Fasting in Ramadan
NCT00262548	Phase 4	COMPLETED	C-Reactive Protein (CRP) in Obese Diabetic Women
NCT00264589	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Exercise Training and Cardiovascular Function in Obesity and in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00264901	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Self Adjustment Versus Standard of Care Treatment in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00265746	Phase 4	WITHDRAWN	Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus Development in Women Who Had Already Experienced A Gestational Diabetes
NCT00268645	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Insulin Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00272077	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Insulin Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00272831	Phase 4	COMPLETED	The Use of Cilostazol in Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy
NCT00274274	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed or a Flexible Supplementary Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00279201	Phase 4	COMPLETED	The DURABLE Trial: Evaluating the Durability of Starter Insulin Regimens in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (IOOV)
NCT00282360	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Metabolic Therapy in Patients With Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease
NCT00282451	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Biphasic Insulin Compared to Biphasic Insulin Combined With Insulin Aspart, With or Without Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00283049	Phase 4	TERMINATED	Insulin Glargine Injection Treatment in Place of Thiazolidinedione (TZD), Sulfonylurea, or Metformin in Triple Agent Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Adult Subjects With Unsatisfactory Control
NCT00283777	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Chromium and Insulin Action
NCT00290394	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Ambulatory Blood Pressure Reduction After Rosiglitazone Treatment In Normotensive Type 2 Diabetic Patients
NCT00296296	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Immunosuppression Impact on the Metabolic Control of Kidney Transplant With Pre-Existing Type 2 Diabetes (DM)
NCT00300911	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effects of Rosiglitazone on Plasma BNP Levels and Left Ventricular Dysfunction
NCT00306176	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Rosiglitazone and Exercise in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus