GPR15

Summary

GPR15 (G protein-coupled receptor 15, HGNC:4469) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 3q11.2, encoding G-protein coupled receptor 15 (P49685). G protein-coupled receptor that plays an important role in immune homeostasis.

This gene encodes a G protein-coupled receptor that acts as a chemokine receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2. The encoded protein localizes to the cell membrane.

Source: NCBI Gene 2838 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 57 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_005290

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4469
Approved symbol	GPR15
Name	G protein-coupled receptor 15
Location	3q11.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000154165
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	601166
Entrez	2838

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000284311

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_005290 NM_005290

CCDS: CCDS2931

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000284311 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001014369	98531978	98534681

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 110 present calls, max score 92.41.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 2.7119 / max 583.4987, expressed in 121 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (6 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
37530	2.1857	104
37529	0.2328	43
37531	0.1918	44
37533	0.0403	22
37532	0.0335	14
37528	0.0279	18

Top tissues by expression

266 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	92.41	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	89.27	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	77.65	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	73.87	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	72.18	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	69.55	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	69.37	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	66.89	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	65.60	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	64.57	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	63.31	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	63.21	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	63.05	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	62.95	silver quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	62.29	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	62.09	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	61.09	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	60.83	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	60.68	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	60.57	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	60.43	gold quality
large intestine	UBERON:0000059	60.36	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	60.07	gold quality
colon	UBERON:0001155	59.96	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	59.85	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	59.50	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	59.33	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	59.29	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	58.59	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	57.17	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-8410	yes	23.43
E-ANND-3	yes	5.73

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

87 targeting GPR15, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-3924	100.00	72.09	2394
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379
HSA-MIR-548AA	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548AP-3P	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548T-3P	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-9718	99.94	68.91	918
HSA-MIR-651-3P	99.94	73.48	5177
HSA-MIR-1236-3P	99.94	68.04	1695
HSA-MIR-4760-3P	99.93	70.50	2385
HSA-MIR-335-3P	99.93	73.36	4958
HSA-MIR-6835-3P	99.93	70.49	2904
HSA-MIR-6809-3P	99.91	71.45	3814
HSA-MIR-10527-5P	99.91	72.28	3754
HSA-MIR-4753-3P	99.90	71.03	3786
HSA-MIR-95-5P	99.89	72.17	3973
HSA-MIR-579-3P	99.86	71.66	3628
HSA-MIR-664B-3P	99.84	71.65	3590
HSA-MIR-6515-3P	99.82	68.19	1933
HSA-MIR-6844	99.82	70.69	2423
HSA-MIR-623	99.76	68.16	1170
HSA-MIR-92A-2-5P	99.75	67.01	2164

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 24)

• role of GPR15-HIV1 gp120 interactions in gp120 binding to intestinal epithelial cells and gp120-induced cytopathic effects (PMID:12566994)
• HIV-2 isolates from aviremic and viremic individuals commonly use as coreceptors CCR5, GPR15, and CXCR6 (PMID:15650194)
• 14-3-3 proteins play multiple roles in biogenesis and trafficking of an HIV co-receptor GPR15 to control its cell surface density in response to the phosphorylation signal (PMID:21189250)
• C-terminal membrane-proximal basic residues have a role in cell surface trafficking of HIV coreceptor GPR15 protein (PMID:23430259)
• GPR15 expression was minimal in lymphocytes from the blood and the small intestine; however, it was expressed at high levels in lymphocytes from the large intestine (PMID:23661644)
• infection-induced up-regulation of GPR15 expression through TLR3 could increase susceptibility of CD4(+) T cells to HIV infection and target cell availability in the gut in some infected individuals (PMID:24558379)
• Data indicate that orphan receptor GPR15/BOB is expressed by macrophages in synovial tissue and on monocytes and neutrophils in peripheral blood, and expression is up-regulated in arthritis (RA)patients (PMID:24725539)
• Analysis of GPR15 methylation identified significantly greater hypomethylation in smokers compared with that in never-smokers. (PMID:26348578)
• we for the first time demonstrated that TM binds to GPR15 via its EGF-like domain and exerts angiogenesis and cytoprotective function in vascular ECs. (PMID:28386128)
• Results suggested that Ser-357 phosphorylation critically controls the ligand-independent endocytosis of GPR15. The functional role of Ser-357 in endocytosis was distinct from that of a conserved Ser/Thr cluster in the more proximal C-terminus, which was responsible for the beta-arrestin- and GPCR kinase-dependent endocytosis of GPR15. (PMID:28615320)
• In the peripheral blood, tobacco smoking is, to date, the only specific condition leading to an increase in GPR15+ T cells. (PMID:30387691)
• While the chronic smoking-induced enrichment of GPR15+ T cells in blood might indicate a systemic inflammation, by the widespread presence in different T cell subtypes, GPR15 could feature a general impact on maintaining the systemic homeostasis to putatively prevent harm from smoking. (PMID:30387691)
• Cigarette and Cannabis Smoking Effects on GPR15+ Helper T Cell Levels in Peripheral Blood: Relationships with Epigenetic Biomarkers. (PMID:32019074)
• Ahr-Foxp3-RORgammat axis controls gut homing of CD4(+) T cells by regulating GPR15. (PMID:32532834)
• Inflammatory biomarker relationships with helper T cell GPR15 expression and cannabis and tobacco smoking. (PMID:33310155)
• Natural cystatin C fragments inhibit GPR15-mediated HIV and SIV infection without interfering with GPR15L signaling. (PMID:33431697)
• The aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates expression of mucosal trafficking receptor GPR15. (PMID:33674764)
• GPR15 Facilitates Recruitment of Regulatory T Cells to Promote Colorectal Cancer. (PMID:33727229)
• Clonally expanded, GPR15-expressing pathogenic effector TH2 cells are associated with eosinophilic esophagitis. (PMID:34389613)
• GPR15 expressed in T lymphocytes from RA patients is involved in leukocyte chemotaxis to the synovium. (PMID:36164808)
• Elevated Expression and Activation of GPR15 in Immune Cells in Graves’ Disease. (PMID:36551327)
• Emerging roles of a chemoattractant receptor GPR15 and ligands in pathophysiology. (PMID:37457732)
• Blocking GPR15 Counteracts Integrin-dependent T Cell Gut Homing in Vivo. (PMID:38243565)
• Thrombin receptor activating peptide-6 decreases acute graft-versus-host disease through activating GPR15. (PMID:38459169)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Gpr15	ENSMUSG00000047293
rattus_norvegicus	Gpr15	ENSRNOG00000039680

Paralogs (7): BDKRB1 (ENSG00000100739), APLNR (ENSG00000134817), AGTR1 (ENSG00000144891), BDKRB2 (ENSG00000168398), GPR25 (ENSG00000170128), RXFP4 (ENSG00000173080), AGTR2 (ENSG00000180772)

Protein

Protein identifiers

G-protein coupled receptor 15 — P49685 (reviewed: P49685)

Alternative names: Brother of Bonzo

All UniProt accessions (2): P49685, B6V9G9

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. G protein-coupled receptor that plays an important role in immune homeostasis. Acts via its natural ligand GPR15LG, a chemokine-like polypeptide strongly expressed in gastrointestinal tissues. GPR15-GPR15LG signaling axis regulates intestinal homeostasis and inflammation through the migration of immune cells. Controls thereby the specific homing of T-cells, particularly FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs), to the large intestine lamina propria. Also required for skin localization of thymus-derived dendritic epidermal T-cells. Plays an important role in mediating cytoprotective function as well as angiogenesis of thrombomodulin. Mechanistically, preferentially signals through the Gi/o pathway to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity and activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system that regulates the release of Ca(2+) ions from intracellular stores. (Microbial infection) Acts as an alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with adapter YWHAE; this interaction promotes ER-to-Golgi transport of GPR15. Interacts with GNAI1; this interaction initiates the signaling pathway.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in lymphoid tissues, including macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Post-translational modifications. Phosphorylation is necessary for YWHAE binding and efficient surface expression. O-glycosylated. Sialylated O-glycans in the N-terminal tail inhibits binding of GPR15LG. Sulfation is required for efficient binding of GPR15LG.

Similarity. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_005281* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000276	GPCR_Rhodpsn	Family
IPR017452	GPCR_Rhodpsn_7TM	Domain
IPR050119	CCR1-9-like	Family

Pfam: PF00001

UniProt features (40 total): helix 12, topological domain 8, transmembrane region 7, mutagenesis site 4, strand 3, sequence variant 2, turn 2, chain 1, modified residue 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8ZQE	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
9WXM	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P49685-F1	81.62	0.50

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 2 — 8ZQE, 9WXM

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 359

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (4):

Position	Phenotype
40	complete loss of ligand-induced receptor activation.
261	complete loss of ligand-induced receptor activation.
356	abolished ywhae binding.
359	abolished ywhae binding and substantially reduced cell surface expression.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-418555	G alpha (s) signalling events

MSigDB gene sets: 172 (showing top): MORF_MSH3, MORF_BRCA1, MORF_ATRX, RACCACAR_AML_Q6, MORF_RAD51L3, GOBP_LEUKOCYTE_MIGRATION, MORF_CTSB, MORF_IL4, GOBP_BLOOD_VESSEL_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_BIOLOGICAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_INTERACTION_WITH_HOST, GOBP_VIRAL_LIFE_CYCLE, GOBP_T_CELL_MIGRATION, GOBP_LYMPHOCYTE_MIGRATION, MORF_ATF2, SPIELMAN_LYMPHOBLAST_EUROPEAN_VS_ASIAN_DN

GO Biological Process (7): angiogenesis (GO:0001525), G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186), symbiont entry into host cell (GO:0046718), T cell migration (GO:0072678), signal transduction (GO:0007165), adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007189), adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007193)

GO Molecular Function (4): virus receptor activity (GO:0001618), G protein-coupled receptor activity (GO:0004930), coreceptor activity (GO:0015026), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), endosome (GO:0005768), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
GPCR downstream signalling	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
blood vessel morphogenesis	1
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis	1
G protein-coupled receptor activity	1
signal transduction	1
viral life cycle	1
symbiont entry into host	1
lymphocyte migration	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
adenylate cyclase activator activity	1
adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity	1
symbiont entry into host cell	1
exogenous protein binding	1
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	1
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
signaling receptor activity	1
binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
endomembrane system	1
cytoplasmic vesicle	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

670 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GPR15	GPR15LG	Q6UWK7	776
GPR15	ITIH4	Q14624	638
GPR15	ZNF80	P51504	600
GPR15	CLDND1	Q9NY35	574
GPR15	LRRN3	Q9H3W5	571
GPR15	D6RE68	D6RE68	507
GPR15	CD4	P01730	480
GPR15	AHRR	A9YTQ3	480
GPR15	PAX5	Q02548	475
GPR15	TNFRSF8	P28908	470
GPR15	GNG7	O60262	445
GPR15	TAS2R9	Q9NYW1	444
GPR15	AGT	P01019	442
GPR15	ZNF266	Q14584	442
GPR15	CCDC163	A0A0D9SF12	438

IntAct

0 interactions, top by confidence:

BioGRID (2): GPR15 (Reconstituted Complex), YWHAB (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0R4IM31, A0A0R4IP11, E9QJ73, F8VQN3, O00270, O00421, O15218, O35457, O97663, P31392, P32302, P34997, P43142, P49685, Q04683, Q0II78, Q0VDU3, Q149R9, Q16570, Q3ZC80, Q67ES2, Q6XKD3, Q75ZH0, Q7TMA4, Q7TQA9, Q7TQP4, Q7TSN5, Q7TSN6, Q863H8, Q8BZR0, Q8TDV2, Q95LF2, Q95LF3, Q95LF4, Q95LF5, Q95LF7, Q95LF9, Q95LG5, Q96CH1, Q96G91

Diamond homologs: A0A4W3GG95, A5PLE7, A7YY44, D4A7K7, E7F7V7, E9QJ73, F1MV99, O00254, O08565, O08858, O18982, O42179, O54689, O88410, O97571, O97663, O97666, P21109, P25024, P25025, P25116, P25930, P26824, P30558, P30937, P30938, P31391, P32249, P32250, P32302, P34996, P34997, P35344, P35346, P35407, P35414, P43657, P47749, P49652, P49682

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
hsa-miR-1225-5p	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	GPR15	“post transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

57 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	51
Likely benign	4
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

160 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
3:98532144:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.8000
3:98532145:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.8000
3:98532549:G:GT	donor_gain	0.6600
3:98532141:TCCAG:T	acceptor_gain	0.6300
3:98532142:CCAG:C	acceptor_gain	0.6200
3:98532659:T:A	acceptor_gain	0.6200
3:98532143:CAG:C	acceptor_gain	0.6000
3:98532596:C:T	donor_gain	0.5800
3:98532660:G:GC	acceptor_gain	0.5800
3:98532569:A:G	donor_gain	0.5500
3:98532723:A:T	donor_gain	0.5500
3:98532877:C:G	donor_gain	0.5400
3:98532140:TTCCA:T	acceptor_gain	0.5300
3:98532693:G:GT	donor_gain	0.5300
3:98532844:C:T	donor_gain	0.5300
3:98532145:GT:G	acceptor_gain	0.5200
3:98532145:G:T	acceptor_gain	0.5100
3:98531995:G:GG	donor_gain	0.5000
3:98532144:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.5000
3:98532656:TGTTG:T	acceptor_gain	0.5000
3:98532658:TTG:T	acceptor_gain	0.5000
3:98532656:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.4900
3:98532145:GTCT:G	acceptor_gain	0.4800
3:98532886:GAG:G	donor_gain	0.4800
3:98532145:GTC:G	acceptor_gain	0.4700
3:98532876:GCTTG:G	donor_gain	0.4700
3:98532885:GGAG:G	donor_gain	0.4700
3:98532886:GAGG:G	donor_gain	0.4700
3:98532886:GAGGT:G	donor_loss	0.4700
3:98532889:G:GG	donor_gain	0.4700

AlphaMissense

2360 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
3:98532781:T:C	F250L	0.997
3:98532783:T:A	F250L	0.997
3:98532783:T:G	F250L	0.997
3:98532330:G:C	W99C	0.996
3:98532330:G:T	W99C	0.996
3:98532415:A:C	S128R	0.996
3:98532417:T:A	S128R	0.996
3:98532417:T:G	S128R	0.996
3:98532349:T:A	C106S	0.995
3:98532350:G:C	C106S	0.995
3:98532328:T:A	W99R	0.993
3:98532328:T:C	W99R	0.993
3:98532580:T:A	C183S	0.993
3:98532581:G:C	C183S	0.993
3:98532358:A:C	S109R	0.992
3:98532360:C:A	S109R	0.992
3:98532360:C:G	S109R	0.992
3:98532173:G:A	G47E	0.991
3:98532270:C:A	D79E	0.991
3:98532270:C:G	D79E	0.991
3:98532916:A:C	S295R	0.991
3:98532918:C:A	S295R	0.991
3:98532918:C:G	S295R	0.991
3:98532172:G:A	G47R	0.990
3:98532172:G:C	G47R	0.990
3:98532269:A:C	D79A	0.990
3:98532350:G:A	C106Y	0.990
3:98532505:T:A	W158R	0.989
3:98532505:T:C	W158R	0.989
3:98532269:A:T	D79V	0.988

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000219729 (3:98533436 G>C), RS1000335404 (3:98533156 G>A,C,T), RS1001282150 (3:98532857 T>C,G), RS1001834914 (3:98531057 T>C), RS1003566456 (3:98530132 G>A), RS1005645950 (3:98530792 G>A), RS1006451897 (3:98531026 G>A), RS1007092099 (3:98531738 A>G), RS1007146104 (3:98530566 G>A,C), RS1007429161 (3:98530269 C>A,T), RS1008255085 (3:98534992 A>C,G), RS1008383165 (3:98534946 G>A), RS1009008191 (3:98533533 T>C), RS1009646353 (3:98533522 G>C), RS1009775502 (3:98533754 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601166 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST009532_16	Circulating leptin levels in high cardiovascular risk	3.000000e-06
GCST009532_3	Circulating leptin levels in high cardiovascular risk	6.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0005000	leptin measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4523866 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: gpcr — Class A Orphans with emerging pharmacology

Most potent curated ligand interactions (2 total), top 2:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
GPR15L (71-81)	Agonist	6.84	pEC50
GPR15L	Agonist	5.85	pEC50

ChEMBL bioactivities

2 potent at pChembl≥5 of 2 total, top 2 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.01	EC50	980	nM	CHEMBL5085657
5.75	EC50	1770	nM	CHEMBL5085657

CTD chemical–gene interactions

8 total (human), top 8 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression, increases methylation	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
monomethylpropion	increases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	increases expression	1
Diuron	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases methylation	1
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation	1

ChEMBL screening assays

5 unique, capped per target: 4 binding, 1 functional

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL4883418	Binding	PRESTO-Tango GPCRome screening (GPR15)	Data for DCP probe UCSF924
CHEMBL5665248	Functional	Agonist activity at GPR15 receptor (unknown origin)	In silico design of novel probes for the atypical opioid receptor MRGPRX2. — Nat Chem Biol

Cellosaurus cell lines

3 cell lines: 1 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line, 1 spontaneously immortalized cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_1E05	GHOST(3).BOB/GPR15	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_1E12	3T3.T4.BOB	Transformed cell line	Male
CVCL_KX39	PathHunter CHO-K1 GPR15 beta-arrestin	Spontaneously immortalized cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.