GPT

Summary

GPT (glutamic–pyruvic transaminase, HGNC:4552) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 8q24.3, encoding Alanine aminotransferase 1 (P24298). Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate.

This gene encodes cytosolic alanine aminotransaminase 1 (ALT1); also known as glutamate-pyruvate transaminase 1. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to generate pyruvate and glutamate and, therefore, plays a key role in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. Serum activity levels of this enzyme are routinely used as a biomarker of liver injury caused by drug toxicity, infection, alcohol, and steatosis. A related gene on chromosome 16 encodes a putative mitochondrial alanine aminotransaminase.

Source: NCBI Gene 2875 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 6
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 124 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_005309

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4552
Approved symbol	GPT
Name	glutamic–pyruvic transaminase
Location	8q24.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	ALT1, ALT, GPT1, SGPT
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000167701
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	138200
Entrez	2875

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 28 — 23 protein_coding, 5 retained_intron

ENST00000354769, ENST00000394955, ENST00000527165, ENST00000527961, ENST00000528431, ENST00000531330, ENST00000534702, ENST00000894967, ENST00000894968, ENST00000894969, ENST00000894970, ENST00000894971, ENST00000894972, ENST00000894973, ENST00000894974, ENST00000894975, ENST00000894976, ENST00000894977, ENST00000894978, ENST00000894979, ENST00000894980, ENST00000894981, ENST00000894982, ENST00000894983, ENST00000961468, ENST00000961469, ENST00000961470, ENST00000961471

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_005309 NM_001382664, NM_001382665, NM_005309

CCDS: CCDS6430

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000394955 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001427932	144506910	144507172
ENSE00003536283	144504771	144504879
ENSE00003601691	144504998	144505131
ENSE00003609968	144504604	144504693
ENSE00003689844	144505246	144505489
ENSE00003889360	144504140	144504466
ENSE00003891056	144506731	144506843
ENSE00003893144	144505995	144506131
ENSE00003894316	144506232	144506406
ENSE00003894492	144505848	144505927
ENSE00003894860	144506501	144506656

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 183 present calls, max score 98.38.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.0948 / max 295.3872, expressed in 193 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
91523	1.0948	193

Top tissues by expression

275 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	98.38	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	98.30	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	97.00	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	95.71	silver quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	92.31	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	91.95	silver quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	91.72	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	91.20	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	91.16	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	90.36	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	90.12	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	89.84	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	86.54	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	86.30	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	86.25	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	86.20	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	85.51	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	84.80	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	84.68	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	84.68	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	84.60	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	84.39	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	84.25	silver quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	84.16	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	83.93	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	83.84	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	83.82	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	83.62	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	83.33	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	83.05	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	4.95

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AR, IRF1, MAX, MXD1, MYC, PPARA, ZNF160

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Glucose intolerance is associated with elevated serum aminotransferase independent of obesity, but even a mildly elevated ALT is relatively uncommon in free-living men with glucose intolerance. (PMID:12480555)
• Histology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with normal ALT values, not significantly different from those with elevated ALT levels, and low normal value does not guarantee freedom from steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis. (PMID:12774006)
• genotypes of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and beta3-adrenergic receptor were strongly associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase level which increased with the accumulation of components of metabolic syndrome (PMID:14506613)
• mildly elevated in severe acute respiratory syndrome patients during second week after onset of fever. (PMID:15306699)
• In coinfected Hic/hepatitis C patients, normal ALT levels are not an indicator of mild necroinflammation and may not portend a more benign disease course. (PMID:16652026)
• In obesity, elevated ALT activity is associated with increased fasting insulin suggesting that insulin resistance, rather than body mass index alone, plays a role in mediating the increased aminotransferase activity. (PMID:17134955)
• Provides a quantitative analysis of the main impact of the trauma of liver resection, liver ischemia, and other factors on the postoperative evolution of transaminases. (PMID:17378732)
• Insulin resistance in obese patients is associated with alanine aminotransferase activity. (PMID:17405346)
• Data show that OCT/ALT is a potent indicator for the diagnosis and the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. (PMID:17570354)
• May serve as a useful marker for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or diabetes risk in Filipino women. (PMID:17764776)
• Weight reduction secondary to a hypocaloric diet were associated with improvement in hypertransaminasemia and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (PMID:17766001)
• PTLP activity is positively associated with serum ALT1, GOT1 and GOT2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. (PMID:17877759)
• In hepatitis C, alterations in the liver tissue as reflected by ALT elevation are mainly associated with periportal bridging/necrosis, viral load and duration of disease. (PMID:17907292)
• Abnormal serum aminotransferase values are uncommon in severely obese children in France. (PMID:17907318)
• Type 2 diabetic patients have 80% more liver fat than age-, weight-, and sex-matched nondiabetic subjects, which is underestimated in type 2 diabetics. (PMID:17934148)
• In obese patients with NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) was associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels and a trend toward histologic evidence of progressive liver disease. (PMID:18090161)
• ALAT elevations associate with obesity and diabetes, and provide new evidence that in elderly male patients, ALAT elevations, absent other known liver diseases, may selectively associate with diabetes (PMID:18178283)
• Data revealed higher alanine aminotransferase for women with a family history of diabetes, when adjusted for age and BMI. (PMID:18242760)
• Raised ALT is common in apparently healthy British South Asians, and is significantly associated with an adverse metabolic and atherothrombotic risk profile. (PMID:18315552)
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase level among the general population of Iran. (PMID:18473412)
• Tag-free ALT1 and ALT2 were obtained by cleavage of enterokinase digestion and used for initial characterization of the enzymes. The specific ALT activity of purified fusion or His-tag-removed ALT1 was about 15-fold higher than that of ALT2 (PMID:18508279)
• Alanine aminotransferase, alanine/aspartate aminotransferase ratio, and gamma-glutamyl transferase are associated with the MetS but not with angiographically determined coronary atherosclerosis. (PMID:18708042)
• found a strong relationship between alanine aminotransferase levels and metabolic syndrome in metabolic syndrome (PMID:18763311)
• HEV markers (HEV RNA and anti-HEV) were detected in donors with elevated ALT levels who were widely distributed over Japan (PMID:18774966)
• Neither ALT nor GGT concentrations were correlated with ALP concentration, but AST concentration was moderately correlated with ALP concentration. (PMID:19012630)
• Serum levels are an independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in subjects without fatty liver or hepatic dysfunction. (PMID:19065605)
• In the US population, elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) was associated with mortality from all causes, liver disease, cancer, and diabetes, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was associated only with liver disease mortality. (PMID:19100265)
• alanine aminotransferase may have a role in progression of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Koreans (PMID:19159884)
• A high proportion of obese children present elevated ALT1 levels. (PMID:19217453)
• High ALT level and low platelet count are closely associated with the development of hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis C carrirs. who are thus candidates for antiviral agents. (PMID:19232448)
• approximately 60% of the variation in S-ALT, a marker of liver fat content, is genetically determined (PMID:19303161)
• A clinical method for selective measurement of ALT1 and 2 in human plasma is described. (PMID:19360321)
• Results suggest that alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels and AST/ALT ratio do not seem to be reliable predictors for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. (PMID:19370784)
• the management of patients with pyelonephritis should take into account that moderate and self-limited abnormalities in aminotransferase levels are frequent during the acute phase of the disease (PMID:19393479)
• All metabolic syndrome-related risk factors are significantly correlated with the increase in blood levels of alanine aminotransferase in a population of Japanese men and women. (PMID:19687577)
• Obesity and elevated ALT are associated with insulin resistance (PMID:19938201)
• elevation in GPT in obese children most likely reflects insulin resistance (PMID:20032584)
• No significant relationship between serum hepatitis B virus DNA level and liver histological stage, gender, age, body mass index, or hepatitis B surface antigen was observed in these patients with normal ALT. (PMID:20190678)
• The association of coffee and green tea consumption with serum activities of liver enzymes in free-living Japanese men and women was examined, focusing on sex difference and effect modifications of alcohol and obesity. (PMID:20205615)
• Chronic hepatitis B patients with high non-specific cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes also has the high ALT level. (PMID:20387481)

Cross-species orthologs

7 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gpt	ENSDARG00000019541
danio_rerio	GPT	ENSDARG00000055642
mus_musculus	Gpt	ENSMUSG00000022546
drosophila_melanogaster	CG1640	FBGN0030478
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00009232
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00010984
caenorhabditis_elegans	C32F10.8	WBGENE00016333

Paralogs (7): AADAT (ENSG00000109576), ACCS (ENSG00000110455), KYAT3 (ENSG00000137944), GPT2 (ENSG00000166123), KYAT1 (ENSG00000171097), TAT (ENSG00000198650), ACCSL (ENSG00000205126)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Alanine aminotransferase 1 — P24298 (reviewed: P24298)

Alternative names: Glutamate pyruvate transaminase 1, Glutamic–alanine transaminase 1, Glutamic–pyruvic transaminase 1

All UniProt accessions (1): P24298

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. Participates in cellular nitrogen metabolism and also in liver gluconeogenesis starting with precursors transported from skeletal muscles.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscles. Expressed at moderate levels in the adipose tissue.

Induction. By glucocorticoids.

Pathway. Amino-acid degradation; L-alanine degradation via transaminase pathway; pyruvate from L-alanine: step 1/1.

Similarity. Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily.

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001369593, NP_001369594, NP_005300* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR004839	Aminotransferase_I/II_large	Domain
IPR015421	PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase_major	Homologous_superfamily
IPR015422	PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase_small	Homologous_superfamily
IPR015424	PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR045088	ALAT1/2-like	Family

Pfam: PF00155

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.6.1.2 — alanine transaminase (BRENDA: 51 organisms, 65 substrates, 79 inhibitors, 157 Km, 44 kcat entries)
• EC 2.6.1.4 — glycine transaminase (BRENDA: 8 organisms, 32 substrates, 23 inhibitors, 21 Km, 5 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

15 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 15. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
2-OXOGLUTARATE	0.0058–5	44
L-ALANINE	0.21–30.3	35
PYRUVATE	0.022–18.6	28
L-GLUTAMATE	0.1–13	20
GLUTAMATE	0.55–32	11
GLYOXYLATE	0.21–8.3	11
ALANINE	0.25–21	10
GLUTAMATE	2–4.6	4
BETA-ALANINE	3.9–7.6	3
GLYOXYLATE	0.75–0.9	3
L-GLUTAMATE	1.2–6.2	3
L-ALANINE	2.37–2.96	2
4-AMINOBUTANOATE	0.51	1
DL-ALANINE	8.3	1
2-OXOGLUTARATE	0.55	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate (RHEA:19453)

UniProt features (11 total): sequence conflict 3, modified residue 3, sequence variant 3, initiator methionine 1, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P24298-F1	95.32	0.93

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (3): 2, 22, 314

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

5 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-70268	Pyruvate metabolism
R-HSA-8964540	Alanine metabolism
R-HSA-1428517	Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-71291	Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives

MSigDB gene sets: 106 (showing top): GOBP_ALPHA_AMINO_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, HOSHIDA_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_S3, GOBP_ORGANIC_ACID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, HSIAO_LIVER_SPECIFIC_GENES, MOOTHA_GLUCONEOGENESIS, GOBP_ORGANIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_SMALL_MOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, MODULE_88, GOBP_AMINO_ACID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, SCHLINGEMANN_SKIN_CARCINOGENESIS_TPA_DN, CHIANG_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_PROLIFERATION_DN, REACTOME_PYRUVATE_METABOLISM, MODULE_55, KEGG_ALANINE_ASPARTATE_AND_GLUTAMATE_METABOLISM, NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_8Q23_Q24_AMPLICON

GO Biological Process (2): L-alanine catabolic process (GO:0042853), biosynthetic process (GO:0009058)

GO Molecular Function (4): L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate transaminase activity (GO:0004021), pyridoxal phosphate binding (GO:0030170), transaminase activity (GO:0008483), transferase activity (GO:0016740)

GO Cellular Component (4): cytosol (GO:0005829), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism	2
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport	1
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
L-amino acid catabolic process	1
proteinogenic amino acid catabolic process	1
metabolic process	1
L-alanine:oxo-acid transaminase activity	1
anion binding	1
vitamin B6 binding	1
transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups	1
catalytic activity	1
cytoplasm	1
extracellular vesicle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

4316 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GPT	ALB	P02768	928
GPT	PNPLA3	Q9NST1	926
GPT	F2	P00734	918
GPT	HP	P00737	918
GPT	CRP	P02741	917
GPT	AFP	P02771	895
GPT	INS	P01308	884
GPT	F3	P13726	880
GPT	BCHE	P06276	828
GPT	IL6	P05231	828
GPT	GPX8	Q8TED1	814
GPT	GPX7	Q96SL4	813
GPT	HMGCR	P04035	805
GPT	GPX6	P59796	802
GPT	GPX5	O75715	801

IntAct

12 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
KPNA1	TCERG1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
GPT2	CLPX	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
GPT	CDC7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RALA	AKR7A2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SASS6	NFIB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GPRC5D	FAM234B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PLD1	DNAJB5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MAEA	MPO	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
INSR	ATOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
INSR	RIMOC1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (16): CFL1 (Co-fractionation), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Affinity Capture-MS), GPT (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A6N3IN21, A3KCL7, A4IFH5, A7MBC0, A7MBI7, D3ZDK7, D3ZDM7, E1BNQ4, P09367, P10950, P11172, P13439, P17256, P20132, P24298, P25409, P31754, P46597, P50053, P97328, Q02974, Q03426, Q0VCW4, Q1JPD3, Q3B8E3, Q3TY86, Q3ZKN0, Q5BJJ5, Q5E9T8, Q5M7T9, Q5R514, Q5R824, Q5RD71, Q5RFE6, Q6PCB7, Q6SKR2, Q80W22, Q8CHP8, Q8CIM3, Q8HZJ0

Diamond homologs: A2AIG8, A4IFH5, F4I7I0, P13191, P24298, P25409, P34106, P52892, P52893, P52894, Q10334, Q28DB5, Q4WMJ9, Q54MJ7, Q5E9H2, Q6GM82, Q6NYL5, Q8BGT5, Q8QZR5, Q8TD30, Q9LDV4, Q9LR30, Q9S7E9, Q84WZ8, Q9W698, A0A0P0VI36, P04694, P17735, P33447, Q03VY3, Q3UX83, Q54K95, Q58CZ9, Q67Y55, Q8QZR1, Q8VYP2, Q93703, Q9FN30, Q9LVY1, Q9SIV0

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

124 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	81
Likely benign	20
Benign	6

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

0 predictions. Top by Δscore:

AlphaMissense

3209 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
8:144505482:C:A	N244K	0.999
8:144505482:C:G	N244K	0.999
8:144506117:G:C	K314N	0.999
8:144506117:G:T	K314N	0.999
8:144506812:T:C	F457L	0.999
8:144506814:T:A	F457L	0.999
8:144506814:T:G	F457L	0.999
8:144505003:T:C	Y123H	0.998
8:144505484:C:A	P245H	0.998
8:144506031:T:C	F286L	0.998
8:144506033:C:A	F286L	0.998
8:144506033:C:G	F286L	0.998
8:144504642:C:A	N67K	0.997
8:144504642:C:G	N67K	0.997
8:144505315:T:C	Y189H	0.997
8:144505473:C:A	N241K	0.997
8:144505473:C:G	N241K	0.997
8:144505480:A:G	N244D	0.997
8:144505923:A:T	D272V	0.997
8:144505926:A:T	E273V	0.997
8:144505998:T:C	Y275H	0.997
8:144506107:C:T	S311F	0.997
8:144506237:G:A	G321E	0.997
8:144506606:T:C	Y413H	0.997
8:144504647:G:A	G69E	0.996
8:144505006:A:C	S124R	0.996
8:144505008:C:A	S124R	0.996
8:144505008:C:G	S124R	0.996
8:144505117:A:C	S161R	0.996
8:144505119:C:A	S161R	0.996

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000047051 (8:144503476 G>A), RS1000157569 (8:144501278 G>C), RS1000462056 (8:144501501 G>A,C), RS1000709364 (8:144505225 C>G,T), RS1001574728 (8:144501290 C>A,G,T), RS1001681116 (8:144506482 C>A,T), RS1002134160 (8:144502344 C>T), RS1002237019 (8:144502170 G>C), RS1002926236 (8:144504030 C>G), RS1003183868 (8:144507097 G>A), RS1003353703 (8:144507384 G>A), RS1003507053 (8:144503109 G>A,C,T), RS1003611036 (8:144503284 G>A,C), RS1003658037 (8:144507673 C>T), RS1003839859 (8:144505927 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:138200 | disease phenotypes: MIM:218600

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): Baller-Gerold syndrome (MONDO:0009039)

Orphanet (1): Baller-Gerold syndrome (Orphanet:1225)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

6 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST002598_30	Educational attainment	9.000000e-06
GCST003795_8	Age at first birth	6.000000e-07
GCST005164_4	GLP-1 levels in response to oral glucose tolerance test (fasting)	9.000000e-06
GCST006045_10	Age at first birth	6.000000e-09
GCST007440_1	Alanine aminotransferase levels	2.000000e-09
GCST011352_31	Alanine aminotransferase levels	3.000000e-38

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004784	self reported educational attainment
EFO:0009101	age at first birth measurement
EFO:0004307	glucose tolerance test
EFO:0008465	glucagon-like peptide-1 measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C536788	Craniosynostosis radial aplasia syndrome (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL5929 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

127 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Ethanol	decreases reaction, increases activity, increases reaction, increases secretion, affects cotreatment (+3 more)	6
Acetaminophen	affects cotreatment, decreases activity, increases activity, increases expression, increases reaction (+1 more)	4
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases expression	4
Amiodarone	increases activity, increases expression	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression	3
Carbon Tetrachloride	increases reaction, increases expression, increases secretion, decreases reaction	3
Valproic Acid	increases activity, increases expression, increases methylation	3
triptolide	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases reaction, increases activity, affects reaction	2
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases activity, decreases expression	2
Glyphosate	increases abundance, increases activity, increases secretion, affects cotreatment	2
Arsenic	affects methylation, affects secretion, increases abundance	2
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	increases activity, increases expression	2
Drugs, Chinese Herbal	increases activity	2
Folic Acid	decreases expression	2
Glucose	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases reaction, increases secretion	2
Gold	decreases expression, affects binding	2
Rifampin	decreases reaction, increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases activity	2
Palmitic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases reaction, increases activity	2
ribociclib	increases secretion	1
osimertinib	increases secretion	1
beta-2-himachalen-6-ol	decreases activity	1
aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)	increases abundance, increases activity	1
gentian root extract	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
lasiocarpine	decreases expression	1
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
N,N’-monomethylenebis(pyridiniumaldoxime)	increases secretion	1
pirinixic acid	increases activity, affects binding, decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

3 unique, capped per target: 3 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1020960	Binding	Effect on glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity at 0.1 mg/ml	Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara scolymus against CCl4 toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. — J Nat Prod

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.