GRP

Summary

GRP (gastrin releasing peptide, HGNC:4605) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 18q21.32, encoding Gastrin-releasing peptide (P07492). Stimulates the release of gastrin and other gastrointestinal hormones.

This gene encodes a member of the bombesin-like family of gastrin-releasing peptides. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate two peptides, gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin-C. These peptides regulate numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation. These peptides are also likely to play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed.

Source: NCBI Gene 2922 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 20 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002091

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4605
Approved symbol	GRP
Name	gastrin releasing peptide
Location	18q21.32
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000134443
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	137260
Entrez	2922

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 5 protein_coding

ENST00000256857, ENST00000420468, ENST00000456142, ENST00000529320, ENST00000530323

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_002091 NM_001012512, NM_001012513, NM_002091

CCDS: CCDS11971, CCDS45877, CCDS45878

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000256857 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000914709	59220158	59220404
ENSE00000914710	59225492	59225734
ENSE00001790601	59230404	59230771

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 158 present calls, max score 89.42.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 6.9740 / max 2139.2959, expressed in 209 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
170470	6.9398	205
170469	0.0255	12
170471	0.0086	4

Top tissues by expression

277 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	89.42	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	87.92	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	85.06	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	84.65	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	84.31	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	84.14	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	80.68	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	79.54	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	78.80	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	78.11	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	77.32	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	76.13	gold quality
epithelium of mammary gland	UBERON:0003244	75.66	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	75.22	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	74.48	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	73.56	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	72.34	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	72.16	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	72.05	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	72.03	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	71.81	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	70.88	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	70.59	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	69.44	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	69.31	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	68.88	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	68.18	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	67.80	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	67.74	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	67.73	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 4 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-15	yes	43479.21
E-MTAB-8221	yes	19747.60
E-CURD-114	yes	9142.51
E-ANND-3	no	1.62

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

22 targeting GRP, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-507	99.97	70.11	1915
HSA-MIR-557	99.96	70.01	1640
HSA-MIR-6809-3P	99.91	71.45	3814
HSA-MIR-4753-3P	99.90	71.03	3786
HSA-MIR-548E-5P	99.89	72.73	4486
HSA-MIR-4422	99.72	72.07	2908
HSA-MIR-7-5P	99.67	70.53	1809
HSA-MIR-208A-5P	99.42	70.83	1913
HSA-MIR-208B-5P	99.42	70.83	1952
HSA-MIR-130A-5P	99.33	70.26	2623
HSA-MIR-4520-2-3P	99.14	69.28	1009
HSA-MIR-6830-5P	99.01	68.73	1884
HSA-MIR-1257	98.97	68.02	1133
HSA-MIR-3611	98.76	68.76	1290
HSA-MIR-7850-5P	98.12	67.28	1111
HSA-MIR-4327	97.21	67.71	676
HSA-MIR-4790-3P	96.63	67.08	806
HSA-MIR-4529-3P	96.40	66.46	582

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• GRP/GRP-R play a transient and non-critical role in intestinal development (PMID:11960700)
• mRNA transcripts are expressed in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer (PMID:12474049)
• ProGRP is a valuable tumour marker for the detection and monitoring of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and a good tool for discriminating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) versus SCLC (PMID:12820318)
• results show that Pro-GRP may be a potential tumor marker for small cell lung carcinoma (PMID:12820319)
• Mitogenic effects of GRP in head and neck squamous cells are mediated by activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. (PMID:13679857)
• GRP is over-expressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and its over-expression may play a role in such carcinoma development and growth (PMID:14764456)
• Measuring serum levels in lung cancer patients may be useful in drug therapy monitoring. (PMID:15638385)
• GRP is a new angiogenic peptide and that its inhibition offers an attractive tool to reduce tumor burden. (PMID:15750618)
• An increase in GRP binding capacity, as a result of GRP-R overexpression, down-regulates PTEN expression. Inhibition of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN may be an important regulatory mechanism involved in GRP-induced cell proliferation in neuroblastomas. (PMID:15849504)
• BN/GRP and substance P are involved together with cytokines in the neuroimmunomodulation that occurs in the arthritic joint. (PMID:15899028)
• results show that TACE undergoes phosphorylation that regulates release of amphiregulin upon GRP treatment; a signaling cascade of GRP-Src-PI3-K-PDK1-TACE-amphiregulin-EGFR with multiple points of interaction, translocation & phosphorylation is suggested (PMID:16641105)
• First evidence is provided that the calcium-ion/calcineurin/NFAT-linked pathway is involved in bombesin-mediated induction of Cox-2, a gene that promotes colon carcinoma invasiveness. (PMID:16909108)
• GRP upregulation of ICAM-1 via FAK promotes tumor cell motility and attachment to the extracellular matrix. (PMID:16920698)
• BN/GRP is produced by non-neuronal cells in the synovial tissue in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis (PMID:18289674)
• GRP-induced up-regulation of Hsp72 promotes CD16+/94+ natural killer cell binding to colon cancer cells causing tumor cell cytolysis. (PMID:18350254)
• genes encoding corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, tachykinin receptor 1, gastrin releasing peptide, and gastrin releasing peptide receptor were selected as candidates for PD based on their biology (PMID:18452185)
• Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B, which are found in axons in the mediobasal hypothalamus and may also be released from the gut to signal the brain, show strong direct excitatory actions on neuropeptide Y neurons. (PMID:19357287)
• Tumor marker determination, incluidng ProGRP, in patients with suspicious signs of lung cancer suggests, in a few hours, the histological diagnosis in the majority of lung cancer patients. (PMID:19506400)
• Data indicate that various serum proGRP fragments are promising tools for future investigations on the relationship between fragment distribution and diagnosis and prognosis. (PMID:19907206)
• GRP promotes the growth of HepG2 cells through interaction with GRPR co-expressed in tumor cells, and subsequently activates MAPK/ERK1/2 via EGFR-independent mechanisms. (PMID:20596631)
• Gastrin-releasing peptide is elevated in prostate neoplasm patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy and may be involved in the initiation of hormonal escape prostate neoplasms. (PMID:20945407)
• Results describe the mRNA expression of CRABP1, RERG, and GRP in pituitary adenomas. (PMID:21270509)
• Abrogating GRP/GRPR signaling specifically down-regulates HP1(Hsbeta) expression and inhibiting GRPR signaling, or ablating HP1(Hsbeta) expression, increases colon cancer cell invasiveness in vitro. (PMID:21281799)
• proGRP is a complementary tumour marker for prognosis and treatment monitoring in patients with neuroendocrine tumour (PMID:21415235)
• serum-positive non-small-cell lung cancers may have neuroendocrine differentiation (PMID:21529988)
• nonamidated peptides derived from the C terminus of pro-GRP are expressed in significant quantities in colorectal cancer cell lines (PMID:22202166)
• Progastrin-releasing peptide cab be used as a marker for quality control in clinical sample processing and storage. (PMID:22261454)
• Percent changes in serum ProGRP showed better correlation to the sum of the tumor diameters (SOD) and prognostic impact than that of NSE. (PMID:22300752)
• Data indicate that progastrin-releasing peptide (proGRP) assays with both time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TR-IFMA) and Advanced Life Science Institute (ALSI) ELISA showed good clinical validity. (PMID:22399443)
• Tonic stretch of human myometrium increases contractility and stimulates the expression of a known smooth muscle stimulatory agonist, GRP. GRP receptor antagonists attenuate the effect of stretch. (PMID:22411014)
• GRP serum level is higher in patients with pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis. (PMID:23353988)
• The Gastrin-releasing peptide(GRP)triggers the growth of HepG2 cells through blocking the ER stress-mediated pathway. (PMID:23379566)
• inhibits the process of autophagy in vascular endothelial cells, thereby increasing endothelial cell proliferation and tubule formation (PMID:23608754)
• GRP-expressing C and A delta fibers that coexpress SP or CGRP makes these neurons pruriceptors. (PMID:23615431)
• The levels of GRP were upregulated in cells treated with HGF in a dose-dependent manner. HGF-induced expression of Ets-1 and IL-8 was increased more by GRP treatment. (PMID:23924923)
• GRP silencing decreases anchorage-independent growth, inhibits cell migration and neuroblastoma cell-mediated angiogenesis. (PMID:24039782)
• the role of autophagy in the degradation of gastrin-releasing peptide and subsequent inhibition of angiogenesis (PMID:24108003)
• High serum proGRP levels are associated with small-cell lung cancer. (PMID:24375395)
• Our results suggest that progastrin inhibits the acquisition of a M2-phenotype in human macrophages. (PMID:24901518)
• No association of 16 GRP and 7 GRPR variants were found with agoraphobia with/without panic disorder. (PMID:24912045)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Grp	ENSMUSG00000024517
rattus_norvegicus	Grp	ENSRNOG00000016999

Paralogs (1): NMB (ENSG00000197696)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Gastrin-releasing peptide — P07492 (reviewed: P07492)

All UniProt accessions (4): A0A140VJM7, P07492, H0Y5C5, H0YCH3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Stimulates the release of gastrin and other gastrointestinal hormones. Contributes to the perception of prurient stimuli and to the transmission of itch signals in the spinal cord that promote scratching behavior. Contributes primarily to nonhistaminergic itch sensation. In one study, shown to act in the amygdala as part of an inhibitory network which inhibits memory specifically related to learned fear. In another study, shown to act on vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing cells in the auditory cortex, most likely via extrasynaptic diffusion from local and long-range sources, to mediate disinhibition of glutamatergic cells via VIP cell-specific GRPR signaling which leads to enhanced auditory fear memories. Contributes to the regulation of food intake. Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels but enhances voltage-gated potassium channels in hippocampal neurons. Induces sighing by acting directly on the pre-Botzinger complex, a cluster of several thousand neurons in the ventrolateral medulla responsible for inspiration during respiratory activity. Induces an itch response through activation of receptors present on mast cells, triggering mast cell degranulation.

Subcellular location. Secreted. Cytoplasmic vesicle. Secretory vesicle lumen. Cell projection. Neuron projection.

Similarity. Belongs to the bombesin/neuromedin-B/ranatensin family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P07492-1	1	yes
P07492-2	2
P07492-3	3

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001012530, NP_001012531, NP_002082* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000874	Bombesin	Family

Pfam: PF02044

UniProt features (10 total): peptide 2, splice variant 2, signal peptide 1, propeptide 1, region of interest 1, modified residue 1, sequence variant 1, helix 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

9 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
7W3Z	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
8H0Q	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.3
2N0B	SOLUTION NMR
2N0C	SOLUTION NMR
2N0D	SOLUTION NMR
2N0E	SOLUTION NMR
2N0F	SOLUTION NMR
2N0G	SOLUTION NMR
2N0H	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P07492-F1	64.82	0.08

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 2 — 7W3Z, 8H0Q

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 50

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-375276	Peptide ligand-binding receptors
R-HSA-381771	Synthesis, secretion, and inactivation of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
R-HSA-416476	G alpha (q) signalling events

MSigDB gene sets: 176 (showing top): ATF_B, GOBP_RESPIRATORY_GASEOUS_EXCHANGE_BY_RESPIRATORY_SYSTEM, GOBP_BEHAVIOR, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_HORMONE_LEVELS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_NERVOUS_SYSTEM_PROCESS, GOBP_HORMONE_TRANSPORT, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_BEHAVIOR, GOBP_VESICLE_MEDIATED_TRANSPORT, GOBP_LEUKOCYTE_MEDIATED_IMMUNITY, GOBP_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISMAL_RESPONSE_TO_STRESS, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, GOBP_CELL_ACTIVATION_INVOLVED_IN_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, MAHAJAN_RESPONSE_TO_IL1A_DN, REACTOME_PEPTIDE_LIGAND_BINDING_RECEPTORS

GO Biological Process (11): signal transduction (GO:0007165), neuropeptide signaling pathway (GO:0007218), social behavior (GO:0035176), psychomotor behavior (GO:0036343), response to external biotic stimulus (GO:0043207), mast cell degranulation (GO:0043303), negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse (GO:0051970), positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion (GO:0090277), positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:1900738), positive regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange (GO:1903942), positive regulation of behavioral fear response (GO:2000987)

GO Molecular Function (3): signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), neuropeptide hormone activity (GO:0005184), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), secretory granule lumen (GO:0034774), neuron projection (GO:0043005), cytoplasmic vesicle (GO:0031410), cell projection (GO:0042995)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)	1
Incretin synthesis, secretion, and inactivation	1
GPCR downstream signalling	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
behavior	1
biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms	1
motor behavior	1
response to external stimulus	1
response to biotic stimulus	1
mast cell activation involved in immune response	1
mast cell mediated immunity	1
lysosome localization	1
leukocyte degranulation	1
establishment of organelle localization	1
negative regulation of cell communication	1
transmission of nerve impulse	1
negative regulation of nervous system process	1
regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	1
positive regulation of peptide secretion	1
peptide hormone secretion	1
positive regulation of hormone secretion	1
regulation of peptide hormone secretion	1
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system	1
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange	1
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process	1
behavioral fear response	1
positive regulation of defense response	1
positive regulation of behavior	1
positive regulation of fear response	1
regulation of behavioral fear response	1
protein binding	1
hormone activity	1
neuropeptide activity	1
binding	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

4 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GRP	ALX1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GRP	ALX1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (2): GRP (Protein-peptide), ALX1 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: O02686, O43555, O97655, O97686, P01142, P01143, P01297, P01351, P01352, P01353, P01354, P06296, P06850, P07492, P08949, P08989, P09683, P11384, P13083, P24393, P47851, P55089, P61312, P63152, P63153, P63298, P68248, P81264, P81277, P81278, P83859, P83860, P83862, Q08535, Q15726, Q2T9U8, Q6Y4S4, Q7TNK8, Q7TSB7, Q7Z4H4

Diamond homologs: P01295, P07492, P08949, P08989, P24393, P29007, P31886, P47851, P63152, P63153, Q863C3, Q8R1I2, P09472, Q9PS30, Q2T9U8

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
GRP	up-regulates	GRPR	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

20 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	15
Likely benign	2
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

0 predictions. Top by Δscore:

AlphaMissense

941 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
18:59220397:G:C	W44C	0.996
18:59220397:G:T	W44C	0.996
18:59225502:G:A	M50I	0.989
18:59225502:G:C	M50I	0.989
18:59225502:G:T	M50I	0.989
18:59225498:T:C	L49S	0.988
18:59220395:T:A	W44R	0.984
18:59220395:T:C	W44R	0.984
18:59220404:G:A	G47R	0.982
18:59220404:G:C	G47R	0.982
18:59225496:C:A	H48Q	0.982
18:59225496:C:G	H48Q	0.982
18:59225507:A:T	K52I	0.982
18:59220404:G:T	G47W	0.980
18:59225492:G:A	G47E	0.980
18:59225508:A:C	K52N	0.978
18:59225508:A:T	K52N	0.978
18:59225503:G:A	G51R	0.977
18:59225503:G:C	G51R	0.977
18:59220394:C:A	H43Q	0.976
18:59220394:C:G	H43Q	0.976
18:59225492:G:T	G47V	0.976
18:59225501:T:C	M50T	0.976
18:59220386:G:C	G41R	0.971
18:59225494:C:G	H48D	0.971
18:59225503:G:T	G51W	0.970
18:59220386:G:T	G41C	0.969
18:59220391:C:A	N42K	0.969
18:59220391:C:G	N42K	0.969
18:59220392:C:G	H43D	0.969

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000061458 (18:59218959 G>A), RS1000209299 (18:59231067 T>A,C), RS1000413706 (18:59225232 A>G,T), RS1000657195 (18:59222590 A>G,T), RS1001015781 (18:59226859 C>A,G,T), RS1001063414 (18:59220300 C>G,T), RS1001533643 (18:59226524 C>T), RS1001610644 (18:59218026 T>C), RS1001873445 (18:59221290 G>C), RS1002194279 (18:59223483 G>T), RS1002218910 (18:59227842 G>C,T), RS1003465950 (18:59222183 C>T), RS1003483538 (18:59229212 G>A), RS1003710762 (18:59224994 TA>T,TAA), RS1003759393 (18:59222500 G>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:137260 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

16 measured of 17 human assays (17 total across all organisms); most potent 16 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
CAS_5490336	KI	0.36 nM
NSC_0	KI	0.82 nM
NSC_0	KI	2.3 nM
NSC_0	KI	2.8 nM
NSC_0	KI	8.2 nM
NSC_0	KI	12.3 nM
NSC_0	KI	15.8 nM
NSC_0	KI	24 nM
NSC_0	KI	85 nM
NSC_0	KI	107 nM
CAS_0	KI	110 nM
NSC_0	KI	490 nM
NSC_0	KI	708 nM
NSC_0	KI	776 nM
NSC_0	KI	2400 nM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

39 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression, increases expression	6
entinostat	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression, increases methylation, affects methylation	2
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
trichostatin A	increases expression	1
arsenite	increases methylation	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
Ro 31-8220	increases chemical synthesis, increases reaction	1
bisindolylmaleimide I	increases chemical synthesis, increases reaction	1
Go 6976	increases reaction, increases chemical synthesis	1
rottlerin	increases chemical synthesis, increases reaction	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
marimastat	decreases reaction, increases cleavage, increases secretion	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
2-(1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-5-methoxyindol-3-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)maleimide	increases chemical synthesis, increases reaction	1
A 419259	increases secretion, increases activity, increases phosphorylation, decreases reaction, increases cleavage	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
bisphenol S	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Vorinostat	increases expression	1
Cadmium	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	decreases expression	1
Ethyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Inositol Phosphates	increases chemical synthesis, increases reaction, decreases reaction	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.