HAO2

Summary

HAO2 (hydroxyacid oxidase 2, HGNC:4810) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p12, encoding 2-Hydroxyacid oxidase 2 (Q9NYQ3). Oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of medium and long chain hydroxyacids such as 2-hydroxyhexadecanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanoate, to the correspondong 2-oxoacids.

This gene is one of three related genes that have 2-hydroxyacid oxidase activity. The encoded protein localizes to the peroxisome has the highest activity toward the substrate 2-hydroxypalmitate. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 51179 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 8
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 60 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_016527

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4810
Approved symbol	HAO2
Name	hydroxyacid oxidase 2
Location	1p12
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	HAOX2, GIG16
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000116882
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605176
Entrez	51179

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 36 — 35 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000325945, ENST00000361035, ENST00000457318, ENST00000482991, ENST00000622548, ENST00000864531, ENST00000864532, ENST00000864533, ENST00000864534, ENST00000864535, ENST00000864536, ENST00000864537, ENST00000864538, ENST00000864539, ENST00000864540, ENST00000864541, ENST00000864542, ENST00000864543, ENST00000864544, ENST00000864545, ENST00000864546, ENST00000864547, ENST00000864548, ENST00000864549, ENST00000864550, ENST00000864551, ENST00000864552, ENST00000864553, ENST00000864554, ENST00000864555, ENST00000864556, ENST00000864557, ENST00000864558, ENST00000864559, ENST00000864560, ENST00000864561

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_016527 NM_001005783, NM_001377472, NM_016527

CCDS: CCDS76196, CCDS901

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000325945 — 8 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000785225	119382915	119383066
ENSE00000785226	119384776	119385053
ENSE00000785228	119392110	119392268
ENSE00000785229	119392618	119392687
ENSE00000800638	119386622	119386831
ENSE00001814760	119368785	119368902
ENSE00001839391	119393785	119394130
ENSE00003513214	119381078	119381216

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 132 present calls, max score 98.37.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.1438 / max 48.4179, expressed in 11 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
4917	0.0828	7
4916	0.0584	8
201635	0.0025	2

Top tissues by expression

263 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	98.37	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	95.68	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	94.72	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	94.69	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	93.55	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	93.55	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	93.40	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	92.92	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	91.55	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	90.15	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	87.06	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	84.64	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	79.73	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	73.80	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	70.05	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	69.53	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	69.26	silver quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	69.11	silver quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	68.00	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	67.19	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	66.68	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	66.48	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	65.71	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	65.19	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	63.66	silver quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	63.44	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	63.42	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	63.27	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	63.03	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	62.89	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-10	yes	32.77
E-ANND-3	yes	4.53

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

24 targeting HAO2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-4648	99.91	67.00	710
HSA-MIR-5680	99.91	69.83	3421
HSA-MIR-374A-5P	99.90	71.34	2923
HSA-MIR-4697-3P	99.89	67.09	1123
HSA-MIR-377-3P	99.37	70.18	1905
HSA-MIR-6737-3P	98.95	68.56	1577
HSA-MIR-7157-3P	98.95	68.70	1582
HSA-MIR-5008-3P	98.73	67.50	1433
HSA-MIR-5572	98.55	65.84	970
HSA-MIR-1233-5P	98.19	66.71	1201
HSA-MIR-6778-5P	98.19	66.59	1239
HSA-MIR-615-5P	98.10	63.76	591
HSA-MIR-6847-5P	97.93	66.74	1808
HSA-MIR-450A-2-3P	97.91	67.56	1459
HSA-MIR-4257	97.86	68.05	1190
HSA-MIR-299-3P	97.73	66.67	773
HSA-MIR-4253	97.48	65.11	692
HSA-MIR-6862-5P	97.48	64.84	713
HSA-MIR-6515-5P	97.08	65.48	1219
HSA-MIR-4654	95.86	65.72	751
HSA-MIR-4769-5P	95.37	66.09	570
HSA-MIR-4442	92.35	67.08	98

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 4)

• Dysregulation of HAO2 is a very early event in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (PMID:26658681)
• Overexpression of HAO2 by plasmid promoted lipid catabolic process, eliminated lipid accumulation, inhibited KRAS expression, controlled the proliferation, migration, and invasion activity of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumor cells (PMID:31127626)
• miR-1293 Suppresses Tumor Malignancy by Targeting Hydrocyanic Oxidase 2: Therapeutic Potential of a miR-1293/Hydrocyanic Oxidase 2 Axis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. (PMID:31971830)
• Hydroxyacid Oxidase 2 (HAO2) Inhibits the Tumorigenicity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Is Negatively Regulated by miR-615-5p. (PMID:35528616)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	hao2	ENSDARG00000027992
mus_musculus	Hao2	ENSMUSG00000027870
rattus_norvegicus	Hao2	ENSRNOG00000019470
drosophila_melanogaster	Hao	FBGN0061356
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018286

Paralogs (2): HAO1 (ENSG00000101323), CARNS1 (ENSG00000172508)

Protein

Protein identifiers

2-Hydroxyacid oxidase 2 — Q9NYQ3 (reviewed: Q9NYQ3)

Alternative names: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase, peroxisomal, Cell growth-inhibiting gene 16 protein, Long chain alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, Long-chain L-2-hydroxy acid oxidase

All UniProt accessions (2): Q9NYQ3, Q5QP02

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of medium and long chain hydroxyacids such as 2-hydroxyhexadecanoate and 2-hydroxyoctanoate, to the correspondong 2-oxoacids. Its role in the oxidation of 2-hydroxy fatty acids may contribute to the general pathway of fatty acid alpha-oxidation. Active in vitro with the artificial electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), but O2 is believed to be the physiological electron acceptor, leading to the production of H2O2. Is not active on glycolate, glyoxylate, L-lactate and 2-hydroxybutanoate.

Subunit / interactions. Homotetramer.

Subcellular location. Peroxisome.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in the liver and kidney.

Pathway. Lipid metabolism; fatty acid metabolism.

Similarity. Belongs to the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9NYQ3-1	1	yes
Q9NYQ3-2	2

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001005783, NP_001364401, NP_057611* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000262	FMN-dep_DH	Domain
IPR008259	FMN_hydac_DH_AS	Active_site
IPR012133	Alpha-hydoxy_acid_DH_FMN	Family
IPR013785	Aldolase_TIM	Homologous_superfamily
IPR037396	FMN_HAD	Domain

Pfam: PF01070

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 1.1.3.15 — (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase (BRENDA: 44 organisms, 164 substrates, 154 inhibitors, 169 Km, 41 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

52 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 15. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
GLYCOLATE	0.0056–2.1	24
(S)-LACTATE	0.0052–103	15
L-LACTATE	0.34–16.5	14
L-2-HYDROXYISOCAPROATE	0.3–2.5	11
O2	0.022–0.64	10
DL-2-HYDROXYBUTYRATE	0.6–14	8
GLYOXYLATE	1.41–6.51	7
L-MANDELATE	0.16–20	7
DL-2-HYDROXYCAPROATE	0.15–3.2	4
DL-2-HYDROXYVALERATE	0.25–13	4
GLYCERATE	2.76–7.14	4
L-LEUCINE	5.3–15	4
DL-3-CHLOROLACTATE	0.7–28	3
DL-2-HYDROXY-4-METHYLTHIOBUTANOIC ACID	0.7–1.1	2
DL-2-HYDROXYISOVALERATE	0.6–8	2

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 3 shown:

• a (2S)-2-hydroxycarboxylate + O2 = a 2-oxocarboxylate + H2O2 (RHEA:16789)
• 2-hydroxyoctanoate + O2 = 2-oxooctanoate + H2O2 (RHEA:67940)
• 2-hydroxyhexadecanoate + O2 = 2-oxohexadecanoate + H2O2 (RHEA:67944)

UniProt features (20 total): binding site 10, sequence variant 2, sequence conflict 2, chain 1, domain 1, modified residue 1, splice variant 1, short sequence motif 1, active site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9NYQ3-F1	92.99	0.88

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 246 (proton acceptor)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (10): 222; 249; 277–281; 300–301; 77–79; 106; 128; 130; 156; 165

Post-translational modifications (1): 178

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-390918	Peroxisomal lipid metabolism
R-HSA-9033241	Peroxisomal protein import

MSigDB gene sets: 91 (showing top): GOBP_LIPID_MODIFICATION, GOBP_MONOCARBOXYLIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, TGTGTGA_MIR377, ICHIBA_GRAFT_VERSUS_HOST_DISEASE_35D_DN, CAIRO_HEPATOBLASTOMA_DN, GOBP_LIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ORGANIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, chr1p12, GOMF_OXIDOREDUCTASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_CH_OH_GROUP_OF_DONORS, GOBP_LIPID_OXIDATION, TGGAAA_NFAT_Q4_01, GOCC_MICROBODY, GOCC_MICROBODY_LUMEN, GOBP_FATTY_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (4): fatty acid oxidation (GO:0019395), obsolete glutamate biosynthetic process (GO:0006537), lipid metabolic process (GO:0006629), fatty acid metabolic process (GO:0006631)

GO Molecular Function (6): (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity (GO:0003973), FMN binding (GO:0010181), protein binding (GO:0005515), glutamate synthase activity (GO:0015930), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491), oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (GO:0016638)

GO Cellular Component (3): peroxisomal matrix (GO:0005782), cytosol (GO:0005829), peroxisome (GO:0005777)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Fatty acid metabolism	1
Protein localization	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
fatty acid metabolic process	1
lipid oxidation	1
primary metabolic process	1
lipid metabolic process	1
monocarboxylic acid metabolic process	1
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor	1
ribonucleotide binding	1
anion binding	1
binding	1
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors	1
catalytic activity	1
oxidoreductase activity	1
peroxisome	1
microbody lumen	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
microbody	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2782 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
HAO2	ACO1	P21399	696
HAO2	IREB2	P48200	694
HAO2	ACAA1	P09110	630
HAO2	AGXT	P21549	556
HAO2	HACL1	Q9UJ83	501
HAO2	PIPOX	Q9P0Z9	454
HAO2	HMGCS2	P54868	444
HAO2	AMT	P48728	432
HAO2	NUDT12	Q9BQG2	419
HAO2	HMGCLL1	Q8TB92	418
HAO2	ACSM5	Q6NUN0	416
HAO2	AGPS	O00116	413
HAO2	ACSL6	Q9UKU0	410
HAO2	FBP1	P09467	396
HAO2	AADAT	Q8N5Z0	395

IntAct

8 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
	PI4KA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.700
HAO2	SEC14L4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HAO2	EIF4G3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
HAO2	TRIM7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
HAO2	SEC14L4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (49): PPFIBP1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMG6 (Affinity Capture-MS), PPM1A (Affinity Capture-MS), RBPMS (Affinity Capture-MS), RBPMS2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PM20D2 (Affinity Capture-MS), BCOR (Affinity Capture-MS), ASPSCR1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TNIP1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CTAGE5 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBB (Affinity Capture-MS), CYHR1 (Affinity Capture-MS), MIA3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF703 (Affinity Capture-MS), WNK1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A3L6E0R4, A3N3E5, A4W540, A4XYG7, A5UBE3, A5UFG9, A6VCM8, A7IMB0, B0BNF9, B0BTC7, B1HZY7, B2SUY3, B3GZA5, B8AKX6, B8AUI3, B8B7C5, B8B8K5, B9K115, C3K053, C3LWP7, O49506, P05414, P46454, Q01KC2, Q07523, Q10CE4, Q1R0J2, Q24JJ8, Q2P9K0, Q3BZH2, Q3ZBW2, Q4QJK8, Q5H6Z4, Q6G0J2, Q6G4R2, Q6WB83, Q6YT73, Q7FAS1, Q7VPI9, Q7XPR4

Diamond homologs: A0A0D2YG00, A0A3L6E0R4, A0A5N1I561, A1AHE2, A4TKI4, A4XYG7, A6VCM8, A7FJF0, A7ZTF9, A8A670, A8ARJ1, A8GIL1, A9R623, B0BNF9, B0RLM2, B0T7X2, B1HZY7, B1IZI5, B1JPU0, B1LK44, B1X8M0, B2JZQ1, B2SUY3, B2U5C2, B5YWA7, B6I3I4, B7L725, B7M492, B7MFG9, B7N251, B7NER0, B7NPB4, B7RR92, B7ULG1, B7V1I3, B8AKX6, B8AUI3, B8B7C5, B8B8K5, B8MKR3

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

60 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	51
Likely benign	6
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1501 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:119385332:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:119386832:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:119392216:GAGC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:119392219:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:119382981:G:T	donor_gain	0.9900
1:119383886:C:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:119384770:TTACA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
1:119384771:TACA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
1:119384772:ACAG:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
1:119384773:CA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
1:119384774:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:119384774:AGC:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
1:119384774:AGCT:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:119384775:G:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
1:119384775:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:119384775:GCT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:119384775:GCTG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:119385205:A:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:119385295:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
1:119385331:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
1:119385364:A:T	donor_gain	0.9900
1:119392215:GGAGC:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:119392219:C:CG	donor_gain	0.9900
1:119380737:A:AG	donor_gain	0.9800
1:119381072:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9800
1:119381212:AAAAG:A	donor_loss	0.9800
1:119381213:AAAG:A	donor_loss	0.9800
1:119381214:AAG:A	donor_loss	0.9800
1:119381215:AG:A	donor_loss	0.9800
1:119381216:G:GA	donor_loss	0.9800

AlphaMissense

2288 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:119386725:A:T	K222I	0.998
1:119386788:T:A	V243D	0.993
1:119384808:A:C	S106R	0.992
1:119384810:C:A	S106R	0.992
1:119384810:C:G	S106R	0.992
1:119384868:T:A	W126R	0.992
1:119384868:T:C	W126R	0.992
1:119386727:G:T	G223W	0.989
1:119386758:C:A	A233D	0.989
1:119384809:G:T	S106I	0.988
1:119386726:A:C	K222N	0.988
1:119386726:A:T	K222N	0.988
1:119386791:C:T	S244F	0.988
1:119386727:G:A	G223R	0.987
1:119386727:G:C	G223R	0.987
1:119386748:G:C	A230P	0.986
1:119386790:T:C	S244P	0.986
1:119386795:C:A	N245K	0.984
1:119386795:C:G	N245K	0.984
1:119386791:C:A	S244Y	0.982
1:119386757:G:C	A233P	0.981
1:119381199:C:A	N38K	0.980
1:119381199:C:G	N38K	0.980
1:119384964:G:C	D158H	0.980
1:119386725:A:C	K222T	0.980
1:119384965:A:T	D158V	0.979
1:119386675:G:C	W205C	0.978
1:119386675:G:T	W205C	0.978
1:119386728:G:A	G223E	0.977
1:119384966:T:A	D158E	0.976

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000039917 (1:119376954 C>T), RS1000098938 (1:119374373 G>T), RS1000172988 (1:119373029 A>G), RS1000244644 (1:119382715 T>C), RS1000249025 (1:119390649 A>G), RS1000273054 (1:119370724 A>G), RS1000346118 (1:119394363 A>G), RS1000448735 (1:119388241 A>G), RS1000449501 (1:119374122 C>T), RS1000639869 (1:119381285 T>C), RS1000785565 (1:119386452 C>A,T), RS1000846972 (1:119386589 C>T), RS1000937073 (1:119392853 G>A), RS1000940852 (1:119380315 T>C), RS1000990894 (1:119381462 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605176 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

8 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003996_15	Monobrow	4.000000e-11
GCST007239_2	Ovarian cancer	8.000000e-07
GCST008971_132	Urate levels	2.000000e-08
GCST008972_260	Urate levels	2.000000e-08
GCST012020_234	Serum metabolite levels	5.000000e-27
GCST012020_235	Serum metabolite levels	6.000000e-17
GCST012353_11	Serum metabolite concentrations in chronic kidney disease	4.000000e-19
GCST012353_12	Serum metabolite concentrations in chronic kidney disease	1.000000e-14

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007906	synophrys measurement
EFO:0004531	urate measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL2169732 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

1 potent at pChembl≥5 of 1 total, top 1 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.02	IC50	950	nM	CHEMBL2172058

PubChem BioAssay actives

1 with measured affinity, of 107 total; 1 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
4-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid	702442: Inhibition of human Hao2-mediated oxidation of 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid assessed as proportionate release of H2O2	ic50	0.9500	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

27 total (human), top 27 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression	4
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	3
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases expression, decreases methylation	3
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	2
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	2
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Chenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Deoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Endosulfan	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Estradiol	decreases expression	1
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycocholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycodeoxycholic Acid	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Methapyrilene	decreases expression	1
Nickel	decreases expression	1
Triclosan	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases expression	1
Isotretinoin	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression	1
Palmitic Acid	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

3 unique, capped per target: 3 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL2175908	Binding	Inhibition of human Hao2-mediated oxidation of 2-hydroxyoctanoic acid assessed as proportionate release of H2O2 at 10 uM	Discovery of pyrazole carboxylic acids as potent inhibitors of rat long chain L-2-hydroxy acid oxidase. — Bioorg Med Chem Lett

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.