HDAC6

Summary

HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6, HGNC:14064) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome Xp11.23, encoding Protein deacetylase HDAC6 (Q9UBN7). Deacetylates a wide range of non-histone substrates.

Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to class II of the histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. It contains an internal duplication of two catalytic domains which appear to function independently of each other. This protein possesses histone deacetylase activity and represses transcription.

Source: NCBI Gene 10013 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia, Chassaing-Lacombe type (Moderate, GenCC)
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 283 total — 2 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 33
• Druggable target: yes — 94 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• MANE Select transcript: NM_006044

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:14064
Approved symbol	HDAC6
Name	histone deacetylase 6
Location	Xp11.23
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	KIAA0901, JM21, HD6, FLJ16239, PPP1R90, KDAC6
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000094631
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	300272
Entrez	10013

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 109 — 54 retained_intron, 51 protein_coding, 4 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000334136, ENST00000376610, ENST00000376619, ENST00000376643, ENST00000423941, ENST00000430858, ENST00000438518, ENST00000440653, ENST00000441703, ENST00000443563, ENST00000461608, ENST00000462730, ENST00000465269, ENST00000468949, ENST00000469223, ENST00000470942, ENST00000476625, ENST00000477528, ENST00000477561, ENST00000480525, ENST00000483506, ENST00000483656, ENST00000485102, ENST00000486227, ENST00000486665, ENST00000488543, ENST00000489053, ENST00000489352, ENST00000493923, ENST00000495515, ENST00000498808, ENST00000642405, ENST00000643374, ENST00000643659, ENST00000643934, ENST00000644068, ENST00000644164, ENST00000645643, ENST00000646703, ENST00000647398, ENST00000697246, ENST00000697247, ENST00000697266, ENST00000697267, ENST00000697268, ENST00000697269, ENST00000697281, ENST00000697319, ENST00000697320, ENST00000697322, ENST00000697328, ENST00000697345, ENST00000697346, ENST00000697347, ENST00000697348, ENST00000697349, ENST00000697368, ENST00000697369, ENST00000697370, ENST00000697372, ENST00000697373, ENST00000697385, ENST00000697386, ENST00000697387, ENST00000697388, ENST00000697389, ENST00000697417, ENST00000697418, ENST00000697552, ENST00000697553, ENST00000697554, ENST00000697852, ENST00000697885, ENST00000697886, ENST00000697887, ENST00000697888, ENST00000697889, ENST00000697890, ENST00000697891, ENST00000697892, ENST00000697893, ENST00000697894, ENST00000697895, ENST00000697896, ENST00000901894, ENST00000901895, ENST00000901896, ENST00000901897, ENST00000901898, ENST00000901899, ENST00000901900, ENST00000901901, ENST00000901902, ENST00000901903, ENST00000901904, ENST00000901905, ENST00000901906, ENST00000901907, ENST00000901908, ENST00000931401, ENST00000931402, ENST00000931403, ENST00000931404, ENST00000951886, ENST00000951887, ENST00000951888, ENST00000951889, ENST00000951890, ENST00000951891

RefSeq mRNA: 8 — MANE Select: NM_006044 NM_001321225, NM_001321226, NM_001321227, NM_001321228, NM_001321229, NM_001321230, NM_001321231, NM_006044

CCDS: CCDS14306, CCDS87740

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000334136 — 29 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001770721	48805631	48805671
ENSE00003462965	48824544	48824976
ENSE00003506534	48803128	48803216
ENSE00003530110	48802871	48802999
ENSE00003605736	48802663	48802785
ENSE00003689148	48805438	48805522
ENSE00003969659	48806609	48806706
ENSE00003969660	48815384	48815490
ENSE00003969661	48814440	48814566
ENSE00003969662	48816465	48816633
ENSE00003969663	48818041	48818109
ENSE00003969664	48806368	48806464
ENSE00003969665	48814962	48815051
ENSE00003969666	48822912	48823588
ENSE00003969667	48814834	48814893
ENSE00003969668	48817326	48817459
ENSE00003969669	48808258	48808326
ENSE00003969670	48818220	48818412
ENSE00003969671	48815575	48815642
ENSE00003969672	48823922	48824068
ENSE00003969673	48808033	48808137
ENSE00003969674	48823672	48823785
ENSE00003969675	48824166	48824294
ENSE00003969677	48820106	48820255
ENSE00003969678	48815884	48816052
ENSE00003969679	48822620	48822794
ENSE00003969680	48816141	48816269
ENSE00003969681	48814675	48814740
ENSE00003970365	48802067	48802142

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 286 present calls, max score 98.01.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 16.0871 / max 132.9220, expressed in 1815 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (8 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
196291	8.6771	1708
196292	5.9804	1760
196289	0.9235	570
196296	0.2357	90
196293	0.1589	49
196294	0.0550	21
196295	0.0343	19
196290	0.0222	9

Top tissues by expression

294 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	98.01	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	97.97	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	97.84	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	97.79	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	97.66	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	97.46	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	97.39	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	97.39	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	97.32	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	97.31	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	97.00	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	96.98	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	96.87	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	96.80	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	96.76	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	96.69	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	96.58	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	96.54	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	96.53	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	96.30	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	96.29	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	96.29	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	96.22	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	96.16	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	96.15	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	96.14	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	96.01	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	95.91	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	95.79	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	95.76	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	6.04
E-GEOD-83139	yes	3.92

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): PRKAA1, PRKAA2

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

28 targeting HDAC6, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-141-3P	99.94	72.79	2421
HSA-MIR-200A-3P	99.94	72.68	2420
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981
HSA-MIR-4492	99.87	68.25	3611
HSA-MIR-3150A-3P	99.76	64.44	1640
HSA-MIR-6763-5P	99.76	64.68	1767
HSA-MIR-378G	99.71	64.90	1106
HSA-MIR-518A-5P	99.70	69.01	2209
HSA-MIR-527	99.70	69.01	2209
HSA-MIR-4690-5P	99.65	66.24	813
HSA-MIR-762	99.58	66.61	1994
HSA-MIR-4498	99.47	67.42	2360
HSA-MIR-5001-5P	99.05	66.76	1972
HSA-MIR-4763-5P	98.75	63.89	854
HSA-MIR-1227-5P	98.65	65.32	1549
HSA-MIR-2117	98.48	67.97	1307
HSA-MIR-9903	98.47	66.70	748
HSA-MIR-506-5P	98.02	67.41	1065
HSA-MIR-3652	97.71	65.43	1890
HSA-MIR-4430	97.47	65.61	1813
HSA-MIR-3663-5P	97.01	64.84	713
HSA-MIR-6736-3P	96.98	65.22	1342
HSA-MIR-6762-5P	96.55	64.62	972
HSA-MIR-6845-5P	96.55	64.65	969
HSA-MIR-4749-3P	96.40	66.24	798
HSA-MIR-1915-5P	95.25	65.78	571
HSA-MIR-4258	90.68	62.19	164

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• the C terminus of HDAC 6 is both necessary and sufficient for specific association with polyubiquitin (PMID:12354939)
• Localized to chromosome Xp11.22-23, a region which is characterized by instability in several cancers and neurological disorders. (PMID:12792815)
• studies showed that recombinant histone deacetylase 6 bound to protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit and provided new insight into mechanism by which deacetylase inhibitors elicited coordinate changes in cellular protein phosphorylation and acetylation (PMID:14670976)
• Results indicate that the cytoplasmic localization for murine and human histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is differentially regulated and suggest that the tetradecapeptide repeat domain serves as an important element to retain HDAC6 in the cytoplasm. (PMID:15347674)
• HDAC6 mRNA expression may have potential both as a marker of endocrine responsiveness and also as a prognostic indicator in breast cancer (PMID:15501975)
• HDAC6 expression was an independent prognostic indicator in breast cancer.These results indicate the biological significance of HDAC6 regulation via estrogen signaling. (PMID:15806142)
• Results identify Hsp90 as a target of HDAC6 and suggest reversible acetylation as a unique mechanism that regulates Hsp90 chaperone complex activity in maturation of the glucocorticoid receptor. (PMID:15916966)
• findings indicate that HDAC6 is also an HSP90 deacetylase (PMID:15937340)
• These results demonstrate that HDAC6 plays a significant role in regulating HIV-1 infection and Env-mediated syncytia formation. (PMID:16148047)
• HDAC6-dependent retrograde transport on microtubules is used by cells to increase the efficiency and selectivity of autophagic degradation of aggregated huntingtin (PMID:16192271)
• HDAC6 has an important role in the chemotaxis of T-lymphocytes, which is independent of its tubulin deacetylase activity. (PMID:16738306)
• HDAC6 inhibition yielded a decrease in microtubule dynamics that was sufficient to decrease focal adhesion turnover (PMID:17389687)
• in addition to its role in microtubule-dependent cell motility, HDAC6 influences actin-dependent cell motility by altering the acetylation status of cortactin, which, in turn, changes the F-actin binding activity of cortactin (PMID:17643370)
• Parkin-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination targets misfolded DJ-1 to aggresomes via binding to HDAC6. (PMID:17846173)
• Inhibition of HDAC6 acetylated Hsp90 and resulted in dissociation of acetylated Hsp90 from Aurora-A. As a result, Hsp70 binding to Aurora-A was enhanced in cancer cells, leading to proteasomal degradation of Aurora-A. (PMID:17851643)
• findings identify HDAC6 as a central component of the stress response, and suggest that it coordinates the formation of stress granules (SGs) by mediating the motor-protein-driven movement of individual SG components along microtubules (PMID:18079183)
• epidermal growth factor-induced nuclear localization of beta-catenin is regulated by HDAC6-dependent deacetylation and provide a new mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors prevent tumor growth (PMID:18356165)
• Increasing evidence that HDAC6 plays a role in cancer cells and may be a target for drug development. HDAC6 is an estrogen-regulated gene that has prognostic significance in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells[REVIEW] (PMID:18413721)
• HDAC6 is a critical regulator of TGF-beta1 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and a potential therapeutic target against pathological epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a key event for tumor progression and fibrogenesis (PMID:18499657)
• peroxiredoxin (Prx) I and Prx II are specific targets of HDAC6 (PMID:18606987)
• These findings establish HDAC6 as a tau-interacting protein and as a potential modulator of tau phosphorylation and accumulation. (PMID:18636984)
• The mRNA stability factor HuR was shown to support ERBB2 transcript integrity, bind and endogenously associate with a conserved U-rich element within the ERBB2 transcript 3’ UTR, and colocalize with HDAC6. (PMID:18644987)
• The immunohistochemical expression of HDAC6 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (PMID:18671804)
• Lower HDAC6 levels combined with decreased microtubule binding lead to increased tubulin acetylation in ethanol-treated cells. (PMID:18697214)
• modulation of HDAC6 and the microtubule network can increase the efficiency of gene transfer. (PMID:18781140)
• Results provide the first experimental evidence that a specific HDAC member is required for efficient oncogenic transformation (PMID:18794144)
• Uropathogenic Escherichia coli invades host cells via an HDAC6-modulated microtubule-dependent pathway. (PMID:18996840)
• A new binding partner of HDAC6, the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 was identified. (PMID:19033385)
• The results suggest that HDAC6 acts as a sensor of proteasome inhibition and directs the trafficking of parkin by using different motor proteins. (PMID:19036992)
• FTase, via its tubulin-association, is a critical upstream regulator of HDAC6 activity (PMID:19228685)
• p300 can inactivate HDAC6 by acetylation; p300 may regulate the activity of Sp1 indirectly through HDAC6 in addition to its direct modification of Sp1. (PMID:19344692)
• Reduced levels of HDAC6 was associated with breast cancer progression. (PMID:19383825)
• HDAC6, is overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma relative to normal lymphoid tissue (PMID:19438744)
• data demonstrate caspase-3-mediated cleavage of HDAC6 in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected cells; cleavage removes most of C-terminal ubiquitin-binding zinc finger domain which could be significant for HDAC6 role in IAV-induced apoptosis in infected cells (PMID:19596000)
• HDAC6 can function as a cofactor of LCoR but they can act to enhance expression of specific estrogen-regulated genes (PMID:19744931)
• Studies suggest that HDAC6 regulates AR hypersensitivity and nuclear localization, mainly via modulating HSP90 acetylation. (PMID:19855091)
• CYLD interacts with HDAC6 in the cell midbody where it regulates the rate of cytokinesis in a deubiquitinase-independent manner. (PMID:19893491)
• histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) downregulation was discovered on TDP-43 silencing and confirmed at the mRNA and protein level in embryonic kidney HEK293E and neuronal SH-SY5Y cells (PMID:19910924)
• Recombinant HDAC6 and alpha/beta tubulin were used to show that interaction between HDAC6 and tubulin is independent of other proteins. In addition, HDAC6 can independently catalyze deacetylation of both tubulin dimer and microtubule polymer. (PMID:19961433)
• Data show a novel mechanism by which IIp45 inhibits cell motility through inhibition of HDAC6. (PMID:20008322)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	hdac6	ENSDARG00000008384
mus_musculus	Hdac6	ENSMUSG00000031161
rattus_norvegicus	Hdac6	ENSRNOG00000048738
drosophila_melanogaster	HDAC6	FBGN0026428
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018319

Paralogs (10): HDAC9 (ENSG00000048052), HDAC7 (ENSG00000061273), HDAC4 (ENSG00000068024), HDAC10 (ENSG00000100429), HDAC5 (ENSG00000108840), HDAC1 (ENSG00000116478), HDAC8 (ENSG00000147099), HDAC11 (ENSG00000163517), HDAC3 (ENSG00000171720), HDAC2 (ENSG00000196591)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Protein deacetylase HDAC6 — Q9UBN7 (reviewed: Q9UBN7)

Alternative names: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HDAC6, Tubulin-lysine deacetylase HDAC6

All UniProt accessions (17): Q9UBN7, A0A2R8Y559, A0A2R8Y5Z4, A0A2R8Y6Z9, A0A2R8Y758, A0A2R8YCS4, A0A2R8YDE6, A0A8V8TKY7, A0A8V8TL08, A0A8V8TLA9, A0A8V8TM63, A0A8V8TMA5, A6NDI8, C9J172, E7EP63, E7ER52, Q9BRX7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Deacetylates a wide range of non-histone substrates. Plays a central role in microtubule-dependent cell motility by mediating deacetylation of tubulin. Required for cilia disassembly via deacetylation of alpha-tubulin. Alpha-tubulin deacetylation results in destabilization of dynamic microtubules. Promotes deacetylation of CTTN, leading to actin polymerization, promotion of autophagosome-lysosome fusion and completion of autophagy. Deacetylates SQSTM1. Deacetylates peroxiredoxins PRDX1 and PRDX2, decreasing their reducing activity. Deacetylates antiviral protein RIGI in the presence of viral mRNAs which is required for viral RNA detection by RIGI. Sequentially deacetylates and polyubiquitinates DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2 which leads to MSH2 degradation, reducing cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and decreasing cellular DNA mismatch repair activities. Deacetylates DNA mismatch repair protein MLH1 which prevents recruitment of the MutL alpha complex (formed by the MLH1-PMS2 heterodimer) to the MutS alpha complex (formed by the MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer), leading to tolerance of DNA damage. Deacetylates RHOT1/MIRO1 which blocks mitochondrial transport and mediates axon growth inhibition. Deacetylates transcription factor SP1 which leads to increased expression of ENG, positively regulating angiogenesis. Deacetylates KHDRBS1/SAM68 which regulates alternative splicing by inhibiting the inclusion of CD44 alternate exons. Deacetylates PRDM16. Acts as a valine sensor by binding to valine through the primate-specific SE14 repeat region. In valine deprivation conditions, translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it deacetylates TET2 which promotes TET2-dependent DNA demethylation, leading to DNA damage. Promotes odontoblast differentiation following IPO7-mediated nuclear import and subsequent repression of RUNX2 expression. In addition to its protein deacetylase activity, plays a key role in the degradation of misfolded proteins: when misfolded proteins are too abundant to be degraded by the chaperone refolding system and the ubiquitin-proteasome, mediates the transport of misfolded proteins to a cytoplasmic juxtanuclear structure called aggresome. Probably acts as an adapter that recognizes polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins and targets them to the aggresome, facilitating their clearance by autophagy. Involved in the MTA1-mediated epigenetic regulation of ESR1 expression in breast cancer. (Microbial infection) Deacetylates the SARS-CoV-2 N protein which promotes association of the viral N protein with human G3BP1, leading to disruption of cellular stress granule formation and facilitating viral replication.

Subunit / interactions. Forms a trimeric complex in the nucleus consisting of BANP, HDAC6 and KHDRBS1/SAM68; HDAC6 keeps KHDRBS1 in a deacetylated state which inhibits the inclusion of CD44 alternate exons. The complex is disrupted by MAPK1/MAPK3-mediated phosphorylation of BANP which results in BANP export to the cytoplasm. This facilitates acetylation of KHDRBS1 and CD44 variant exon inclusion. Interacts with SIRT2 (via both phosphorylated, unphosphorylated, active or inactive forms); the interaction is necessary for the complex to interact with alpha-tubulin. Under proteasome impairment conditions, interacts with UBD via its histone deacetylase 1 and UBP-type zinc-finger regions. Interacts with BBIP1, CBFA2T3, CYLD, DDIT3/CHOP, ZMYND15, F-actin and HDAC11. Interacts with RIPOR2; this interaction occurs during early myogenic differentiation and prevents HDAC6 to deacetylate tubulin. Interacts with AURKA; AURKA-mediated phosphorylation of HDAC6 promotes deacetylation of alpha-tubulin. Interacts with DYSF; this interaction occurs during early myogenic differentiation. Interacts with TPPP; inhibiting the tubulin deacetylase activity of HDAC6. Interacts with DYNLL1. Interacts with ATP13A2; the interaction results in recruitment of HDAC6 to lysosomes to promote CTTN deacetylation. Interacts with CCDC141 (via the N-terminal region); inhibiting the deacetylase activity of HDAC6. Interacts with IPO7; the interaction facilitates HDAC6 nuclear translocation in dental papilla cells. (Microbial infection) Interacts with G3BP1; the interaction increases during SARS-CoV-2 infection, promoting the association of G3BP1 with the viral N protein which disrupts stress granule formation and facilitates viral replication.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Nucleus. Perikaryon. Cell projection. Dendrite. Axon. Cilium. Microtubule organizing center. Centrosome. Cilium basal body.

Post-translational modifications. Phosphorylated by AURKA; phosphorylation increases HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of alpha-tubulin and subsequent disassembly of cilia. Ubiquitinated. Its polyubiquitination however does not lead to its degradation. Sumoylated in vitro.

Disease relevance. Chondrodysplasia with platyspondyly, distinctive brachydactyly, hydrocephaly, and microphthalmia (CDP-PBHM) [MIM:300863] A disease characterized by chondrodysplasia, severe platyspondyly, hydrocephaly, and facial features with microphthalmia. Bone abnormalities include a distinctive metaphyseal cupping of the metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges. Affected females show a milder phenotype with small stature, sometimes associated with body asymmetry and mild intellectual disability. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Cofactor. Binds 3 Zn(2+) ions per subunit.

Domain organisation. Histone deacetylase domain 1 mediates the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. The primate-specific SE14 repeat region contains seven SE14 repeats with the consensus sequence X-L-X-Q-T-X-S-E-X-A-X-G-G-A and mediates binding to valine.

Induction. (Microbial infection) Up-regulated by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 N protein during viral infection. The SARS-CoV-2 N protein enhances HDAC6 stability during infection by reducing its proteasomal degradation, leading to elevated HDAC6 levels.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.

Miscellaneous. Required for TGF-beta1-activated gene expression associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549 cells.

Similarity. Belongs to the histone deacetylase family. HD type 2 subfamily.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9UBN7-1	1, HDAC6p131	yes
Q9UBN7-2	2, HDAC6p114

RefSeq proteins (8): NP_001308154, NP_001308155, NP_001308156, NP_001308157, NP_001308158, NP_001308159, NP_001308160, NP_006035* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000286	HDACs	Family
IPR001607	Znf_UBP	Domain
IPR013083	Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD	Homologous_superfamily
IPR023696	Ureohydrolase_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR023801	His_deacetylse_dom	Domain
IPR037138	His_deacetylse_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00850, PF02148

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 3.5.1.98 — histone deacetylase (BRENDA: 33 organisms, 161 substrates, 590 inhibitors, 88 Km, 32 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

32 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 15. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
FLUOR DE LYS HDAC8 SUBSTRATE	0.14–1.1	9
AC-KHK(ACETYL)K(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.273–2.403	6
FLUOR DE LYS HDAC SUBSTRATE	0.013–0.088	6
AC-FEK(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.0023–0.0359	5
AC-GGK(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.0043–0.0877	5
AC-GS(PO3)K(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.0123–0.0666	5
AC-GSK(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.004–0.0241	5
AC-IHK(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.0007–0.108	5
AC-KYK(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.0044–0.107	4
FLUOR DE LYS	—	4
AC-LYK(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.0069–0.03	3
AC-VLK(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.0119–0.0221	3
RHK(ACETYL)K(ACETYL)-FLUOROPHORE	0.16–1.1	3
AC-DQK(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYLCOUMARIN	0.0024–0.0165	2
BENZYLOXYCARBONYL-L-LYS(ACETYL)-7-AMIDO-4-METHYL	0.078–0.099	2

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 2 shown:

• N(6)-acetyl-L-lysyl-[alpha-tubulin] + H2O = L-lysyl-[alpha-tubulin] + acetate (RHEA:21548)
• N(6)-acetyl-L-lysyl-[protein] + H2O = L-lysyl-[protein] + acetate (RHEA:58108)

UniProt features (100 total): helix 20, strand 18, binding site 12, turn 12, modified residue 9, region of interest 8, repeat 7, compositionally biased region 4, active site 2, sequence variant 2, mutagenesis site 2, chain 1, short sequence motif 1, splice variant 1, zinc finger region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

21 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
5B8D	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.05
5KH9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.07
3C5K	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.55
5WPB	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.55
6CE8	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.55
6CEC	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.55
6CEE	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.55
8G43	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.55
8G44	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.55
5KH3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
6CE6	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
6CEA	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
8G45	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.62
5WBN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.64
5KH7	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
6CED	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
3GV4	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.72
6CEF	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
7ZYU	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.43
5EDU	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.79
3PHD	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9UBN7-F1	77.66	0.65

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (2): 216 (1); 611 (2)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (12): 1113; 1115; 1133; 1136; 1145; 1148; 1153; 1160; 1164; 1170; 1183; 1186

Post-translational modifications (9): 22, 33, 1016, 1021, 1027, 1031, 1034, 1035, 1040

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (2):

Position	Phenotype
216	reduces histone deacetylase activity. does not affect hdac6-mediated deacetylation of alpha-tubulin. abolishes hdac6-med
611	reduces histone deacetylase activity. abolishes hdac6-mediated deacetylation of alpha-tubulin. abolishes hdac6-mediated

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

13 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2122947	NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription
R-HSA-2644606	Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants
R-HSA-2894862	Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants
R-HSA-3371511	HSF1 activation
R-HSA-350054	Notch-HLH transcription pathway
R-HSA-5620920	Cargo trafficking to the periciliary membrane
R-HSA-8878166	Transcriptional regulation by RUNX2
R-HSA-8940973	RUNX2 regulates osteoblast differentiation
R-HSA-9613829	Chaperone Mediated Autophagy
R-HSA-9615710	Late endosomal microautophagy
R-HSA-9646399	Aggrephagy
R-HSA-9976102	Differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to T helper 2 cells (Th2 cells)
R-HSA-5617833	Cilium Assembly

MSigDB gene sets: 554 (showing top): GOBP_MYELOID_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_DENDRITE_DEVELOPMENT, PID_HDAC_CLASSI_PATHWAY, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_CONTAINING_COMPLEX_ASSEMBLY, REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_NOTCH, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_AUTOPHAGY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_FAT_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEOLYSIS, GOBP_AXO_DENDRITIC_TRANSPORT, GOBP_MYELOID_CELL_HOMEOSTASIS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MICROTUBULE_BASED_PROCESS, GOBP_MYELOID_CELL_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_INTRACELLULAR_PROTEIN_TRANSPORT, SCHWAB_TARGETS_OF_BMYB_POLYMORPHIC_VARIANTS_DN, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_LIPID

GO Biological Process (59): protein polyubiquitination (GO:0000209), protein deacetylation (GO:0006476), protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins (GO:0006515), intracellular protein transport (GO:0006886), actin filament organization (GO:0007015), negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization (GO:0007026), epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007173), regulation of autophagy (GO:0010506), positive regulation of epithelial cell migration (GO:0010634), negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process (GO:0010727), regulation of macroautophagy (GO:0016241), axonal transport of mitochondrion (GO:0019896), negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly (GO:0031333), regulation of protein stability (GO:0031647), protein destabilization (GO:0031648), lysosome localization (GO:0032418), positive regulation of protein oligomerization (GO:0032461), protein-containing complex disassembly (GO:0032984), positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway (GO:0033148), cellular response to heat (GO:0034605), cellular response to topologically incorrect protein (GO:0035967), erythrocyte enucleation (GO:0043131), ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway (GO:0043162), negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly (GO:0043242), regulation of fat cell differentiation (GO:0045598), negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic (GO:0045814), negative regulation of proteolysis (GO:0045861), negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0045892), collateral sprouting (GO:0048668), response to misfolded protein (GO:0051788), cilium assembly (GO:0060271), regulation of microtubule-based movement (GO:0060632), regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway (GO:0060765), dendritic spine morphogenesis (GO:0060997), cilium disassembly (GO:0061523), type 2 mitophagy (GO:0061734), regulation of establishment of protein localization (GO:0070201), cellular response to hydrogen peroxide (GO:0070301), aggresome assembly (GO:0070842), polyubiquitinated misfolded protein transport (GO:0070845)

GO Molecular Function (29): RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding (GO:0000978), transcription corepressor binding (GO:0001222), actin binding (GO:0003779), histone deacetylase activity (GO:0004407), beta-catenin binding (GO:0008013), microtubule binding (GO:0008017), zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), deacetylase activity (GO:0019213), enzyme binding (GO:0019899), polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding (GO:0031593), ubiquitin protein ligase binding (GO:0031625), protein lysine deacetylase activity (GO:0033558), peroxidase inhibitor activity (GO:0036479), ATPase inhibitor activity (GO:0042030), histone deacetylase binding (GO:0042826), tubulin deacetylase activity (GO:0042903), alpha-tubulin binding (GO:0043014), ubiquitin binding (GO:0043130), tau protein binding (GO:0048156), beta-tubulin binding (GO:0048487), misfolded protein binding (GO:0051787), Hsp90 protein binding (GO:0051879), ubiquitin protein ligase activity (GO:0061630), dynein complex binding (GO:0070840), protein binding (GO:0005515), transferase activity (GO:0016740), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), histone deacetylase activity, hydrolytic mechanism (GO:0141221)

GO Cellular Component (28): histone deacetylase complex (GO:0000118), cytoplasmic ubiquitin ligase complex (GO:0000153), nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), multivesicular body (GO:0005771), centrosome (GO:0005813), cytosol (GO:0005829), microtubule (GO:0005874), microtubule associated complex (GO:0005875), caveola (GO:0005901), inclusion body (GO:0016234), aggresome (GO:0016235), axon (GO:0030424), dendrite (GO:0030425), cell leading edge (GO:0031252), ciliary basal body (GO:0036064), perikaryon (GO:0043204), perinuclear region of cytoplasm (GO:0048471), axon cytoplasm (GO:1904115), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), cilium (GO:0005929), microtubule cytoskeleton (GO:0015630), protein-containing complex (GO:0032991), cell projection (GO:0042995), neuron projection (GO:0043005), neuronal cell body (GO:0043025), plasma membrane bounded cell projection (GO:0120025)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-11 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Generic Transcription Pathway	2
Autophagy	2
Signaling by NOTCH1	1
Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer	1
Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer	1
Cellular response to heat stress	1
Assembly of the 9+0 primary cilium	1
RUNX2 regulates bone development	1
Selective autophagy	1
Differentiation of T cells	1
Organelle biogenesis and maintenance	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	6
tubulin binding	3
cytoplasm	3
cytoskeletal protein binding	2
protein lysine deacetylase activity	2
protein binding	2
intracellular anatomical structure	2
microtubule organizing center	2
microtubule cytoskeleton	2
neuron projection	2
protein ubiquitination	1
protein deacylation	1
protein catabolic process	1
intracellular protein localization	1
protein transport	1
intracellular transport	1
actin cytoskeleton organization	1
supramolecular fiber organization	1
microtubule depolymerization	1
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization	1
regulation of microtubule depolymerization	1
negative regulation of protein depolymerization	1
negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization	1
ERBB signaling pathway	1
autophagy	1
regulation of catabolic process	1
epithelial cell migration	1
regulation of epithelial cell migration	1
positive regulation of cell migration	1
regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process	1
hydrogen peroxide metabolic process	1
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	1
regulation of autophagy	1
macroautophagy	1
mitochondrion transport along microtubule	1
axonal transport	1
axon cytoplasm	1
regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	1
negative regulation of cellular component organization	1
protein-containing complex assembly	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

4424 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
HDAC6	HSP90AA1	P07900	994
HDAC6	HSP90AB1	P08238	994
HDAC6	HCLS1	P14317	989
HDAC6	CTTN	Q14247	989
HDAC6	EP300	Q09472	926
HDAC6	VCP	P55072	909
HDAC6	ATXN3	P54252	894
HDAC6	AURKA	O14965	892
HDAC6	SQSTM1	Q13501	891
HDAC6	APOBEC3G	Q9HC16	887
HDAC6	NEDD9	Q14511	879
HDAC6	SIRT2	Q8IXJ6	872
HDAC6	SEPTIN7	Q16181	864
HDAC6	HDAC11	Q96DB2	850
HDAC6	ATAT1	Q5SQI0	835

IntAct

209 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
MED10	MED19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.910
CTTNBP2NL	STRN	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.820
EGFR	HDAC6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.810
HDAC6	EGFR	psi-mi:“MI:0217”(phosphorylation reaction)	0.810
HDAC6	EGFR	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.810
MED9	MED19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.790
MED19	MED19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
CTTN	HDAC6	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.720
CTTN	HDAC6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
HDAC6	CTTN	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
CTTN	HDAC6	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.720
SLMAP	STRN	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.710
EGFR	AP2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.670
LPIN3	CSNK2A2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
tat	HDAC6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.630
tat	HDAC6	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.630
HDAC6	tat	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.630

BioGRID (1328): HDAC6 (Affinity Capture-Western), ELAVL1 (Affinity Capture-Western), DYNC1H1 (Affinity Capture-Western), ACTB (Affinity Capture-Western), MYH10 (Affinity Capture-Western), DDIT3 (Affinity Capture-Western), ISG15 (Affinity Capture-Western), UBC (Affinity Capture-Western), HDAC6 (Affinity Capture-RNA), HDAC6 (Affinity Capture-RNA), HDAC6 (Co-localization), HDAC6 (FRET), HDAC6 (Affinity Capture-Western), HDAC6 (Affinity Capture-Western), FAM65B (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A8C2MDK8, A0A8I6GM68, A6H751, A7YY46, A8MX76, D3YXS5, D3ZBP4, D3ZEY4, E7F9T0, E9QAM5, F1MH07, F1QCV2, F8WLE0, P16452, P23249, P48760, P49222, P52824, Q2NKY8, Q2QWU2, Q3SYT1, Q3ZBE0, Q4R380, Q50L43, Q5BJS0, Q5NCQ5, Q5R607, Q5RKI3, Q5ZI74, Q69ZP3, Q6P5E8, Q6ZSI9, Q7L2E3, Q8BX80, Q8N490, Q8NFD2, Q8NFI3, Q8TDZ2, Q8TE96, Q8VDP3

Diamond homologs: A0A8I6GM68, D2HBJ8, F1QCV2, O17323, O27262, O30107, P28606, P38748, P53973, P56523, P56524, P72702, P83038, Q09440, Q0V9G5, Q20296, Q2QWU2, Q3JUN4, Q54QE6, Q569C4, Q57955, Q5A960, Q5R902, Q5XGZ2, Q613L4, Q6NTR6, Q6NZM9, Q6P3E7, Q6P9L4, Q70CQ1, Q70I53, Q7Z569, Q7ZUM8, Q80ZH1, Q8C2B3, Q8C2S0, Q8GXJ1, Q8LRK8, Q8RX28, Q8WUI4

SIGNOR signaling

28 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
EGFR	down-regulates	HDAC6	phosphorylation
HDAC6	up-regulates	SRSF2	deacetylation
3-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-N-[2-[4-[(hydroxyamino)-oxomethyl]phenoxy]ethyl]-2-benzofurancarboxamide	down-regulates	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
4-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-N-hydroxybutanamide	down-regulates	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
MAPK3	up-regulates	HDAC6	phosphorylation
“tubastatin A”	down-regulates	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
ERK1/2	up-regulates	HDAC6	phosphorylation
bufexamac	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
“N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester”	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
(S)-N-Hydroxy-4-(3-methyl-2-phenylbutanamido)benzamide	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
SPOP	“down-regulates quantity”	HDAC6	ubiquitination
GSK3B	“up-regulates activity”	HDAC6	phosphorylation
belinostat	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
panobinostat	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
“N-[4-[(hydroxyamino)-oxomethyl]phenyl]carbamic acid [6-(diethylaminomethyl)-2-naphthalenyl]methyl ester”	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
vorinostat	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[2-hydroxyethyl-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino]methyl]phenyl]-2-propenamide	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
“trichostatin A”	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
romidepsin	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
6-(1,3-dioxo-2-benzo[de]isoquinolinyl)-N-hydroxyhexanamide	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”
CUDC-101	“down-regulates activity”	HDAC6	“chemical inhibition”

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 152 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
ERBB2 Regulates Cell Motility	5	34.0×	4e-05
PI3K events in ERBB2 signaling	5	32.0×	5e-05
SHC1 events in ERBB2 signaling	6	27.2×	2e-05
Downregulation of ERBB2 signaling	7	25.4×	7e-06
Signaling by ERBB2	7	23.1×	7e-06
Signaling by ERBB2 TMD/JMD mutants	5	22.7×	2e-04
Signaling by ERBB2 KD Mutants	5	20.1×	3e-04
NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription	6	13.6×	3e-04

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	7	12.6×	2e-03

Disease & clinical

Cancer significance

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

283 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	2
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	96
Likely benign	40
Benign	10

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (3)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
3248614	NM_006044.4(HDAC6):c.206_209del (p.Val69fs)	Pathogenic
65387	NM_006044.4(HDAC6):c.*282A>T	Pathogenic
2573116	NM_006044.4(HDAC6):c.1894C>T (p.His632Tyr)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

3995 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
X:48802661:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48802662:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48802784:CGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
X:48802786:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
X:48802786:GTGA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:48802866:CACA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:48802867:ACAG:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:48802868:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:48802869:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48802869:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:48802870:G:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:48802870:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48802870:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48802870:GAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48802870:GAAGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48802967:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
X:48802995:GGATG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
X:48802996:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
X:48802996:GATG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
X:48802996:GATGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
X:48803000:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
X:48803000:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
X:48803001:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:48803124:GCAG:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:48803125:CAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:48803126:A:AC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:48803126:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48803126:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48803127:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:48803127:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000549857 (X:48819368 C>G,T), RS1000655280 (X:48807057 G>A), RS1001610111 (X:48808891 A>T), RS1001660791 (X:48809593 G>A,T), RS1002087458 (X:48821800 G>A,C), RS1002558535 (X:48824625 G>A,T), RS1002668598 (X:48813056 C>G,T), RS1003095967 (X:48801425 G>A), RS1003828489 (X:48803794 C>T), RS1005079863 (X:48818045 C>T), RS1005704120 (X:48807702 C>T), RS1005840938 (X:48808176 G>T), RS1005955125 (X:48820482 C>T), RS1006327920 (X:48801345 G>A,T), RS1006847896 (X:48811495 T>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:300272 | disease phenotypes: MIM:300863, MIM:276900, MIM:209850

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia, Chassaing-Lacombe type	Moderate	X-linked

Mondo (3): X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia, Chassaing-Lacombe type (MONDO:0010463), Usher syndrome (MONDO:0019501), autism (MONDO:0005260)

Orphanet (2): X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia, Chassaing-Lacombe type (Orphanet:163966), Usher syndrome (Orphanet:886)

HPO phenotypes

33 total (30 of 33 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000154	Wide mouth
HP:0000238	Hydrocephalus
HP:0000256	Macrocephaly
HP:0000322	Short philtrum
HP:0000347	Micrognathia
HP:0000369	Low-set ears
HP:0000457	Depressed nasal ridge
HP:0000568	Microphthalmia
HP:0000878	11 pairs of ribs
HP:0000883	Thin ribs
HP:0000926	Platyspondyly
HP:0000962	Hyperkeratosis
HP:0001249	Intellectual disability
HP:0001256	Mild intellectual disability
HP:0001321	Cerebellar hypoplasia
HP:0001423	X-linked dominant inheritance
HP:0001511	Intrauterine growth retardation
HP:0001522	Death in infancy
HP:0001773	Short foot
HP:0002007	Frontal bossing
HP:0002866	Hypoplastic iliac wing
HP:0003021	Metaphyseal cupping
HP:0003196	Short nose
HP:0004279	Short palm
HP:0004322	Short stature
HP:0004331	Decreased skull ossification
HP:0005871	Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
HP:0006028	Metaphyseal cupping of metacarpals
HP:0006208	Metaphyseal cupping of proximal phalanges
HP:0006402	Distal shortening of limbs

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001321	Autistic Disorder	F03.625.164.113.500
D052245	Usher Syndromes	C09.218.458.341.186.500.500; C09.218.458.341.887.886; C10.597.751.418.341.186.500.500; C10.597.751.418.341.887.886; C10.597.751.941.162.625.500; C11.768.585.658.500.813; C11.966.075.375.500; C16.131.077.299.500; C16.320.290.684.500; C23.888.592.763.393.341.887.886

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (9): CHEMBL1865 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL2093865 (PROTEIN FAMILY), CHEMBL3430896 (PROTEIN FAMILY), CHEMBL4106187 (PROTEIN FAMILY), CHEMBL4296072 (PROTEIN FAMILY), CHEMBL4296129 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION), CHEMBL4630736 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION), CHEMBL5482992 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION), CHEMBL6195595 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

94 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 514,166 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL1015	EVANS BLUE FREE ACID	4	26
CHEMBL1164729	FEBUXOSTAT	4	3,499
CHEMBL118	CELECOXIB	4	112,844
CHEMBL1200868	PHENYL AMINOSALICYLATE	4	1,593
CHEMBL1201102	TRIFLUPROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	4	606
CHEMBL1213492	GIVINOSTAT	4	2,827
CHEMBL1289926	AXITINIB	4	15,732
CHEMBL1388	MONOBENZONE	4	9,068
CHEMBL1401	NITAZOXANIDE	4	9,504
CHEMBL1487	ATORVASTATIN	4	68,788
CHEMBL1584	PIPERACETAZINE	4	3,340
CHEMBL15870	INDOPROFEN	4	22,854
CHEMBL178	DAUNORUBICIN	4	203,756
CHEMBL1789941	RUXOLITINIB	4	11,547
CHEMBL2205807	ABAMETAPIR	4	748
CHEMBL256997	ATALUREN	4	1,920
CHEMBL325041	BORTEZOMIB	4	13,120
CHEMBL343448	ROMIDEPSIN	4	12,963
CHEMBL408513	BELINOSTAT	4	7,765
CHEMBL483254	PANOBINOSTAT	4	11,666
CHEMBL487253	BENDAMUSTINE	4
CHEMBL503	LOVASTATIN	4
CHEMBL515408	MARIBAVIR	4
CHEMBL625	THIABENDAZOLE	4
CHEMBL64894	GENTIAN VIOLET	4
CHEMBL726	FLUPHENAZINE	4
CHEMBL94394	BUFEXAMAC	4
CHEMBL98	VORINOSTAT	4
CHEMBL1469	PHENYLBUTANOIC ACID	4
CHEMBL1746	SODIUM PHENYLBUTYRATE	4

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: enzyme — 3.5.1.- Histone deacetylases (HDACs)

Most potent curated ligand interactions (40 total), top 25:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
scriptaid	Inhibition	9.6	pKi
compound 25ap [PMID: 37796543]	Inhibition	9.57	pIC50
suprastat	Inhibition	9.4	pIC50
nexturastat A	Inhibition	9.3	pIC50
marbostat-100	Inhibition	9.15	pKi
trichostatin A	Inhibition	9.0	pKi
vorinostat	Inhibition	8.8	pKi
ACY-738	Inhibition	8.77	pIC50
BML-281	Inhibition	8.7	pIC50
KA2507	Inhibition	8.6	pIC50
citarinostat	Inhibition	8.59	pIC50
tubacin	Inhibition	8.4	pIC50
martinostat	Inhibition	8.39	pIC50
ricolinostat	Inhibition	8.33	pIC50
inhibitor M9 [PMID: 38236416]	Inhibition	8.3	pIC50
CUDC-101	Inhibition	8.29	pIC50
compound 30 [PMID: 37057760]	Inhibition	8.16	pIC50
KA1010	Inhibition	8.1	pIC50
romidepsin	Inhibition	8.02	pKi
dacinostat	Inhibition	8.02	pKi
SS-208	Inhibition	7.92	pIC50
tubastatin A	Inhibition	7.85	pIC50
compound 35m [PMID: 36073117]	Inhibition	7.72	pIC50
compound 16 [PMID: 20947351]	Inhibition	7.59	pIC50
givinostat	Inhibition	7.57	pEC50

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

1194 measured of 1655 human assays (1658 total across all organisms); most potent 50 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value	Patent
Quinolone-based HDAC inhibitor 4i	IC50	0.1 nM
(E)-N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[2-(1-methylindol-3-yl)ethylamino]methyl]phenyl]prop-2-enamide	IC50	0.2 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
6-[[(S)-cyclopropyl(phenyl)methyl]amino]-5-fluoro-N-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.275 nM	US-20250346922: COMPOUNDS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VIRAL PRODUCTION
(E)-3-[4-[[1-adamantylmethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]phenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	IC50	0.3 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-morpholin-4-ylpyridine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.677 nM	US-20250346922: COMPOUNDS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VIRAL PRODUCTION
(E)-3-[4-[(1-adamantylmethylamino)methyl]-3-fluorophenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	IC50	0.78 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
(E)-3-[4-[[1-adamantylmethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-3-fluorophenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	IC50	0.78 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
N-hydroxy-6-(8-methoxy-6,11,11-trioxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	IC50	0.8 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
(E)-3-[4-[(1-adamantylmethylamino)methyl]phenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	IC50	0.95 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
Panobinostat	IC50	1 nM
5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-[(3-oxo-1,4-benzoxazin-4-yl)methyl]pyridine-3-carboxamide	IC50	1.1 nM	US-20250346922: COMPOUNDS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VIRAL PRODUCTION
N-hydroxy-6-(8-methoxy-6-oxobenzo[b][1,4]benzothiazepin-5-yl)hexanamide	IC50	1.2 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
SPA3636	IC50	1.3 nM	US-20250197369: NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC INHIBITOR FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING SAME
6-[[(1R)-1-cyclohexylethyl]amino]-5-fluoro-N-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxamide	IC50	1.36 nM	US-20250346922: COMPOUNDS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VIRAL PRODUCTION
Quinolone-based HDAC inhibitor 4j	IC50	1.5 nM
(E)-3-[4-[(cyclohexylmethylamino)methyl]-3-fluorophenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	IC50	1.64 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
(E)-3-[4-[(cyclohexylmethylamino)methyl]phenyl]-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide	IC50	1.8 nM	US-10188756: Imaging histone deacetylases with a radiotracer using positron emission tomography
SPA3634	IC50	1.8 nM	US-20250197369: NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC INHIBITOR FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING SAME
SPA3642	IC50	1.8 nM	US-20250197369: NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC INHIBITOR FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING SAME
5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-[[(1R)-1-phenylpropyl]amino]pyridine-3-carboxamide	IC50	1.81 nM	US-20250346922: COMPOUNDS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VIRAL PRODUCTION
4-(N-benzoylanilino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	2 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
2-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide	IC50	2 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
BRD2492	IC50	2 nM
6-[[(1R)-1-cyclopropylethyl]amino]-5-fluoro-N-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxamide	IC50	2.23 nM	US-20250346922: COMPOUNDS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VIRAL PRODUCTION
5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-[(2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-5-yl)methyl]pyridine-3-carboxamide	IC50	2.3 nM	US-20250346922: COMPOUNDS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF VIRAL PRODUCTION
NVP-LAQ824	IC50	2.6 nM
SPA3602	IC50	2.6 nM	US-20250197369: NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC INHIBITOR FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING SAME
SPA3610	IC50	2.7 nM	US-20250197369: NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC INHIBITOR FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING SAME
N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-4-[N-methyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-4-(N-pyrimidin-2-ylanilino)benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-(N-acetylanilino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-fluoro-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-4-(methoxy-phenyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
7-[6-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-3-oxo-1H-isoindol-2-yl]-N-hydroxyheptanamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-4-(methoxy-phenyl-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-hydroxyethyl]-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-[(1R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-hydroxyethyl]-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-[(1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-hydroxyethyl]-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-[bis(2-fluorophenyl)-hydroxymethyl]-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)-hydroxy-pyridin-2-ylmethyl]-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-[(4-fluorophenyl)-methoxy-pyridin-2-ylmethyl]-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxolan-2-yl]-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
3-[hydroxy-[4-[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]-phenylmethyl]-N,N-dimethylbenzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
3-[[4-[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]-methoxy-phenylmethyl]-N,N-dimethylbenzamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
2-(3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-2-[2-hydroxyethyl-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide	IC50	3 nM	US-8609678: Reverse amide compounds as protein deacetylase inhibitors and methods of use thereof
N-hydroxy-2-[[1-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]-4-phenylpiperidin-4-yl]amino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide	IC50	3 nM	US-9278963: Pyrimidine hydroxy amide compounds as histone deacetylase inhibitors
SPA3640	IC50	3 nM	US-20250197369: NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC INHIBITOR FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING SAME
SPA3638	IC50	3.3 nM	US-20250197369: NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC INHIBITOR FOR HISTONE DEACETYLASE, AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING SAME

ChEMBL bioactivities

6100 potent at pChembl≥5 of 6100 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
11.00	IC50	0.01	nM	CHEMBL6169315
11.00	IC50	0.01	nM	CHEMBL6145619
10.92	IC50	0.012	nM	CHEMBL6174035
10.77	IC50	0.017	nM	CHEMBL6133082
10.72	IC50	0.019	nM	CHEMBL6172024
10.55	IC50	0.028	nM	CHEMBL6173091
10.10	Ki	0.08	nM	CHEMBL4082520
10.00	IC50	0.1	nM	CHEMBL4290831
10.00	IC50	0.1	nM	CHEMBL5195946
10.00	IC50	0.1	nM	CHEMBL5407312
9.89	Ki	0.13	nM	TRICHOSTATIN
9.85	IC50	0.14	nM	CHEMBL4098975
9.82	Ki	0.15	nM	CHEMBL4100534
9.80	Ki	0.16	nM	CHEMBL4101480
9.77	IC50	0.17	nM	CHEMBL3912061
9.77	IC50	0.17	nM	CHEMBL5433552
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL2371007
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL4243347
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL5395502
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL5618084
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL1793811
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL1793991
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL1793985
9.64	Ki	0.23	nM	CHEMBL4074800
9.60	IC50	0.25	nM	CHEMBL4247128
9.60	Ki	0.25	nM	SCRIPTAID
9.56	IC50	0.275	nM	CHEMBL4748025
9.54	IC50	0.291	nM	CHEMBL4104117
9.54	IC50	0.29	nM	CHEMBL4104117
9.54	IC50	0.291	nM	CHEMBL3973951
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL2370998
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL4863515
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL5199116
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL5170036
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL1793822
9.51	Ki	0.31	nM	CHEMBL5613232
9.49	IC50	0.326	nM	CHEMBL511749
9.49	IC50	0.323	nM	CHEMBL3621294
9.49	Ki	0.32	nM	CHEMBL4062190
9.48	IC50	0.33	nM	CHEMBL4126811
9.46	IC50	0.351	nM	CHEMBL4756236
9.46	IC50	0.35	nM	VORINOSTAT
9.40	IC50	0.4	nM	CHEMBL2371000
9.40	IC50	0.4	nM	CHEMBL4777296
9.40	IC50	0.4	nM	TRICHOSTATIN
9.40	IC50	0.4	nM	CHEMBL5188297
9.40	IC50	0.4	nM	CHEMBL1793816
9.39	Ki	0.41	nM	CHEMBL5613463
9.39	Ki	0.41	nM	TRICHOSTATIN
9.39	IC50	0.41	nM	CHEMBL6152466

PubChem BioAssay actives

2834 with measured affinity, of 6100 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
N-hydroxy-2-[4-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylpiperazin-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide	1941741: Inhibition of HDAC (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0001	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(14-methyl-13,15-dioxo-5-phenylmethoxy-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3(8),4,6-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0001	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(5-methoxy-14-methyl-13,15-dioxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3(8),4,6-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0001	uM
1-[5-(hydroxyamino)-5-oxopentyl]-N-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxamide	1794854: HDAC Activity screening from Article 10.3109/14756366.2013.827675: “Quinolone-based HDAC inhibitors.”	ic50	0.0001	uM
N’-hydroxy-N-[4-[3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)pyrazol-1-yl]propylamino]phenyl]octanediamide	1476121: Inhibition of N-terminal GST tagged human HDAC6 (1 to 1215 residues) expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells using RHKKAc as substrate in presence of ATP	ic50	0.0001	uM
N-[4-[[4-(4-acetamidophenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]phenyl]-N’-hydroxyoctanediamide;hydrochloride	1421601: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin) using Arg-His-Lys-Lys(Ac) as substrate preincubated with enzyme followed by substrate addition for 2 hrs and measured for 1.5 hrs at 15 mins time interval by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0001	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(14-methyl-15-oxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3,5,7-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0002	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(5-methoxy-14-methyl-15-oxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3(8),4,6-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0002	uM
N’-hydroxy-N-[4-[[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]phenyl]octanediamide	1396955: Inhibition of human HDAC6 using p53 (379 to 382 residues) derived fluorogenic peptide RHKKAc as substrate	ic50	0.0002	uM
tert-butyl N-[3-[2-[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptanoyl]amino]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl]carbamate	1602229: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin) using (FAM)-labeled acetylated peptide as substrate measured after 17 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0002	uM
tert-butyl N-[4-[3-[[4-(hydroxycarbamoyl)phenyl]methylcarbamoyl]-1,2-oxazol-5-yl]phenyl]carbamate	1557982: Inhibition of recombinant N-terminal GST-tagged human HDAC6 (1 to 1215 residues) expressed in baculovirus infected sf9 insect cells using p53 (379 to 382 residues) derived fluorogenic peptide RHKKAc as substrate preincubated for 5 to 10 mins followed by substrate addition and further incubated for 2 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0003	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(6-methoxy-14-methyl-13,15-dioxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3(8),4,6-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0003	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(quinolin-8-ylamino)methyl]benzamide	1473143: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells using RHK-K(Ac)-AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0003	uM
(E)-N-hydroxy-3-(3-quinolin-2-ylsulfonylphenyl)prop-2-enamide	1938389: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0003	uM
3,5-difluoro-N-hydroxy-4-[(5-pyridin-2-yltetrazol-2-yl)methyl]benzamide	2019406: Inhibition of full length TEV-cleavable N-terminal His6-tagged human recombinant HDAC6 using Ac-RGK (Ac)-AMC as substrate preincubated for 20 hrs followed by substrate addition and measured after 3 hrs by microplate reader analysis	ic50	0.0003	uM
N-[4-[[4-(1-but-3-enylpyrazol-4-yl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]phenyl]-N’-hydroxyoctanediamide	1396955: Inhibition of human HDAC6 using p53 (379 to 382 residues) derived fluorogenic peptide RHKKAc as substrate	ic50	0.0003	uM
6-[[(S)-cyclopropyl(phenyl)methyl]amino]-5-fluoro-N-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxamide	1710176: Inhibition of recombinant HDAC6 (unknown origin) using luminescent substrate by HDAC-Glo assay	ic50	0.0003	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(5-hydroxy-14-methyl-13,15-dioxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3(8),4,6-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0004	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(14-methyl-15-oxo-13-sulfanylidene-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3,5,7-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0004	uM
4-[[[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)amino]methyl]-N-hydroxybenzamide	1723897: Inhibition of human HDAC6 expressed in HEK293/T17 cells using pre-incubated for 10 mins before Ac-GAK(Ac)-AM substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence-based assay	ic50	0.0004	uM
6-[[(R)-cyclopropyl(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]amino]-5-fluoro-N-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxamide	1710176: Inhibition of recombinant HDAC6 (unknown origin) using luminescent substrate by HDAC-Glo assay	ic50	0.0004	uM
6-[[1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-5-fluoro-N-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxamide	1710176: Inhibition of recombinant HDAC6 (unknown origin) using luminescent substrate by HDAC-Glo assay	ic50	0.0004	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(14-methyl-13-oxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3,5,7-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0005	uM
4-[(6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinolin-1-yl)methyl]-N-hydroxybenzamide	1764799: Inhibition of recombinant human HDAC6 using Ac-GAK(Ac)-AMC as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence-based assay	ic50	0.0005	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[[14-methyl-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethoxy)-13,15-dioxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3(8),4,6-tetraen-9-yl]methyl]benzamide;hydrochloride	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0005	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[[4-hydroxybutyl(phenylcarbamoyl)amino]methyl]benzamide	1723897: Inhibition of human HDAC6 expressed in HEK293/T17 cells using pre-incubated for 10 mins before Ac-GAK(Ac)-AM substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence-based assay	ic50	0.0005	uM
N-[4-[[4-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl]amino]phenyl]-N’-hydroxyoctanediamide	1518780: Inhibition of human HDAC6 using Arg-His-Lys-Lys (Ac) as substrate incubated for 2 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0005	uM
N-hydroxy-6-(6-morpholin-4-yl-1,3-dioxobenzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl)hexanamide	1493591: Inhibition of human recombinant full-length HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 cells using Boc-Lys(acetyl)-AMC as substrate after 30 mins by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0006	uM
5-(carbazol-9-ylmethyl)-N-[[4-(hydroxycarbamoyl)phenyl]methyl]-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxamide	1532657: Inhibition of human HDAC6 using (Z-(Ac)Lys-AMC) as substrate after 90 mins by fluorescence analysis	ic50	0.0006	uM
2-[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-(3-methylbutyl)amino]-N-(3-imidazol-1-ylpropyl)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide	1349716: Inhibition of recombinant human full length C-terminal flag-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cells after 30 mins by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0006	uM
5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(2-pyridin-2-ylpropan-2-ylamino)pyridine-3-carboxamide	1710176: Inhibition of recombinant HDAC6 (unknown origin) using luminescent substrate by HDAC-Glo assay	ic50	0.0006	uM
6-(7,8-dihydro-5H-1,6-naphthyridin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxamide	1710176: Inhibition of recombinant HDAC6 (unknown origin) using luminescent substrate by HDAC-Glo assay	ic50	0.0006	uM
5-fluoro-N-hydroxy-6-(2-phenylpropan-2-ylamino)pyridine-3-carboxamide	1710176: Inhibition of recombinant HDAC6 (unknown origin) using luminescent substrate by HDAC-Glo assay	ic50	0.0006	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(14-methyl-13,15-dioxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3,5,7-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0007	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[[(1S)-14-methyl-13,15-dioxo-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3,5,7-tetraen-9-yl]methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0007	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[[pyridin-3-ylmethyl-(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]methyl]benzamide	1819866: Binding affinity to human HDAC6 by jump dilution assay	ki	0.0007	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[[(3R)-3-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-2,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl]methyl]benzamide	1927084: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin) using Fluor de lys as substrate by fluorescence based analysis	ic50	0.0007	uM
1-[[4-(hydroxycarbamoyl)phenyl]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinoline-6-carboxamide	1764799: Inhibition of recombinant human HDAC6 using Ac-GAK(Ac)-AMC as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence-based assay	ic50	0.0007	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(quinolin-5-ylamino)methyl]benzamide	1473143: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells using RHK-K(Ac)-AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0008	uM
3-fluoro-N-hydroxy-4-[(2-methylbenzimidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzamide	1452868: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0008	uM
N-[3-[[4-(4-acetamidophenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]phenyl]-N’-hydroxyoctanediamide;hydrochloride	1421601: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin) using Arg-His-Lys-Lys(Ac) as substrate preincubated with enzyme followed by substrate addition for 2 hrs and measured for 1.5 hrs at 15 mins time interval by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0008	uM
N-[4-[[4-[1-(2-cyanoethyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]phenyl]-N’-hydroxyoctanediamide	1396955: Inhibition of human HDAC6 using p53 (379 to 382 residues) derived fluorogenic peptide RHKKAc as substrate	ic50	0.0008	uM
ethyl N-[3-[2-[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptanoyl]amino]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]phenyl]carbamate	1602229: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin) using (FAM)-labeled acetylated peptide as substrate measured after 17 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0008	uM
2-(difluoromethyl)-5-[6-[(5-phenyltetrazol-2-yl)methyl]-3-pyridinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole	2019406: Inhibition of full length TEV-cleavable N-terminal His6-tagged human recombinant HDAC6 using Ac-RGK (Ac)-AMC as substrate preincubated for 20 hrs followed by substrate addition and measured after 3 hrs by microplate reader analysis	ic50	0.0008	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(13-hydroxy-4,7-dioxo-6-propyl-3,6,17-triazatetracyclo[8.7.0.03,8.011,16]heptadeca-1(10),11,13,15-tetraen-17-yl)methyl]benzamide	1424816: Inhibition of human recombinant HDAC6 using RHKKAcAMC as substrate by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0009	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[(14-methyl-13-oxo-15-sulfanylidene-9,12,14-triazatetracyclo[10.3.1.02,10.03,8]hexadeca-2(10),3,5,7-tetraen-9-yl)methyl]benzamide	1479812: Inhibition of full length recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 insect cells using RHKK(Ac)AMC as substrate after 90 mins by fluorimeter	ki	0.0009	uM
N’-hydroxy-N-[4-[3-[4-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)pyrazol-1-yl]propyl]phenyl]octanediamide	1476121: Inhibition of N-terminal GST tagged human HDAC6 (1 to 1215 residues) expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells using RHKKAc as substrate in presence of ATP	ic50	0.0009	uM
N-hydroxy-4-[[[1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl]amino]methyl]benzamide	1403154: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0009	uM
4-[[cyclopropyl-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]methyl]-N-hydroxybenzamide	1876342: Inhibition of recombinant full length human HDAC6 expressed in insect Sf9 cells by EMSA analysis	ic50	0.0009	uM
(2S)-N-[(2S)-1-anilino-1-oxo-7-sulfanylheptan-2-yl]-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxamide	1164783: Inhibition of HDAC6 (unknown origin) using fluorogenic tetrapeptide RHKK(Ac) substrate by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.0010	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

64 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance, affects response to substance, affects localization	4
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases methylation	4
bisphenol A	decreases reaction, decreases expression, affects reaction, increases phosphorylation, affects cotreatment (+2 more)	3
sulforaphane	decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases activity	2
tubastatin A	decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases activity, affects cotreatment	2
ricolinostat	decreases activity	2
Vorinostat	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, decreases activity	2
Arsenic	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation, affects methylation	2
Cisplatin	increases expression, increases reaction, decreases response to substance	2
Endosulfan	decreases expression	2
FR900359	decreases phosphorylation	1
WT161	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
2,4,6-tribromophenol	increases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	increases expression	1
alpha-pinene	affects cotreatment, increases expression, increases oxidation, increases abundance	1
polymarcine	decreases activity	1
decabromobiphenyl ether	increases expression	1
trichostatin A	decreases activity	1
mancozeb	decreases activity	1
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	increases phosphorylation, affects phosphorylation, decreases reaction, affects cotreatment, increases expression (+2 more)	1
tetrabromobisphenol A	increases expression	1
manganese chloride	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
butylbenzyl phthalate	affects binding, affects localization, decreases reaction, decreases expression, increases phosphorylation (+3 more)	1
aflatoxin B2	increases methylation	1
methacrylaldehyde	affects cotreatment, increases expression, increases oxidation, increases abundance	1
ginsenoside Rh2	decreases expression	1
trapoxin B	decreases activity	1
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde	increases expression, increases reaction	1
CGP 52608	increases reaction, affects binding	1

ChEMBL screening assays

3537 unique, capped per target: 3494 binding, 35 admet, 5 functional, 3 toxicity

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1002517	Binding	Inhibition of C-terminal FLAG-tagged HDAC6 expressed in mammalian cells	Discovery of a potent class I selective ketone histone deacetylase inhibitor with antitumor activity in vivo and optimized pharmacokinetic properties. — J Med Chem
CHEMBL4007217	ADMET	Inhibition of human HDAC6 using Boc-Lys(Ac)-AMC as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 60 mins by trypsin-based fluorescence assay	Perfluorinated hydroxamic acids are potent and selective inhibitors of HDAC-like enzymes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. — Bioorg Med Chem Lett
CHEMBL5157721	Toxicity	Inhibition of recombinant human N-terminal GST-tagged HDAC6 (1 to 1215 residues) expressed in Sf9 insect cells using fluorogenic HDAC substrate 3 measured after 30 mins by fluorimetry	Synthesis and biological evaluation of aminobenzamides containing purine moiety as class I histone deacetylases inhibitors. — Bioorg Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

11 cell lines: 7 cancer cell line, 4 embryonic stem cell

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_A2M5	SEES3-1V human HDAC6, clone1	Embryonic stem cell	Male
CVCL_A2M6	SEES3-1V human HDAC6, clone2	Embryonic stem cell	Male
CVCL_A2M7	SEES3-1V human HDAC6, clone3	Embryonic stem cell	Male
CVCL_B8HA	Abcam HCT 116 HDAC6 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_B8WN	Abcam MCF-7 HDAC6 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_B9JK	Abcam A-549 HDAC6 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D7R6	Ubigene A-549 HDAC6 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_SR13	HAP1 HDAC6 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_SR14	HAP1 HDAC6 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_SR15	HAP1 HDAC6 (-) 3	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00211796	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Divalproex Sodium ER in Adult Autism
NCT00391261	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Open-label Trial of Metformin for Weight Control of Pediatric Patients on Antipsychotic Medications.
NCT00409747	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Minocycline to Treat Childhood Regressive Autism
NCT00576732	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Two Doses of Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder
NCT00844753	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism
NCT01028820	PHASE4	COMPLETED	FMRI Brain Activation of Aripiprazole Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01098383	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Treatment With Acetyl-Choline Esterase Inhibitors in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01333865	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01337700	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Milnacipran in Autism and the Functional Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Model of Autism
NCT01695200	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT02069977	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole
NCT02096952	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate ER Liquid Formulation in Adults With ASD and ADHD
NCT02199925	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of High-Dose Gammaplex in Children on the Autism Spectrum
NCT02235467	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multisite Study: Parental Training Using Video Modelling to Develop Social Skills in Children With Autism
NCT02255565	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dose Response Effects of Quillivant XR in Children With ADHD and Autism: A Pilot Study
NCT02940574	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Neural and Behavioral Effects of Oxytocin in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03333629	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Promoting Positive Outcomes for Individuals With ASD: Linking Early Detection, Treatment, and Long-term Outcomes
NCT03337646	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Effect and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine in Children Aged 6-12 With ADHD and Autism
NCT03538431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Improving Driving in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03757585	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Natural Treatments for the Management of Emotional Dysregulation in Youth With Non-verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
NCT04903353	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pragmatic Trial Comparing Weight Gain in Children With Autism Taking Risperidone Versus Aripiprazole
NCT05063656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Biomarker-Driven Pharmacological Treatment of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Gabapentin
NCT05146245	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics in Children 2: Studying TDM in an RCT
NCT05916339	PHASE4	RECRUITING	AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT05954052	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study of Glutathione in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06853665	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The TEAM Study - Treatment Efficacy for Autism/Attention Using Mixed Amphetamine
NCT07054697	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot-RCT With Individualized Homeopathic Treatment in the Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT07161804	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot RCT Using Homeopathic Medicines in ASD
NCT07439042	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Buspirone for Anxiety in Autistic Youth
NCT07290530	PHASE3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	24-Month Trial of NPI-001 for the Preservation of Photoreceptors in Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated With Usher Syndrome
NCT00036231	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
NCT00036244	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism
NCT00065884	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Valproate Response in Aggressive Autistic Adolescents
NCT00065962	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Secretin for the Treatment of Autism
NCT00252603	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Galantamine Versus Placebo in Childhood Autism
NCT00346736	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352248	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture Versus Sham Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352352	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00355329	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Control Trial of Using Tongue Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Using PET Scan for Clinical Correlation
NCT00498173	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Atomoxetine in Treating ADHD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Autism