HLA-DMA

Summary

HLA-DMA (major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha, HGNC:4934) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 6p21.32, encoding HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain (P28067). Plays a critical role in catalyzing the release of class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP) from newly synthesized MHC class II molecules and freeing the peptide binding site for acquisition of antigenic peptides.

HLA-DMA belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DMA) and a beta chain (DMB), both anchored in the membrane. It is located in intracellular vesicles. DM plays a central role in the peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by helping to release the CLIP molecule from the peptide binding site. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa and its gene contains 5 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail.

Source: NCBI Gene 3108 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 8
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 14 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_006120

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4934
Approved symbol	HLA-DMA
Name	major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha
Location	6p21.32
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	D6S222E, RING6
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000204257
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	142855
Entrez	3108

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 22 — 18 protein_coding, 3 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000374843, ENST00000395303, ENST00000395305, ENST00000422832, ENST00000456800, ENST00000464392, ENST00000475627, ENST00000477541, ENST00000480785, ENST00000869592, ENST00000869593, ENST00000869594, ENST00000869595, ENST00000869596, ENST00000869597, ENST00000869598, ENST00000869599, ENST00000869600, ENST00000915602, ENST00000915603, ENST00000915604, ENST00000970369

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_006120 NM_006120

CCDS: CCDS4761

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000374843 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00003543419	32950519	32950803
ENSE00003563247	32949611	32949889
ENSE00003669949	32952949	32953097
ENSE00003785137	32949271	32949399
ENSE00003849242	32948618	32948868

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 134 present calls, max score 99.22.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 37.3393 / max 1013.7619, expressed in 1319 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
73047	36.7251	1280
73046	0.4366	152
73048	0.1775	65

Top tissues by expression

134 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	99.22	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	99.13	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	99.11	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	99.07	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	98.88	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	98.73	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	98.60	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	98.04	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	97.90	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	97.88	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	97.38	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	97.30	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	96.89	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	96.86	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	96.81	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	96.79	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	96.75	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	96.58	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	96.53	gold quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	96.34	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	96.32	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	96.23	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	96.14	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	96.11	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	96.10	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	96.04	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	96.00	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	95.85	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	95.57	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	95.56	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 5 experiment(s), a significant marker in 5.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-89232	yes	455.09
E-CURD-122	yes	92.50
E-MTAB-10287	yes	30.82
E-MTAB-9801	yes	7.77
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CIITA, RFX5, RFXANK, RFXAP, STAT1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

24 targeting HLA-DMA, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-4713-3P	100.00	65.92	505
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981
HSA-MIR-5680	99.91	69.83	3421
HSA-MIR-137-3P	99.87	74.74	2401
HSA-MIR-4447	99.85	67.81	2900
HSA-MIR-6764-5P	99.75	67.89	2304
HSA-MIR-3202	99.66	67.70	2737
HSA-MIR-1915-3P	99.58	66.79	1988
HSA-MIR-4472	99.56	66.08	1478
HSA-MIR-7109-5P	99.18	66.13	1057
HSA-MIR-4292	99.16	65.57	1767
HSA-MIR-6791-5P	99.16	65.92	1844
HSA-MIR-939-3P	98.97	65.07	2347
HSA-MIR-4764-5P	98.88	65.53	894
HSA-MIR-330-5P	98.73	67.63	1788
HSA-MIR-6887-5P	98.56	68.49	1295
HSA-MIR-6795-5P	98.52	68.51	1277
HSA-MIR-6780A-3P	98.42	67.49	1518
HSA-MIR-326	98.25	66.44	1565
HSA-MIR-6757-5P	98.08	65.50	724
HSA-MIR-514A-5P	96.94	65.49	801
HSA-MIR-6888-5P	95.89	63.78	831
HSA-MIR-5186	94.63	66.76	627

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 14)

• HLA DMA and DMB show no association with rheumatoid arthritis in US Caucasians. (PMID:11881821)
• The results suggest that HLA-DMA*0104 may represent a novel allele of susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. (PMID:12858445)
• HLA-DMA may play an important role in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and clinical status heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes may be related to genetic mechanism. (PMID:14754527)
• The absence of HLA-DR/DM interactions at the limiting membrane prevents local loading of MHC class II molecules in phagosomes (PMID:15723810)
• glycosylation promotes, but is not essential for, DMalphabeta ER exit; single DMalpha chains cannot fully oxidize without DMbeta, while DMbeta forms disulfide-linked homodimers without DMalpha (PMID:17015729)
• Multiple mechanisms, operating along the biosynthetic pathway of class II molecules, contribute to DM-mediated increases in the abundance of low-CLIP-affinity alleles. (PMID:20408893)
• DMA*01:01 (69.35%) and DMB*01:01 (52.5%) alleles were more frequent in Chinese Hans (PMID:22309257)
• The structure of the HLA-DM-HLA-DR complex shows major rearrangements of the HLA-DR peptide-binding groove. (PMID:23260142)
• study therefore reveals that HLA-DM polymorphic residues have a considerable impact on HLA-DM catalytic activity. (PMID:25505276)
• pH-susceptibility of HLA-DO tunes DO/DM ratios to regulate HLA-DM catalytic activity. (PMID:26610428)
• The ARL15 and HLA-DMA gene polymorphisms are associated with RA risk in Northwestern Han Chinese population. (PMID:29382430)
• Permissive HLA-DPB1 mismatches in HCT depend on immunopeptidome divergence and editing by HLA-DM. (PMID:33025005)
• Expression of NOTCH1, NOTCH4, HLA-DMA and HLA-DRA is synergistically associated with T cell exclusion, immune checkpoint blockade efficacy and recurrence risk in ER-negative breast cancer. (PMID:35543859)
• Prognostic gene HLA-DMA associated with cell cycle and immune infiltrates in LUAD. (PMID:37972401)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	H2-DMa	ENSMUSG00000037649
rattus_norvegicus	RT1-DMa	ENSRNOG00000066773

Paralogs (13): B2M (ENSG00000166710), HLA-DQB1 (ENSG00000179344), HLA-DRB1 (ENSG00000196126), HLA-DQA1 (ENSG00000196735), HLA-DRB5 (ENSG00000198502), HLA-DOA (ENSG00000204252), HLA-DRA (ENSG00000204287), HLA-DPB1 (ENSG00000223865), HLA-DPA1 (ENSG00000231389), HLA-DQB2 (ENSG00000232629), HLA-DQA2 (ENSG00000237541), HLA-DOB (ENSG00000241106), HLA-DMB (ENSG00000242574)

Protein

Protein identifiers

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain — P28067 (reviewed: P28067)

Alternative names: MHC class II antigen DMA, Really interesting new gene 6 protein

All UniProt accessions (7): A2AAT8, P28067, F6S093, H0Y732, Q31604, Q5SP00, Q6ICR9

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Plays a critical role in catalyzing the release of class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP) from newly synthesized MHC class II molecules and freeing the peptide binding site for acquisition of antigenic peptides. In B-cells, the interaction between HLA-DM and MHC class II molecules is regulated by HLA-DO.

Subunit / interactions. Heterodimer of an alpha chain (DMA) and a beta chain (DMB). Interacts with MHCII; this interaction mediates rapid selection of high-affinity peptides in a pH-dependent manner, with an optimum at pH 5.5.

Subcellular location. Late endosome membrane. Lysosome membrane.

Polymorphism. The following alleles of DMA are known: DMA01:01, DMA01:02, DMA01:03 (DMA3.2) and DMA01:04 (DMA3.4). The sequence shown is that of DMA*01:01.

Similarity. Belongs to the MHC class II family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_006111* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001003	MHC_II_a_N	Domain
IPR003006	Ig/MHC_CS	Conserved_site
IPR003597	Ig_C1-set	Domain
IPR007110	Ig-like_dom	Domain
IPR011162	MHC_I/II-like_Ag-recog	Homologous_superfamily
IPR013783	Ig-like_fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR014745	MHC_II_a/b_N	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036179	Ig-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR050160	MHC/Immunoglobulin	Family

Pfam: PF00993, PF07654

UniProt features (44 total): strand 12, sequence variant 7, mutagenesis site 5, turn 5, helix 3, region of interest 3, disulfide bond 2, topological domain 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, domain 1, glycosylation site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

4 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
2BC4	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.27
1HDM	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
4FQX	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
4GBX	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P28067-F1	88.44	0.76

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (2): 50–105, 147–202

Glycosylation sites (1): 41

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (5):

Position	Phenotype
124	decreases the interaction with mhcii and peptide exchange; when associated with a-220.
126	decreases the interaction with mhcii and peptide exchange.
151	abrogates the interaction with mhcii and peptide exchange.
199	decreases the interaction with mhcii and peptide exchange.
220	decreases the interaction with mhcii and peptide exchange; when associated with a-124.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2132295	MHC class II antigen presentation

MSigDB gene sets: 401 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_AND_PRESENTATION_OF_PEPTIDE_OR_POLYSACCHARIDE_ANTIGEN_VIA_MHC_CLASS_II, KOBAYASHI_EGFR_SIGNALING_24HR_UP, MCLACHLAN_DENTAL_CARIES_UP, REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOCC_VACUOLAR_MEMBRANE, MODULE_45, GAUSSMANN_MLL_AF4_FUSION_TARGETS_A_DN, GOCC_CELL_SURFACE, MORI_IMMATURE_B_LYMPHOCYTE_UP, GAURNIER_PSMD4_TARGETS, GOBP_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_AND_PRESENTATION_OF_PEPTIDE_ANTIGEN, GNF2_LYN, WIELAND_UP_BY_HBV_INFECTION, GRAHAM_CML_QUIESCENT_VS_NORMAL_QUIESCENT_DN

GO Biological Process (9): adaptive immune response (GO:0002250), peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex (GO:0002503), antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II (GO:0019886), positive regulation of immune response (GO:0050778), positive regulation of T cell activation (GO:0050870), immune system process (GO:0002376), antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II (GO:0002504), immune response (GO:0006955), antigen processing and presentation (GO:0019882)

GO Molecular Function (3): MHC class II protein complex binding (GO:0023026), peptide antigen binding (GO:0042605), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (8): lysosomal membrane (GO:0005765), cell surface (GO:0009986), membrane (GO:0016020), late endosome membrane (GO:0031902), MHC class II protein complex (GO:0042613), lysosome (GO:0005764), endosome (GO:0005768), endosome membrane (GO:0010008)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Adaptive Immune System	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
immune response	2
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II	2
immune system process	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
MHC class II protein complex assembly	1
peptide antigen assembly with MHC protein complex	1
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen	1
positive regulation of immune system process	1
positive regulation of response to stimulus	1
regulation of immune response	1
T cell activation	1
regulation of T cell activation	1
positive regulation of lymphocyte activation	1
positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	1
biological_process	1
antigen processing and presentation	1
response to stimulus	1
MHC protein complex binding	1
antigen binding	1
peptide binding	1
binding	1
lysosome	1
lytic vacuole membrane	1
late endosome	1
endosome membrane	1
MHC protein complex	1
lytic vacuole	1
endomembrane system	1
cytoplasmic vesicle	1
endosome	1
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	1
bounding membrane of organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1606 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
HLA-DMA	HLA-DMB	P28068	995
HLA-DMA	BRD2	P25440	860
HLA-DMA	BRD3	Q15059	845
HLA-DMA	HLA-DOB	P13765	835
HLA-DMA	HLA-DRB1	P01911	761
HLA-DMA	HLA-B	P01889	755
HLA-DMA	TOR1A	O14656	733
HLA-DMA	HLA-C	P04222	732
HLA-DMA	CD74	P04233	720
HLA-DMA	CTSS	P25774	719
HLA-DMA	HLA-DQB2	P05538	700
HLA-DMA	HLA-DPB1	P01916	677
HLA-DMA	HLA-DQB1	P01917	675
HLA-DMA	HLA-F	P30511	607
HLA-DMA	HFE	Q30201	607

IntAct

28 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
HLA-DMB	HLA-DMA	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.820
HLA-DMB	HLA-DMA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.820
HLA-DMA	HLA-DRA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.620
HLA-DMA	HLA-DOA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.590
HLA-DMA	HLA-DOA	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.590
HLA-DMA	HLA-DOA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.590
HLA-DMA	HLA-DRB1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.590
HLA-DRB1	HLA-DRA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.520
HLA-DRB1		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
MEP1B	HLA-DMA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
HLA-DMA	HLA-DRB1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

ESM2 similar proteins: P01864, P01865, P01867, P01869, P01893, P01895, P01896, P01897, P01898, P01899, P01903, P01904, P01906, P01909, P01910, P03987, P04223, P04224, P04227, P04228, P04439, P06339, P06340, P13753, P14426, P14428, P14434, P14435, P14436, P14437, P14438, P14439, P15980, P15981, P16209, P16211, P20036, P20037, P20755, P23150

Diamond homologs: O42197, O77517, O77518, O77519, O77520, O77521, O77523, O77524, O77525, O77526, O77528, O77529, O77530, O77531, O77532, O77533, O77534, O77535, O77536, O77537, P01844, P01885, P01886, P01887, P01888, P01906, P01910, P04227, P04228, P04440, P07151, P14434, P14435, P14436, P14437, P14438, P15981, P16213, P19341, P20036

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
“RFX complex”	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	HLA-DMA	“transcriptional regulation”
CIITA	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	HLA-DMA	“transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

14 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	0
Likely benign	1
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1104 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
6:32948865:CAGT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:32948869:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:32949270:CCA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
6:32949286:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
6:32949400:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:32950502:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000
6:32950614:C:CA	donor_gain	1.0000
6:32968785:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
6:32948783:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9900
6:32948812:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9900
6:32948864:TCAGT:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:32948865:CAGTC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:32948866:AGT:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:32948867:GT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:32949269:ACCAC:A	donor_gain	0.9900
6:32949270:CCACC:C	donor_gain	0.9900
6:32949398:TA:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:32949399:AC:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
6:32949400:CT:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
6:32949401:T:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
6:32950501:C:CA	donor_gain	0.9900
6:32950518:CCT:C	donor_gain	0.9900
6:32950804:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:32952945:TTA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
6:32952946:TACC:T	donor_loss	0.9900
6:32952947:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
6:32952947:A:C	donor_loss	0.9900
6:32952948:C:A	donor_loss	0.9900
6:32952948:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900
6:32968775:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

1710 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
6:32949780:C:A	W161C	0.992
6:32949780:C:G	W161C	0.992
6:32949612:C:A	W217C	0.991
6:32949612:C:G	W217C	0.991
6:32949822:A:C	C147W	0.991
6:32949658:C:G	C202S	0.989
6:32949659:A:T	C202S	0.989
6:32949823:C:G	C147S	0.989
6:32949824:A:G	C147R	0.989
6:32949824:A:T	C147S	0.989
6:32949657:G:C	C202W	0.987
6:32949829:A:G	L145S	0.986
6:32950578:C:T	C105Y	0.985
6:32949711:G:C	F184L	0.984
6:32949711:G:T	F184L	0.984
6:32949713:A:G	F184L	0.984
6:32949823:C:T	C147Y	0.984
6:32949658:C:T	C202Y	0.983
6:32949659:A:G	C202R	0.983
6:32949712:A:C	F184C	0.981
6:32949826:A:T	V146D	0.981
6:32949834:G:C	N143K	0.981
6:32949834:G:T	N143K	0.981
6:32950743:C:G	C50S	0.981
6:32950744:A:T	C50S	0.981
6:32950577:G:C	C105W	0.980
6:32950578:C:G	C105S	0.979
6:32950579:A:T	C105S	0.979
6:32949782:A:G	W161R	0.975
6:32949782:A:T	W161R	0.975

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000984337 (6:32954725 C>A), RS1001306239 (6:32948507 C>G,T), RS1001472439 (6:32948504 T>G), RS1001503678 (6:32948921 T>G), RS1001864641 (6:32954053 C>T), RS1002787034 (6:32954620 T>G), RS1003147733 (6:32950332 C>T), RS1003903910 (6:32949888 C>A,T), RS1004337869 (6:32950247 G>C,T), RS1004563565 (6:32948450 A>T), RS1004936707 (6:32948438 T>C), RS1005018342 (6:32948174 T>C), RS1005669902 (6:32952058 A>G), RS1006950433 (6:32953201 A>G), RS1007338351 (6:32953438 TA>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:142855 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

8 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST004521_170	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	4.000000e-14
GCST004521_255	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	6.000000e-11
GCST005541_25	Sarcoidosis (Lofgren’s syndrome vs non-Lofgren’s syndrome)	6.000000e-23
GCST008916_27	Asthma	5.000000e-31
GCST008916_90	Asthma	4.000000e-15
GCST90000025_485	Appendicular lean mass	5.000000e-23
GCST90002389_318	Lymphocyte percentage of white cells	6.000000e-15
GCST90002399_293	Neutrophil percentage of white cells	1.000000e-12

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004980	appendicular lean mass
EFO:0007993	lymphocyte percentage of leukocytes
EFO:0007990	neutrophil percentage of leukocytes

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

56 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects expression	5
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
Panobinostat	affects cotreatment, affects expression, increases expression	3
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	3
entinostat	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Vorinostat	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Arsenic	decreases response to substance, decreases expression	2
Cisplatin	affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases methylation, decreases methylation	1
terbufos	increases methylation	1
sodium bichromate	decreases expression	1
sulforaphane	decreases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	affects splicing, decreases expression	1
nickel sulfate	decreases expression	1
mercuric bromide	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
tamibarotene	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	increases reaction, affects binding	1
valdecoxib	affects expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	1
bisphenol S	decreases methylation	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
incobotulinumtoxinA	increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Temozolomide	decreases expression	1
Zoledronic Acid	increases expression	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

2 cell lines: 2 hybrid cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_9W16	T2.DR4/DM	Hybrid cell line
CVCL_9W18	T2.DR3/DM	Hybrid cell line

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.