HS3ST1

Summary

HS3ST1 (heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1, HGNC:5194) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 4p15.33, encoding Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (O14792). Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3’-phospho-5’-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) to catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group to position 3 of glucosamine residues in heparan.

Heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes are key components in generating a myriad of distinct heparan sulfate fine structures that carry out multiple biologic activities. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme family. It possesses both heparan sulfate glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase activity, anticoagulant heparan sulfate conversion activity, and is a rate limiting enzyme for synthesis of anticoagulant heparan. This enzyme is an intraluminal Golgi resident protein.

Source: NCBI Gene 9957 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 12
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 58 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 1
• MANE Select transcript: NM_005114

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:5194
Approved symbol	HS3ST1
Name	heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1
Location	4p15.33
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	3OST1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000002587
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	603244
Entrez	9957

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 7 — 7 protein_coding

ENST00000002596, ENST00000510712, ENST00000514690, ENST00000952062, ENST00000952063, ENST00000952064, ENST00000952065

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_005114 NM_005114

CCDS: CCDS3408

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000002596 — 2 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001287055	11428699	11428894
ENSE00002024145	11393150	11400113

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 247 present calls, max score 95.05.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 4.2726 / max 274.5299, expressed in 774 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (8 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
51387	2.6661	658
51388	0.8114	362
51385	0.3203	144
51389	0.2325	106
51391	0.1461	67
51386	0.0379	14
51390	0.0337	12
51382	0.0245	7

Top tissues by expression

286 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	95.05	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	93.58	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	92.53	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	92.44	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	92.23	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	91.07	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	90.70	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	89.55	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	89.48	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	89.42	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	89.40	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	89.33	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	89.26	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	88.18	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	88.15	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	87.96	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	87.65	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	87.24	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	85.92	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	85.66	silver quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	84.26	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	84.02	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	83.85	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	83.47	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	83.13	silver quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	82.92	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	82.75	gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	82.63	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	81.94	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	81.91	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-8381	no	230.34
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

59 targeting HS3ST1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-196A-1-3P	99.99	72.15	2772
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-19A-3P	99.98	75.33	2762
HSA-MIR-19B-3P	99.98	75.44	2754
HSA-MIR-450B-5P	99.92	71.48	3175
HSA-MIR-9902	99.89	69.15	2250
HSA-MIR-30A-3P	99.87	69.74	2928
HSA-MIR-30D-3P	99.87	69.92	2917
HSA-MIR-30E-3P	99.87	69.68	2942
HSA-LET-7A-2-3P	99.87	70.53	1921
HSA-LET-7G-3P	99.85	70.43	1929
HSA-MIR-205-5P	99.81	70.05	1557
HSA-MIR-4760-5P	99.80	69.88	1619
HSA-MIR-8076	99.78	68.52	1170
HSA-MIR-8084	99.73	69.57	1760
HSA-MIR-466	99.67	70.85	2863
HSA-MIR-4502	99.65	66.99	1021
HSA-MIR-8061	99.63	69.44	1411
HSA-MIR-4663	99.62	65.33	957
HSA-MIR-802	99.61	67.70	1254
HSA-MIR-1290	99.59	69.90	2079

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• In this paper a conformational change is described that occurs in heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 upon binding to heparan sulfate. (PMID:15096036)
• Golgi-targeted HS3st1 localizes in the Golgi and results in the formation of a single type of AT-binding site and high anti-factor Xa activity (PMID:24247246)
• Compared with Hs3st1+/+ mice, Hs3st1-/- mice were more susceptible to LPS-induced death due to an increased sensitivity to TNF (PMID:28126521)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Hs3st1	ENSMUSG00000051022
rattus_norvegicus	Hs3st1	ENSRNOG00000068537

Paralogs (10): NDST1 (ENSG00000070614), HS3ST2 (ENSG00000122254), HS3ST3B1 (ENSG00000125430), NDST4 (ENSG00000138653), HS3ST3A1 (ENSG00000153976), HS3ST6 (ENSG00000162040), NDST3 (ENSG00000164100), NDST2 (ENSG00000166507), HS3ST4 (ENSG00000182601), HS3ST5 (ENSG00000249853)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Heparan sulfate glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 — O14792 (reviewed: O14792)

Alternative names: Heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase 1

All UniProt accessions (2): O14792, E9PDE3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3’-phospho-5’-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) to catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group to position 3 of glucosamine residues in heparan. Catalyzes the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HSact). This modification is a crucial step in the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate as it completes the structure of the antithrombin pentasaccharide binding site.

Subcellular location. Golgi apparatus lumen.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in the brain and kidney and weakly expressed in the heart, lung and placenta.

Similarity. Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_005105* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000863	Sulfotransferase_dom	Domain
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR037359	NST/OST	Family

Pfam: PF00685

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.8.2.23 — [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 (BRENDA: 5 organisms, 26 substrates, 5 inhibitors, 3 Km, 0 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

2 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 2. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
3’-PHOSPHOADENOSINE 5’-PHOSPHOSULFATE	0.01	1
GLCNSO3(6-OSO3)-GLCA-GLCNSO3(6-OSO3)-IDOA(2-OSO3	0.006	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• alpha-D-glucosaminyl-heparan sulfate + 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = 3-sulfo-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-heparan sulfate + adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:15461)

UniProt features (39 total): helix 15, strand 8, binding site 5, glycosylation site 4, sequence variant 2, turn 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, disulfide bond 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1ZRH	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O14792-F1	90.83	0.87

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (5): 64–68; 147; 155; 255; 270–274

Disulfide bonds (1): 256–265

Glycosylation sites (4): 249, 48, 192, 242

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2022928	HS-GAG biosynthesis

MSigDB gene sets: 237 (showing top): HASLINGER_B_CLL_WITH_11Q23_DELETION, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_12HR_UP, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_AMINOGLYCAN_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_HEPARAN_SULFATE_PROTEOGLYCAN_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_AMINOGLYCAN_METABOLIC_PROCESS, OCT1_06, GOTZMANN_EPITHELIAL_TO_MESENCHYMAL_TRANSITION_DN, SANSOM_APC_TARGETS_UP, GREENBAUM_E2A_TARGETS_UP, TAKEDA_TARGETS_OF_NUP98_HOXA9_FUSION_16D_DN, YAMAZAKI_TCEB3_TARGETS_UP, SOX5_01, YNGTTNNNATT_UNKNOWN

GO Biological Process (2): glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process (GO:0006024), heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process (GO:0015012)

GO Molecular Function (3): sulfotransferase activity (GO:0008146), [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase activity (GO:0008467), transferase activity (GO:0016740)

GO Cellular Component (2): Golgi lumen (GO:0005796), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Heparan sulfate/heparin (HS-GAG) metabolism	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
aminoglycan biosynthetic process	1
glycosaminoglycan metabolic process	1
proteoglycan biosynthetic process	1
heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process	1
protein O-linked glycosylation via xylose	1
transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups	1
heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity	1
catalytic activity	1
Golgi apparatus	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

676 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
HS3ST1	HS2ST1	Q7LGA3	877
HS3ST1	SULT1C3	Q6IMI6	848
HS3ST1	SULT1C4	O75897	846
HS3ST1	SULT1B1	O43704	845
HS3ST1	UST	Q9Y2C2	791
HS3ST1	HS6ST1	O60243	755
HS3ST1	GLCE	O94923	736
HS3ST1	K7EP71	K7EP71	680
HS3ST1	EXT1	Q16394	663
HS3ST1	HS6ST2	Q96MM7	662
HS3ST1	HS6ST3	Q8IZP7	620
HS3ST1	EXT2	Q93063	614
HS3ST1	SERPINC1	P01008	606
HS3ST1	SULF1	Q8IWU6	586
HS3ST1	SULF2	Q8IWU5	585

IntAct

36 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CLEC11A	VWA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TNFSF8	LGALS8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CRP	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CMA1	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PDGFRL	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
TMEM106A	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
B4GALT4	PIPSL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TMEM106A	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
DKKL1	VWA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IL5RA	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LCN6	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FGF4	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PDGFRA	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PRG2	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RLN1	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CRLF1	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CBLN4	AGRN	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IFNE	ACACB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
P3H1	FCHO1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CEACAM21	GAPDHS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LIPG	TOR1B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KLRG2	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MMP10	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
EDDM3A	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CORT	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GPX7	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CST5	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CST8	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IL20	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CGREF1	HS3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (37): HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HS3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A6QNK1, O14792, O19058, O35310, O43916, O88199, Q10979, Q11127, Q29043, Q5E9W5, Q5RJQ0, Q5XPT3, Q6P7A1, Q6XQG8, Q6XQG9, Q6XQH0, Q712G6, Q7LGC8, Q7T3S3, Q800H9, Q80WV3, Q866C5, Q866C7, Q866D2, Q866D6, Q866D9, Q866E1, Q866E6, Q866E7, Q866E8, Q866F0, Q866F1, Q8HYJ3, Q8HYJ4, Q8HYJ7, Q8N3Y3, Q8NET6, Q92179, Q96RP7, Q99999

Diamond homologs: O14792, O35310, O95803, O97583, Q5GFD5, Q673U1, Q80W66, Q8BKN6, Q8BSL4, Q8IZT8, Q96QI5, Q9EQW8, Q9ESG5, Q9H3R1, Q9QZS6, Q9Y278, Q9Y661, Q9Y662, Q9Y663, P52849, Q60V90, Q966W3, Q9EQH7, Q9V3L1, P52848, P52850, Q02353, Q3UHN9, Q5U4X8, Q6GQK9, Q55GK8

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

58 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	52
Likely benign	2
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

568 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
4:11400111:TTA:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:11400114:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:11428260:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
4:11428261:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
4:11399070:G:C	donor_gain	0.9900
4:11400109:AATTA:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
4:11400110:ATTA:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
4:11400112:TA:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
4:11428246:C:CA	donor_gain	0.9900
4:11397379:C:A	donor_gain	0.9800
4:11400110:ATTAC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9700
4:11400111:TTACT:T	acceptor_gain	0.9700
4:11400115:T:A	acceptor_gain	0.9700
4:11428310:AGGAT:A	donor_gain	0.9700
4:11400112:TACT:T	acceptor_gain	0.9600
4:11400113:AC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9600
4:11400114:C:A	acceptor_gain	0.9600
4:11428228:TCTCC:T	donor_gain	0.9600
4:11428694:CTCA:C	donor_loss	0.9600
4:11428695:TCA:T	donor_loss	0.9600
4:11428696:CA:C	donor_loss	0.9600
4:11428697:ACC:A	donor_loss	0.9600
4:11428698:C:A	donor_loss	0.9600
4:11400123:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.9500
4:11397375:ACTTC:A	donor_gain	0.9400
4:11397376:CTTCC:C	donor_gain	0.9400
4:11400122:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9400
4:11400108:CAAT:C	acceptor_gain	0.9300
4:11400710:ATCT:A	acceptor_gain	0.9200
4:11399309:TCTCG:T	donor_gain	0.9100

AlphaMissense

2020 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
4:11399196:T:A	K270N	1.000
4:11399196:T:G	K270N	1.000
4:11399197:T:A	K270I	1.000
4:11399212:C:G	C265S	1.000
4:11399213:A:G	C265R	1.000
4:11399213:A:T	C265S	1.000
4:11399239:C:G	C256S	1.000
4:11399240:A:G	C256R	1.000
4:11399240:A:T	C256S	1.000
4:11399244:A:C	F254L	1.000
4:11399244:A:T	F254L	1.000
4:11399246:A:G	F254L	1.000
4:11399814:C:A	K64N	1.000
4:11399814:C:G	K64N	1.000
4:11399198:T:G	K270Q	0.999
4:11399209:A:G	L266S	0.999
4:11399211:G:C	C265W	0.999
4:11399212:C:T	C265Y	0.999
4:11399238:G:C	C256W	0.999
4:11399239:C:T	C256Y	0.999
4:11399399:A:G	W203R	0.999
4:11399399:A:T	W203R	0.999
4:11399424:G:C	S194R	0.999
4:11399424:G:T	S194R	0.999
4:11399426:T:G	S194R	0.999
4:11399744:G:C	H88D	0.999
4:11399815:T:A	K64M	0.999
4:11399815:T:G	K64T	0.999
4:11399816:T:G	K64Q	0.999
4:11399088:C:A	W306C	0.998

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS10000547 (4:11425795 T>C), RS10000548 (4:11425796 T>G), RS10000714 (4:11425976 T>A,C), RS1000094062 (4:11421347 C>G), RS1000107492 (4:11424273 G>A), RS1000150615 (4:11408207 G>A), RS1000175628 (4:11408461 G>A,T), RS10002690 (4:11420321 C>T), RS1000307845 (4:11435643 A>T), RS1000357643 (4:11413015 T>C), RS1000512156 (4:11400554 T>C), RS1000540560 (4:11394377 T>C), RS1000552086 (4:11428261 C>G), RS1000581930 (4:11428423 C>T), RS1000617926 (4:11406422 CA>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:603244 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): arteriosclerosis disorder (MONDO:0002277), coronary artery disorder (MONDO:0005010)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

1 total (1 of 1 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0002634	Arteriosclerosis

GWAS associations

12 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001576_2	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	3.000000e-06
GCST002245_22	Alzheimer’s disease (late onset)	7.000000e-08
GCST003064_3	Exploratory eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia (cognitive search score)	3.000000e-07
GCST003518_72	Daytime sleep phenotypes	4.000000e-06
GCST003992_30	Photic sneeze reflex	2.000000e-41
GCST006296_2	Response to ziprazidone in schizophrenia	1.000000e-06
GCST007319_11	Alzheimer’s disease (late onset)	2.000000e-08
GCST007687_3	Photic sneeze reflex	2.000000e-08
GCST007843_6	Rheumatoid arthritis	4.000000e-09
GCST007844_2	Ankylosing spondylitis	6.000000e-06
GCST007998_11	Intraocular pressure	6.000000e-19
GCST012182_7	Alzheimer’s disease	9.000000e-12

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007700	exploratory eye movement measurement
EFO:0007828	daytime rest measurement
EFO:0007887	autosomal dominant compelling helio-ophthalmic outburst syndrome
EFO:0004695	intraocular pressure measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001161	Arteriosclerosis	C14.907.137.126
D003324	Coronary Artery Disease	C14.280.647.250.260; C14.907.137.126.339; C14.907.585.250.260

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

51 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	6
sodium arsenite	affects methylation, increases expression	3
mercuric bromide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Silicon Dioxide	increases expression, decreases expression	2
Smoke	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Tretinoin	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation, increases methylation	2
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
trichostatin A	increases expression	1
arsenite	increases methylation	1
sodium bichromate	decreases expression	1
vanadyl sulfate	increases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
corosolic acid	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
2,2’,4,4’,5-brominated diphenyl ether	increases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Zoledronic Acid	increases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Vorinostat	decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

299 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00110448	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Japanese Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis With Aspirin for Diabetes (JPAD) Trial
NCT00154180	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS)
NCT00161070	PHASE4	COMPLETED	ESPRIT: European/Australasian Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischaemia Trial
NCT00211939	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CARE-2 (Calcium Acetate [PhosLo®]/Sevelamer[Renagel®] Evaluation Study 2) for Heart Calcification in Dialysis Patients
NCT00395382	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of the Effect of Alendronate on Vascular Calcification and Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Kidney Disease
NCT00657943	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy Trial
NCT02212470	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Drug Eluting Balloon Angioplasty Versus Nitinol Stent Implantation in the Superficial Femoral Artery
NCT02423265	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Efficacy of Ranolazine in Patients With Chronic Total Occlusions of Coronary Arteries
NCT02510547	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of a CrossBoss First Versus Standard Wire Escalation Strategy for Crossing Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion: the CrossBoss First Trial
NCT02601664	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Randomized-controlled Trial of a Combined vs. Conventional Percutaneous Intervention for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Defined High-Risk Native Coronary Artery Lesions
NCT04624854	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dual Anti-Platelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Multi-Vessel Disease (DAPT-MVD)
NCT05942352	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Clinical Study of Ligustrazine in Treating Alcohol Addiction
NCT07237308	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	BEACON-AA: Apixaban With or Without Clopidogrel in Stroke Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Cerebral Atherosclerosis
NCT00025766	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Angioplasty and Heart Stents to Treat Individuals With an Occluded Artery Following a Heart Attack
NCT00079638	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Efficacy Evaluation of Lipids When Treated With Niaspan & Statin or Other Lipid-Modifying Therapies-COMPELL
NCT00111566	PHASE4	COMPLETED	BRIEF-PCI: Brief Infusion of Eptifibatide Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
NCT00129038	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Modified-release Dipyridamole/Aspirin (200mg/25mg bd) Versus Aspirin (75mg) in Aspirin-resistant Patients
NCT00133003	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Abciximab, Clopidogrel and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ISAR-REACT-2)
NCT00133237	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Drug-eluting-stents for Unprotected Left Main Stem Disease (ISAR-LEFT-MAIN)
NCT00133692	PHASE4	COMPLETED	INVEST: INternational VErapamil SR Trandolapril STudy
NCT00139386	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Candesartan for Prevention of Cardiovascular Events After Cypher or Taxus Coronary Stenting (4C) Trial
NCT00140465	PHASE4	COMPLETED	75 or 150 mg Clopidogrel Maintenance Doses Following PCI (ISAR-CHOICE-2)
NCT00140530	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Nonpolymer- and Polymer-Based Drug-Eluting Stents for Restenosis (ISAR-TEST-1)
NCT00146575	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sirolimus- and Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents for Small Vessels (ISAR-SMART-3)
NCT00152308	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Non-Polymer-Based, Rapamycin-Eluting Stents to Prevent Restenosis
NCT00155350	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Treatment of Coronary Atherosclerosis by Insulin Sensitizers in Insulin-Resistant Patients
NCT00162370	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Stress Echocardiography in Post-Menopausal Women at Risk for Coronary Disease
NCT00163202	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Atorvastatin Pleiotropic Effects
NCT00169819	PHASE4	COMPLETED	EArly Discharge After Transradial Stenting of CoronarY Arteries: The EASY Study
NCT00171275	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Fluvastatin in the Therapy of Acute Coronary Syndrome
NCT00175240	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Enhancing the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease
NCT00180388	PHASE4	TERMINATED	VENEK: Healing in Different Vein Harvesting Methods During Aortocoronary Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG)
NCT00180583	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Vision II: Evaluation of GALILEO Intravascular Radiotherapy System
NCT00189215	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Long-Term Cognitive Decline After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: is Off-Pump Surgery Beneficial?
NCT00200629	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Both Exercise and Adenosine Stress Testing
NCT00202904	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness and Safety of Ezetimibe Added to Atorvastatin in Patients With High Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease (Study P03740)
NCT00209404	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Iodixanol in Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography-Coronary Angiography (MDCT-CA)
NCT00209430	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Renal Effects of Two Iodinated Contrast Media in Patients at Risk Undergoing Coronary Angiography
NCT00220558	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	GISSOC II: Sirolimus Eluting Stent Versus Bare Metal Stent in Chronic Total Coronary Occlusions
NCT00222261	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aspirin Non-responsiveness and Clopidogrel Endpoint Trial.