HYKK

Summary

HYKK (hydroxylysine kinase, HGNC:34403) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 15q25.1, encoding Hydroxylysine kinase (A2RU49). Catalyzes the GTP-dependent phosphorylation of 5-hydroxy-L-lysine.

Enables hydroxylysine kinase activity. Predicted to be involved in lysine catabolic process. Predicted to be located in mitochondrial matrix.

Source: NCBI Gene 123688 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): inborn disorder of lysine and hydroxylysine metabolism (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 89
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 52 total — 1 likely-pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001013619

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:34403
Approved symbol	HYKK
Name	hydroxylysine kinase
Location	15q25.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	LOC123688
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000188266
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	614681
Entrez	123688

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 6 — 5 protein_coding, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000388988, ENST00000408962, ENST00000563233, ENST00000566289, ENST00000566332, ENST00000569878

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_001013619 NM_001013619, NM_001083612

CCDS: CCDS42063, CCDS45318

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000388988 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00003850008	78507577	78507671
ENSE00003889673	78514968	78515107
ENSE00003890136	78513084	78513425
ENSE00003891720	78527380	78527563
ENSE00003891889	78533210	78536645

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 170 present calls, max score 84.47.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 3.5015 / max 44.3196, expressed in 1433 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
147910	3.1499	1411
147911	0.2614	145
147909	0.0902	25

Top tissues by expression

247 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	84.47	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	83.22	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	80.09	silver quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	80.05	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	79.30	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	78.58	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	77.71	silver quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	77.44	silver quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	76.80	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	76.67	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	76.63	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	76.21	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	76.20	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	76.17	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	75.75	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	75.65	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	75.63	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	75.54	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	75.32	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	75.30	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	75.00	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	75.00	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	74.99	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	74.93	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	74.91	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	74.89	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	74.88	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	74.82	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	74.82	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	74.64	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	7.51
E-MTAB-6386	no	70.07

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

161 targeting HYKK, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-518D-5P	100.00	67.51	979
HSA-MIR-518E-5P	100.00	67.66	954
HSA-MIR-518F-5P	100.00	67.51	979
HSA-MIR-519A-5P	100.00	67.66	954
HSA-MIR-519B-5P	100.00	67.66	954
HSA-MIR-519C-5P	100.00	67.66	954
HSA-MIR-520C-5P	100.00	67.51	979
HSA-MIR-522-5P	100.00	67.66	954
HSA-MIR-523-5P	100.00	67.66	954
HSA-MIR-526A-5P	100.00	67.51	979
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-574-5P	100.00	66.01	989
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-4510	100.00	66.60	2050
HSA-MIR-6127	100.00	66.76	2188
HSA-MIR-6129	100.00	66.46	2080
HSA-MIR-6130	100.00	66.69	2012
HSA-MIR-6133	100.00	66.48	2064
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-188-3P	100.00	68.76	1240
HSA-MIR-6740-5P	100.00	65.64	932
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 5)

• Women with the variant AA genotype of CHRNA5 rs16969968 or variant CC genotype of LOC123688 rs8034191 were at significantly increased risk of heavy smoking. (PMID:21810735)
• AGPHD1 gene rs8034191-T allele might be a risk-conferring factor for the development of lung cancer in Caucasians, but not in East-Asians. (PMID:22701590)
• The variant rs8034191 in the AGPHD1 gene may not modify the genetic risk of lung cancer in Asian populations. (PMID:25074529)
• The association between AGPHD1 single nucleotide polymorphism rs8034191 and lung cancer risk was significant using multiple genetic models, suggesting that AGPHD1 single nucleotide polymorphism rs8034191 is a risk factor for lung cancer. (PMID:25854352)
• CHRNA3 rs1051730 (G > A) and AGPHD1 rs8034191 (A > G) were more susceptible to lung cancers than noncarriers. (PMID:27072204)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	hykk.2	ENSDARG00000074341
danio_rerio	hykk.1	ENSDARG00000077610
mus_musculus	Hykk	ENSMUSG00000035878
rattus_norvegicus	Hykk	ENSRNOG00000013419
drosophila_melanogaster	CG31751	FBGN0086909

Protein

Protein identifiers

Hydroxylysine kinase — A2RU49 (reviewed: A2RU49)

Alternative names: Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase domain-containing protein 1

All UniProt accessions (2): A0A0C4DGM4, A2RU49

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the GTP-dependent phosphorylation of 5-hydroxy-L-lysine.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Similarity. Belongs to the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
A2RU49-1	1	yes
A2RU49-2	2
A2RU49-3	3

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001013641, NP_001077081 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002575	Aminoglycoside_PTrfase	Domain
IPR011009	Kinase-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR050249	Pseudomonas-type_ThrB	Family

Pfam: PF01636

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.7.1.81 — hydroxylysine kinase (BRENDA: 9 organisms, 9 substrates, 21 inhibitors, 7 Km, 0 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

6 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 6. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
5-HYDROXY-L-LYSINE	0.0076–0.28	2
5-HYDROXY-LYSINE	0.0238	1
ALLOHYDROXY-L-LYSINE	0.0062	1
ATP	0.81	1
GTP	0.0035	1
HYDROXY-L-LYSINE	0.0056	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• (5R)-5-hydroxy-L-lysine + GTP = (5R)-5-phosphooxy-L-lysine + GDP + H(+) (RHEA:19049)

UniProt features (6 total): splice variant 3, chain 1, active site 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-A2RU49-F1	93.89	0.89

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 226 (proton acceptor)

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-71064	Lysine catabolism

MSigDB gene sets: 78 (showing top): GOBP_ALPHA_AMINO_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ORGANIC_ACID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ORGANIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_SMALL_MOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_AMINO_ACID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOCC_MITOCHONDRIAL_MATRIX, GOMF_KINASE_ACTIVITY, GOMF_TRANSFERASE_ACTIVITY_TRANSFERRING_PHOSPHORUS_CONTAINING_GROUPS, OHGUCHI_LIVER_HNF4A_TARGETS_DN, DURAND_STROMA_S_UP, REACTOME_LYSINE_CATABOLISM, GOBP_LYSINE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, ARNT2_TARGET_GENES, FEV_TARGET_GENES, GLI3_TARGET_GENES

GO Biological Process (1): obsolete lysine catabolic process (GO:0006554)

GO Molecular Function (5): amino acid kinase activity (GO:0019202), hydroxylysine kinase activity (GO:0047992), protein binding (GO:0005515), kinase activity (GO:0016301), transferase activity (GO:0016740)

GO Cellular Component (2): mitochondrial matrix (GO:0005759), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
kinase activity	1
phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor	1
amino acid kinase activity	1
binding	1
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups	1
catalytic activity	1
mitochondrion	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1573 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
HYKK	CHRNA3	P32297	784
HYKK	CHRNA5	P30532	728
HYKK	PSMA4	P25789	704
HYKK	CHRNB4	P30926	700
HYKK	IREB2	P48200	649
HYKK	CLPTM1L	Q96KA5	551
HYKK	PHYKPL	Q8IUZ5	494
HYKK	RAB4B	P22750	488
HYKK	L3HYPDH	Q96EM0	456
HYKK	CHST12	Q9NRB3	449
HYKK	FAM13A	O94988	447
HYKK	NAA20	P61599	442
HYKK	ADAMTS7	Q9UKP4	433
HYKK	SEC14L5	O43304	420
HYKK	CYP2A6	P00190	420

IntAct

6 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
HYKK	EIF3B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
HYKK	DDB2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
GYPA	HYKK	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LAGE3	HYKK	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
OSGEP	HYKK	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (13): HYKK (Two-hybrid), HYKK (Two-hybrid), HYKK (Affinity Capture-MS), HYKK (Affinity Capture-MS), HYKK (Affinity Capture-RNA), HYKK (Two-hybrid), LAGE3 (Two-hybrid), EIF3B (Proximity Label-MS), DDB2 (Proximity Label-MS), HYKK (Affinity Capture-MS), HYKK (Affinity Capture-MS), HYKK (Affinity Capture-MS), EIF3B (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1J6KGJ9, A0A314KSQ4, A2RU49, A4IF87, A5PJU6, B4G0F3, B8BKI7, B9SQI7, C6JS30, E0CSI1, E0CTF3, G1SPE9, O08848, O15228, O22190, O23732, O43929, O82333, O88708, P11172, P31531, P37821, P42700, P46416, Q05B63, Q10D00, Q28DB5, Q2R483, Q2YDI2, Q3T067, Q3U1V6, Q4U3P8, Q5R514, Q5R6Z7, Q5R962, Q6GM82, Q6I581, Q6YJI5, Q7TNK6, Q7Z4G4

Diamond homologs: A2RU49, A5PJU6, A8WFT6, Q5U5V2, Q6PB06

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

52 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	36
Likely benign	3
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
3336640	NM_001013619.4(HYKK):c.337+256T>C	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

744 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
15:78513421:TGTAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78513425:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78513426:GTAA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78514967:GATA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:78515104:GCAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:78515105:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78515106:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78515107:GGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78515108:GT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78515109:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78527378:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:78527379:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:78527379:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:78527530:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
15:78527559:AGAAT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
15:78527560:GAAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:78527560:GAATG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:78527561:AAT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
15:78527562:AT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
15:78527562:ATGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78527564:G:GC	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78527564:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
15:78527565:TGA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78527566:G:GC	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78527567:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
15:78507654:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
15:78507720:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
15:78513247:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
15:78513248:A:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
15:78513422:GTAG:G	donor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

2467 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
15:78513212:A:C	S42R	0.992
15:78513214:C:A	S42R	0.992
15:78513214:C:G	S42R	0.992
15:78533307:C:A	D253E	0.992
15:78533307:C:G	D253E	0.992
15:78527428:T:A	W176R	0.990
15:78527428:T:C	W176R	0.990
15:78533225:A:T	D226V	0.990
15:78533306:A:T	D253V	0.990
15:78533483:G:C	R312P	0.990
15:78533225:A:C	D226A	0.988
15:78533226:T:A	D226E	0.988
15:78533226:T:G	D226E	0.988
15:78513279:T:C	L64P	0.987
15:78513283:A:C	K65N	0.987
15:78513283:A:T	K65N	0.987
15:78533225:A:G	D226G	0.987
15:78533241:T:A	N231K	0.987
15:78533241:T:G	N231K	0.987
15:78533408:T:A	V287D	0.987
15:78533419:T:C	F291L	0.987
15:78533421:T:A	F291L	0.987
15:78533421:T:G	F291L	0.987
15:78533482:C:A	R312S	0.987
15:78513229:C:A	N47K	0.986
15:78513229:C:G	N47K	0.986
15:78533479:A:C	S311R	0.986
15:78533481:T:A	S311R	0.986
15:78533481:T:G	S311R	0.986
15:78513285:T:A	I66K	0.985

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000075156 (15:78512078 A>G), RS1000193566 (15:78522813 A>T), RS1000204834 (15:78507668 G>C), RS1000222910 (15:78522428 G>A), RS1000347785 (15:78528883 A>C,G), RS1000363119 (15:78525497 T>G), RS1000461836 (15:78534904 A>G,T), RS1000600403 (15:78515422 A>G), RS1000892249 (15:78512312 C>T), RS1000965250 (15:78511869 A>G), RS1001350905 (15:78533891 G>A,T), RS1001398186 (15:78511212 G>A), RS1001407881 (15:78526295 C>T), RS1001477828 (15:78518440 G>A,T), RS1001526365 (15:78517374 A>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:614681 | disease phenotypes: MIM:606963

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
inborn disorder of lysine and hydroxylysine metabolism	Limited	Autosomal recessive

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
inborn disorder of lysine and hydroxylysine metabolism	No Known Disease Relationship	UD

Mondo (2): chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (MONDO:0005002), inborn disorder of lysine and hydroxylysine metabolism (MONDO:0017351)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

89 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000170_1	Lung cancer	5.000000e-20
GCST000172_1	Lung cancer	3.000000e-18
GCST000233_1	Lung cancer	1.000000e-08
GCST000359_1	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1.000000e-10
GCST001112_11	Lifetime average cigarettes per day in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1.000000e-07
GCST001621_21	Airflow obstruction	3.000000e-09
GCST002525_11	Local histogram emphysema pattern	2.000000e-10
GCST002525_23	Local histogram emphysema pattern	1.000000e-12
GCST002525_25	Local histogram emphysema pattern	1.000000e-07
GCST002525_9	Local histogram emphysema pattern	2.000000e-13
GCST002539_77	Schizophrenia	2.000000e-13
GCST002625_6	Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	3.000000e-06
GCST002625_8	Chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	2.000000e-08
GCST002734_1	Fibrinogen levels (smoking status, alcohol consumption or body mass index interaction)	6.000000e-08
GCST002797_1	Pulmonary artery enlargement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	2.000000e-08
GCST002798_1	Pulmonary artery enlargement and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	7.000000e-10
GCST002945_11	Emphysema imaging phenotypes	1.000000e-06
GCST002945_40	Emphysema imaging phenotypes	6.000000e-07
GCST003262_127	Post bronchodilator FEV1	2.000000e-11
GCST003262_130	Post bronchodilator FEV1	7.000000e-09
GCST003262_150	Post bronchodilator FEV1	6.000000e-12
GCST003262_16	Post bronchodilator FEV1	3.000000e-09
GCST003262_18	Post bronchodilator FEV1	5.000000e-09
GCST003262_186	Post bronchodilator FEV1	2.000000e-08
GCST003262_30	Post bronchodilator FEV1	1.000000e-06
GCST003262_421	Post bronchodilator FEV1	7.000000e-09
GCST003262_427	Post bronchodilator FEV1	2.000000e-14
GCST003262_437	Post bronchodilator FEV1	1.000000e-13
GCST003262_50	Post bronchodilator FEV1	1.000000e-06
GCST003262_55	Post bronchodilator FEV1	2.000000e-07

EFO canonical traits (9, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0003892	pulmonary function measurement
EFO:0005850	emphysema pattern measurement
EFO:0006527	smoking status measurement
EFO:0006347	pulmonary artery enlargement
EFO:0007626	emphysema imaging measurement
EFO:0004314	forced expiratory volume
EFO:0004713	FEV/FVC ratio
EFO:0009115	tobacco smoke exposure measurement
EFO:0006525	cigarettes per day measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D029424	Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive	C08.381.495.389; C23.550.291.500.875

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

1 annotations.

Variant	Type	Level	Drugs	Phenotypes
rs7164594	Efficacy	3	varenicline	Tobacco Use Disorder

PharmGKB variants

2 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs8034191	HYKK		0.00	0
rs7164594	HYKK	3	2.75	1	varenicline

CTD chemical–gene interactions

20 total (human), top 20 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, increases mutagenesis	2
Nickel	decreases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
4-aminophenylarsenoxide	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
4-(4-((5-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)-2-furanyl)methylene)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoic acid	increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Cisplatin	increases expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Tretinoin	decreases expression	1
Vanadates	decreases expression	1
Asbestos, Crocidolite	decreases expression	1
Antirheumatic Agents	increases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00120978	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Can Advair and Flovent Reduce Systemic Inflammation Related to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? A Multi-Center Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT00134979	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Formoterol Certihaler, Tiotropium HandiHaler and Tiotropium HandiHaler in Combination With Formoterol Certihaler in Patients With Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
NCT00158847	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Modification Of Disease Outcome In COPD
NCT00170222	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Placebo Versus Antibiotics in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NCT00175565	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Inhaled Steroid Reduces Systemic Inflammation in COPD
NCT00181207	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Airway Clearance for Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation
NCT00186706	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Selenium Supplementation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients
NCT00190437	PHASE4	COMPLETED	ANTEAB: a Study of Early Antibiotherapy in the ICU Management of Acute Exacerbations of COPD
NCT00202176	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Bronchodilators in Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NCT00202189	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NCT00232674	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of the Effect of Budesonide on Emphysema
NCT00288548	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Metoprolol and Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NCT00291408	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Effect of Symbicort on HAT and HDAC in Sputum Macrophages of COPD
NCT00291460	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Inspiratory Muscle Training in Hypercapnic COPD
NCT00292838	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Relative Potency of Inhaled Corticosteroids
NCT00311961	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Intravenous Versus Oral Administration of Prednisolone in Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NCT00316992	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety of Ramelteon in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
NCT00331656	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparative Study of Non-Invasive Mask Ventilation vs Cuirass Ventilation in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure.
NCT00335621	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Replacement of Nebulised Ipratropium With Inhaled Tiotropium in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NCT00354354	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Bronchodilators and Oxygen Kinetics With Exercise in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients
NCT00379028	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Airway Clearance Study
NCT00405236	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Tiotropium on Inflammation and Exacerbations in COPD
NCT00412204	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate the Effects of Tiotropium Bromide on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) During Exercise
NCT00424528	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Safety Study of Arformoterol/Tiotropium Combination Versus Either Therapy Alone in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NCT00440245	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Bronchoprotection of Salbutamol in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
NCT00440687	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Withdrawal of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Patients With COPD in Primary Care
NCT00489853	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Efficacy on Exercise Tolerance of Symbicort (Budesonide/Formoterol) Compared to Placebo and Oxis in Patients With Severe COPD
NCT00491803	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sildenafil Effects on Pulmonary Haemodynamics and Gas Exchange in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
NCT00495586	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Antibiotic Therapy for Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
NCT00525564	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Salmeterol on Walking Capacity in Patients With COPD
NCT00532584	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Effect of Steroids on Gene Expression in the Healthy Smokers Lungs
NCT00542880	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Onset of Effect in Patients With Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Treated With Symbicort® Compared to Seretide®
NCT00561886	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Change of Inspiratory Peak Flow in COPD
NCT00569270	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dynamic Hyperinflation and Tiotropium
NCT00571428	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Safety Study of Arformoterol QD Dosing Versus BID Dosing in COPD
NCT00578968	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cardiac Limitations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Benefits of Bronchodilation
NCT00592033	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Oxygen in Normoxaemic COPD Patients Who Desaturate During Exercise
NCT00628225	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Smoking Cessation in Patients With COPD (SMOCC) in General Practice
NCT00633776	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Perforomist Versus Foradil Evaluated by Inspiratory Capacity and High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT)
NCT00639236	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness and Safety of Inhaling Hypertonic Saline in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease