IGF2

Summary

IGF2 (insulin like growth factor 2, HGNC:5466) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 11p15.5, encoding Insulin-like growth factor 2 (P01344). The insulin-like growth factors possess growth-promoting activity. In precision oncology, IGF2 Overexpression confers sensitivity to Ganitumab + Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (CIViC Level B); 4 further curated variant–drug associations are listed below.

This gene encodes a member of the insulin family of polypeptide growth factors, which are involved in development and growth. It is an imprinted gene, expressed only from the paternal allele, and epigenetic changes at this locus are associated with Wilms tumour, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Silver-Russell syndrome. A read-through INS-IGF2 gene exists, whose 5’ region overlaps the INS gene and the 3’ region overlaps this gene. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 3481 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): Silver-Russell syndrome 3 (Definitive, ClinGen)
• GWAS associations: 30
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 197 total — 11 pathogenic, 10 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 125
• Druggable target: yes
• Precision-oncology evidence (CIViC): 5 curated variant–drug associations
• Dosage sensitivity (ClinGen): haploinsufficiency no evidence, triplosensitivity no evidence
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000612

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:5466
Approved symbol	IGF2
Name	insulin like growth factor 2
Location	11p15.5
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ44734, IGF-II
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000167244
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	147470
Entrez	3481

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 10 — 9 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000381389, ENST00000381392, ENST00000381395, ENST00000381406, ENST00000416167, ENST00000418738, ENST00000434045, ENST00000476874, ENST00000481781, ENST00000695541

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_000612 NM_000612, NM_001007139, NM_001127598, NM_001291861, NM_001291862

CCDS: CCDS44517, CCDS7728

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000416167 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001640131	2138229	2139389
ENSE00003495975	2133517	2133665
ENSE00003583447	2135367	2135529
ENSE00003843704	2129117	2133223

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 135 present calls, max score 99.57.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 276.5886 / max 24409.8827, expressed in 984 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (55 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
118173	167.2099	810
118143	50.4560	843
118122	16.9721	560
112624	15.5934	515
112623	11.1132	463
112620	9.5302	437
112628	7.9566	408
112618	5.8194	376
112627	5.7699	347
118146	4.7361	570

Top tissues by expression

153 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	99.57	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	99.55	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	99.28	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	99.09	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	97.52	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	97.41	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	96.49	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	95.75	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	95.72	gold quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	95.08	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	94.82	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	94.69	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	94.40	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	94.36	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	94.00	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	93.98	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	93.58	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	93.05	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	92.72	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	92.49	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	92.31	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	92.19	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	92.03	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	91.70	gold quality
uterus	UBERON:0000995	91.69	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	91.66	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	91.55	gold quality
uterine cervix	UBERON:0000002	91.29	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	91.23	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	91.10	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 38 experiment(s), a significant marker in 36.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6678	yes	41184.25
E-HCAD-23	yes	21645.05
E-MTAB-6701	yes	19396.68
E-HCAD-24	yes	14577.08
E-MTAB-8221	yes	8630.56
E-CURD-98	yes	8302.33
E-MTAB-8205	yes	7695.12
E-GEOD-124263	yes	4507.40
E-MTAB-10485	yes	4505.80
E-CURD-112	yes	4321.69
E-CURD-79	yes	3900.85
E-GEOD-135922	yes	3684.52
E-GEOD-134144	yes	3529.71
E-MTAB-7407	yes	3465.28
E-MTAB-8559	yes	3299.08

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AP1, ARID4B, ASCL1, ATF3, CEBPA, CEBPB, CRX, CTCF, CTNNB1, DDX5, E2F1, E2F3, EGR1, EGR2, FOXA2, FOXC2, FOXJ1, FOXO1, GLI1, GRHL1, GTF3A, H19, HDAC5, HIC1, HIF1A, HMGA1, HMGA2, JUN, JUNB, KHDRBS1, MBD1, MYB, MYC, NFKB, PLAG1, PLAGL1, PLAGL2, RXRA, SMAD1, SP1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

153 targeting IGF2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-3134	100.00	66.43	777
HSA-MIR-6798-5P	100.00	65.77	699
HSA-MIR-4283	100.00	66.42	2097
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-12118	100.00	65.88	1270
HSA-MIR-6748-5P	100.00	65.81	1057
HSA-MIR-4534	99.99	66.58	1907
HSA-MIR-23B-5P	99.98	66.07	587
HSA-MIR-4650-5P	99.98	64.69	999
HSA-MIR-6891-5P	99.98	66.53	1372
HSA-MIR-3173-3P	99.98	66.49	1217
HSA-MIR-3692-3P	99.98	70.27	2139
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-9-3P	99.96	70.88	2068
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-493-5P	99.96	72.47	2382
HSA-MIR-8082	99.95	67.27	1170
HSA-MIR-23A-5P	99.94	65.39	468
HSA-MIR-141-3P	99.94	72.79	2421
HSA-MIR-200A-3P	99.94	72.68	2420
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981
HSA-MIR-380-3P	99.89	70.18	1978
HSA-MIR-6857-5P	99.87	65.32	985
HSA-MIR-6124	99.87	69.78	3551
HSA-MIR-10395-5P	99.86	67.35	676
HSA-MIR-3151-5P	99.86	63.83	1069
HSA-MIR-579-3P	99.86	71.66	3628
HSA-MIR-4447	99.85	67.81	2900

Functional genomics

ClinGen dosage: haploinsufficiency 0 (no evidence), triplosensitivity 0 (no evidence). ClinGen Gene Dosage Map

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2 ) gene variant is associated with overfeeding-induced metabolic changes. Insulin sensitivity decreased . (PMID:11793026)
• Contribution of residues A54 and L55 of the human insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) A domain to Type 2 IGF receptor binding specificity (PMID:11811790)
• These data indicate that the translational machinery encounters major parts of IGF II-leader 1. (PMID:11849996)
• Association of H19 promoter methylation with the expression of IGF-II gene in adrenocortical tumors. (PMID:11889182)
• Human insulin-like growth factor II leader 2 mediates internal initiation of translation (PMID:11903044)
• Loss of genomic imprinting of IGF2 is strongly associated with cellular proliferation in normal hematopoietic cells. (PMID:11937266)
• altered IGF-II and IGFBP-1 expression at the fetomaternal interface may be important in the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia (PMID:11969341)
• cDNA probes were used to analyze the gene expression of IGF-II 6 in luteinized granulosa cells from different-sized follicles after ovarian hyperstimulation. (PMID:12005306)
• determination of blood levels in adult patients with severe liver disease before and after orthotopic liver transplantation (PMID:12006706)
• igf2 expression regulates hemangioma growth and involution (PMID:12032304)
• Caucasians with the IGF2 A/A genotype exhibit higher fat mass than G/G individuals (PMID:12075589)
• Brain tumor invasiveness in degrees from respect of the arachnoid membrane progressing to frank brain invasion correlated with increases in IGF-II and IGFBP-6 expression. (PMID:12125963)
• Autocrine production of IGF-I and IGF-II may via IGF-IR play a significant role in the growth and megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells. (PMID:12127559)
• Data suggest a causal relation between telomere shortening and reduced expression of KGF and IGF-II in human fibroblasts. (PMID:12243757)
• The dependence of the methylation of a region of this gene depends on the primary methylation imprint about 90 kilobases away. (PMID:12270940)
• Glucose transporter gene expression in the jejunum in response to insulin-like growth factors in rat pups (PMID:12388463)
• data demonstrate for the first time that serum levels of IGFs (including free fractions) and IGFBPs are not increased in euthyroid Graves’ patients with active thyroid eye disease (PMID:12519841)
• IGF-II was expressed in human hepatoma cell lines. (PMID:12532445)
• effect of relaxin on cellular proliferation in WISH cells is likely through the transcriptional up-regulation of IGF-II (PMID:12548223)
• mitogenic effects on Malassez cells in the normal periodontal ligament (PMID:12558805)
• Overexpression of IGF2 was found to play an important role in carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. (PMID:12579496)
• Alterations in the IFGII imprinted region occur in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. (PMID:12605037)
• investigated the utility of loss of IGF2 imprinting as a marker of colorectal cancer risk (PMID:12637750)
• IGF2 is maternally imprinted thus is expressed only through the paternal allele, also IGF2 is over expressed in ovarian tumors. (PMID:12700030)
• Human insulin-like growth factor II gene (IGF2) is overexpressed, and its imprinting is disrupted in many tumors, including Wilms’ tumor. (PMID:12702581)
• Data suggest that insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is complexed in vivo with intact insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP-2) and with processed IGFBP-2 fragments, which do not impair the activity of IGF-II on cell survival. (PMID:12727212)
• circulating IGF-II levels may play a role in body weight regulation and development of obesity in men and women with normal glucose tolerance (PMID:12765950)
• p53mt249 stimulates IGF-II dependent IGF-IR signaling by upregulating the expression of both ligand (IGF-II) and receptor (IGF-IR) through an autocrine and/or paracrine loop (PMID:12782403)
• PTEN modulates IGF2-mediated signaling. The phosphoprotein phosphatase activity of PTEN downregulates IGF-2 expression in hepatoma cells. (PMID:12804776)
• 214 transcripts were similarly regulated by insulin and IGF-II through Insulin Receptor A, whereas 45 genes were differentially transcribed (PMID:12881524)
• IGF2, a potent growth factor, may play a role in the development or progression of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. (PMID:13679437)
• AT-rich DNA sequences located in the vicinity of previously characterized differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the imprinted Igf2 gene are conserved between mouse and human. (PMID:14645508)
• PLAG1 regulates promoter P3-dependent transcription of IGF2 in hepatoblastomas. (PMID:14695992)
• Serum IGF-I shows positive correlations with myoblast retrieval in control patients that is lost in malignancy. (PMID:14710345)
• Both first- and second-phase insulin secretion were not significantly different between the various IGF-I or IGF-II genotypes. (PMID:14749262)
• In human fetuses, IGF-I and IGF-II levels increase longitudinally throughout pregnancy. (PMID:14764950)
• Our findings support the hypothesis that LOI of IGF-II is an epigenetic trait polymorphic in the population and suggest that LOI of IGF-II may play a role in colorectal cancer. (PMID:14996863)
• Fibroblast proliferation, differentiation into myofibroblasts, & increased collagen synthesis are regulated via a CTGF-dependent pathway in concert with either EGF or IGF-2. (PMID:15003992)
• IGF-II:VN and IGF-I:IGFBP-5:VN complexes may be useful in situations where enhanced keratinocyte cell migration and proliferation is required, such as in wound healing and skin regeneration. (PMID:15140223)
• IGF-II gene APA I polymorphism can not serve as a candidate gene marker for screening rheumatoid arthritis patients in Taiwan. (PMID:15163116)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	igf2a	ENSDARG00000018643
danio_rerio	igf2b	ENSDARG00000033307
mus_musculus	Igf2	ENSMUSG00000048583
rattus_norvegicus	Igf2	ENSRNOG00000020369

Paralogs (2): IGF1 (ENSG00000017427), INS (ENSG00000254647)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Insulin-like growth factor 2 — P01344 (reviewed: P01344)

Alternative names: Insulin-like growth factor II, Somatomedin-A, T3M-11-derived growth factor

All UniProt accessions (1): P01344

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. The insulin-like growth factors possess growth-promoting activity. Major fetal growth hormone in mammals. Plays a key role in regulating fetoplacental development. IGF2 is influenced by placental lactogen. Also involved in tissue differentiation. In adults, involved in glucose metabolism in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. Acts as a ligand for integrin which is required for IGF2 signaling. Positively regulates myogenic transcription factor MYOD1 function by facilitating the recruitment of transcriptional coactivators, thereby controlling muscle terminal differentiation. Inhibits myoblast differentiation and modulates metabolism via increasing the mitochondrial respiration rate. Preptin undergoes glucose-mediated co-secretion with insulin, and acts as a physiological amplifier of glucose-mediated insulin secretion. Exhibits osteogenic properties by increasing osteoblast mitogenic activity through phosphoactivation of MAPK1 and MAPK3.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with MYORG; this interaction is required for IGF2 secretion. Interacts with integrins ITGAV:ITGB3 and ITGA6:ITGB4; integrin-binding is required for IGF2 signaling. Interacts with IGFBP2.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in heart, placenta, lung, liver, muscle, kidney, tongue, limb, eye and pancreas.

Post-translational modifications. O-glycosylated with core 1 or possibly core 8 glycans. Thr-96 is a minor glycosylation site compared to Thr-99. Proteolytically processed by PCSK4, proIGF2 is cleaved at Arg-128 and Arg-92 to generate big-IGF2 and mature IGF2.

Disease relevance. Silver-Russell syndrome 1 (SRS1) [MIM:180860] A form of Silver-Russell syndrome, a clinically heterogeneous condition characterized by severe intrauterine growth retardation, poor postnatal growth, craniofacial features such as a triangular shaped face and a broad forehead, body asymmetry, and a variety of minor malformations. The phenotypic expression changes during childhood and adolescence, with the facial features and asymmetry usually becoming more subtle with age. SRS1 is caused by epigenetic changes of DNA hypomethylation at the telomeric imprinting control region (ICR1) on chromosome 11p15, involving the H19 and IGF2 genes. The gene represented in this entry is involved in disease pathogenesis. Silver-Russell syndrome 3 (SRS3) [MIM:616489] A form of Silver-Russell syndrome, a clinically heterogeneous condition characterized by severe intrauterine growth retardation, poor postnatal growth, craniofacial features such as a triangular shaped face and a broad forehead, body asymmetry, and a variety of minor malformations. The phenotypic expression changes during childhood and adolescence, with the facial features and asymmetry usually becoming more subtle with age. SRS3 inheritance is autosomal dominant. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Polymorphism. Genetic variations in IGF2 are associated with body mass index (BMI). The BMI is a statistical measurement which compares a person’s weight and height.

Miscellaneous. The IGF2 locus is imprinted. Paternal inherited gene is expressed, while the maternal inherited gene is imprinted, hence silenced. Transcripts from 5 promoters P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4 code for the same protein but are differentially regulated in a developmental stage and tissue specificity. Product of 5 different transcripts regulated by 5 different promoters, denominated P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4.

Similarity. Belongs to the insulin family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P01344-1	1	yes
P01344-2	2
P01344-3	3

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_000603, NP_001007140, NP_001121070, NP_001278790, NP_001278791 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR013576	IGF2_C	Domain
IPR016179	Insulin-like	Domain
IPR022334	IGF2	Family
IPR022350	IGF-1/2	Family
IPR022352	Ins/IGF/rlx	Family
IPR022353	Insulin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR036438	Insulin-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00049, PF08365

UniProt features (44 total): mutagenesis site 8, region of interest 5, site 4, sequence variant 4, helix 4, glycosylation site 3, disulfide bond 3, sequence conflict 3, chain 2, splice variant 2, strand 2, signal peptide 1, propeptide 1, turn 1, peptide 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

16 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
3KR3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
3E4Z	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.28
6VWG	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.21
8YSZ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.38
8U4C	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
8VJB	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
6VWI	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.7
8VJC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.8
2V5P	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	4.1
8U4E	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.2
6UM2	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.32
1IGL	SOLUTION NMR
2L29	SOLUTION NMR
5L3L	SOLUTION NMR
5L3M	SOLUTION NMR
5L3N	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P01344-F1	58.95	0.00

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 1 — 3KR3

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (4): 48 (important for interaction with integrin); 58 (important for interaction with integrin); 61 (important for interaction with integrin); 62 (important for interaction with integrin)

Disulfide bonds (3): 33–71, 45–84, 70–75

Glycosylation sites (3): 96, 99, 163

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (8):

Position	Phenotype
48	does not affect integrin binding. defective integrin binding and igf2 signaling; when associated with e-58; e-61 and e-6
58	does not affect integrin binding. defective integrin binding and igf2 signaling; when associated with e-48; e-61 and e-6
61	does not affect integrin binding. defective integrin binding and igf2 signaling; when associated with e-48; e-58 and e-6
62	does not affect integrin binding. defective integrin binding and igf2 signaling; when associated with e-48; e-58 and e-6
64	slight but significant increase in integrin binding.
92	decreases mature igf2 levels.
112	no effect in proteolytical processing.
128	abolishes proteolytical processing.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

6 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-114608	Platelet degranulation
R-HSA-2404192	Signaling by Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R)
R-HSA-2428928	IRS-related events triggered by IGF1R
R-HSA-2428933	SHC-related events triggered by IGF1R
R-HSA-381426	Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)
R-HSA-9943962	CHD6, CHD7, CHD8, CHD9 subfamily

MSigDB gene sets: 724 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_MITOTIC_NUCLEAR_DIVISION, MODULE_52, SHEPARD_BMYB_MORPHOLINO_UP, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_SKELETAL_MUSCLE_TISSUE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_MUSCLE_TISSUE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_POLYSACCHARIDE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, YAGI_AML_WITH_INV_16_TRANSLOCATION, HARRIS_HYPOXIA, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_NUCLEAR_DIVISION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_MUSCLE_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE

GO Biological Process (29): negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0000122), osteoblast differentiation (GO:0001649), in utero embryonic development (GO:0001701), embryonic placenta development (GO:0001892), glucose metabolic process (GO:0006006), regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0006355), positive regulation of cell population proliferation (GO:0008284), insulin receptor signaling pathway (GO:0008286), animal organ morphogenesis (GO:0009887), exocrine pancreas development (GO:0031017), positive regulation of multicellular organism growth (GO:0040018), positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation (GO:0042104), positive regulation of MAPK cascade (GO:0043410), positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process (GO:0045725), positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division (GO:0045840), positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0045944), positive regulation of organ growth (GO:0046622), positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway (GO:0046628), insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway (GO:0048009), positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth (GO:0048633), striated muscle cell differentiation (GO:0051146), regulation of muscle cell differentiation (GO:0051147), negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation (GO:0051148), positive regulation of cell division (GO:0051781), positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction (GO:0051897), embryonic placenta morphogenesis (GO:0060669), genomic imprinting (GO:0071514), positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation (GO:1905564), ossification (GO:0001503)

GO Molecular Function (9): insulin receptor binding (GO:0005158), insulin-like growth factor receptor binding (GO:0005159), integrin binding (GO:0005178), hormone activity (GO:0005179), growth factor activity (GO:0008083), transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity (GO:0030297), protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity (GO:0043539), receptor ligand activity (GO:0048018), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), platelet alpha granule lumen (GO:0031093)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-5 pathways:

Category	Pathways
IGF1R signaling cascade	2
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+	1
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases	1
Metabolism of proteins	1
CHD chromatin remodelers	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
signaling receptor binding	4
positive regulation of developmental growth	3
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	2
transcription by RNA polymerase II	2
cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway	2
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process	2
receptor ligand activity	2
signaling receptor activator activity	2
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	1
ossification	1
cell differentiation	1
chordate embryonic development	1
in utero embryonic development	1
placenta development	1
embryonic organ development	1
hexose metabolic process	1
DNA-templated transcription	1
regulation of gene expression	1
regulation of RNA biosynthetic process	1
cell population proliferation	1
regulation of cell population proliferation	1
positive regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to insulin stimulus	1
anatomical structure morphogenesis	1
animal organ development	1
pancreas development	1
exocrine system development	1
gland development	1
digestive system development	1
multicellular organism growth	1
regulation of multicellular organism growth	1
positive regulation of T cell proliferation	1
regulation of activated T cell proliferation	1
activated T cell proliferation	1
MAPK cascade	1
regulation of MAPK cascade	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
glycogen biosynthetic process	1
regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process	1
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

4200 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
IGF2	IGFBP2	P18065	999
IGF2	IGF2R	P11717	999
IGF2	IGFBP3	P17936	999
IGF2	IGF1R	P08069	999
IGF2	IGFBP1	P08833	998
IGF2	IGFBP6	P24592	997
IGF2	IGFBP5	P24593	996
IGF2	IGF2BP2	Q9Y6M1	994
IGF2	IGF2BP1	Q9NZI8	992
IGF2	IGF2BP3	O00425	989
IGF2	IGFBP7	Q16270	986
IGF2	IGF1	P01343	985
IGF2	HSPB3	Q12988	984
IGF2	INS	P01308	982
IGF2	INSR	P06213	972

IntAct

45 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
IGF2	RBPMS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RBPMS	IGF2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
IGF2	IGF2R	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.560
IGF2R	IGF2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.560
IGFBP4	MYCBP2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
IGFBP1	SUSD5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
IGFBP6	TCAF2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
IGFBP4	IGF2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.480
DCN	IGF2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
IGF2	CRELD2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
FAF1	IGF2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
IGF2	NMRK2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
IGF1R	HAX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (49): RBPMS (Two-hybrid), IGF2 (Affinity Capture-MS), IGF2 (Affinity Capture-RNA), IGF2 (Two-hybrid), GPR152 (Two-hybrid), IGF2 (Reconstituted Complex), IGF2 (Reconstituted Complex), IGFBP1 (Reconstituted Complex), IGF2 (Reconstituted Complex), TF (Reconstituted Complex), IGFBP3 (Reconstituted Complex), IGF2 (Reconstituted Complex), IGF2 (Reconstituted Complex), IGF2 (Two-hybrid), IGF2 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0PJX4, A6QNZ8, B5DEK8, O60320, O73612, P01134, P01344, P01346, P07456, P10764, P48030, P51459, P52796, P52799, P52800, P98172, Q0V9A8, Q0VBP7, Q3SXP7, Q3SZ48, Q3UPR0, Q5E943, Q5HZN7, Q5JRV8, Q5PQS5, Q5R8M2, Q5RDG5, Q5RDV6, Q5VX71, Q5XGS4, Q5ZIS9, Q68FW3, Q6A044, Q7TMP6, Q8BGZ2, Q8BH32, Q8BHW5, Q8CA71, Q8N114, Q8R092

Diamond homologs: C0HJI1, C0HJI2, C0HJI3, C0HJI4, C0HJI5, C0HJI6, C0HJI7, C0HJI8, C0HJT9, C0HJU0, O73727, P01308, P01310, P01311, P01313, P01314, P01315, P01316, P01317, P01318, P01319, P01320, P01321, P01322, P01323, P01324, P01325, P01326, P01327, P01328, P01333, P01334, P01335, P01336, P01337, P01338, P01339, P01340, P01342, P01344

SIGNOR signaling

6 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
IGF2	up-regulates	IGF2R	binding
PLAG1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IGF2	“transcriptional regulation”
IGF2	“up-regulates activity”	IGF1R	binding
PAX3-FOXO1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IGF2	“transcriptional regulation”
LIN28A	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IGF2	“translation regulation”
IGF2	up-regulates	INSR	binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 26 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)	5	24.0×	5e-04

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	6	19.6×	1e-04

Disease & clinical

Cancer significance

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

197 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	11
Likely pathogenic	10
Uncertain significance	107
Likely benign	50
Benign	8

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (21)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1709875	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.-6-2A>T	Pathogenic
204491	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.23C>A (p.Ser8Ter)	Pathogenic
2134425	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.89_98del (p.Glu30fs)	Pathogenic
2228753	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.100G>C (p.Gly34Arg)	Pathogenic
253036	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.78C>G (p.Tyr26Ter)	Pathogenic
253298	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.157+1_157+2insGC	Pathogenic
2637040	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.157+5G>A	Pathogenic
2682156	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.-6-2A>G	Pathogenic
917500	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.110_117delinsAGGTAA (p.Leu37fs)	Pathogenic
917501	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.101G>A (p.Gly34Asp)	Pathogenic
998143	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.520_521insC (p.Glu174fs)	Pathogenic
1196226	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.490C>T (p.Gln164Ter)	Likely pathogenic
1275788	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.227del (p.Asp76fs)	Likely pathogenic
1679294	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.59C>A (p.Ser20Ter)	Likely pathogenic
2442125	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.106del (p.Glu36fs)	Likely pathogenic
2502356	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.357G>A (p.Trp119Ter)	Likely pathogenic
3236772	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.252T>G (p.Cys84Trp)	Likely pathogenic
372980	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.97T>C (p.Cys33Arg)	Likely pathogenic
4081460	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.184_200del (p.Arg61_Arg62insTer)	Likely pathogenic
917503	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.195del (p.Ile66fs)	Likely pathogenic
976061	NM_000612.6(IGF2):c.100G>T (p.Gly34Cys)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

1266 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
11:2133546:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000
11:2133662:CTGC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2133663:TGC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2133664:GCCT:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:2133665:CCTG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:2133666:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2133676:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2133676:C:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2133679:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2135364:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
11:2135365:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
11:2135365:ACTGA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:2135366:C:CA	donor_gain	1.0000
11:2135366:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
11:2135366:CTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
11:2135366:CTGA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
11:2135366:CTGAA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
11:2135525:GGTGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2135526:GTGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2135527:TGT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2135527:TGTCT:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:2135528:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2135529:TCTGG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:2135530:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2135531:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:2137191:CAG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
11:2147804:GCCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2147805:CCC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2147805:CCCC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:2147806:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000103191 (11:2137354 C>T), RS1000312512 (11:2144347 G>A,T), RS1000356393 (11:2132227 C>T), RS1000693997 (11:2145571 C>T), RS1000798667 (11:2138616 C>A,G,T), RS1001024405 (11:2148499 C>A,T), RS1001044707 (11:2145342 G>A,T), RS1001171826 (11:2144606 A>G,T), RS1001253493 (11:2139871 G>A), RS1001286016 (11:2143152 C>G,T), RS1001308758 (11:2132836 C>T), RS1001362385 (11:2149460 T>C), RS1001721104 (11:2138678 CG>C), RS1001761388 (11:2143437 T>A,C), RS1001775755 (11:2149271 C>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:147470 | disease phenotypes: MIM:616489, MIM:130650, MIM:194070, MIM:180860, MIM:114500

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
Silver-Russell syndrome 3	Definitive	Autosomal dominant

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
Silver-Russell syndrome 3	Definitive	AD

Mondo (5): Silver-Russell syndrome 3 (MONDO:0014663), Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (MONDO:0007534), Wilms tumor 1 (MONDO:0008679), Silver-Russell syndrome 1 (MONDO:0020796), colorectal cancer (MONDO:0005575)

Orphanet (4): Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (Orphanet:116), Nephroblastoma (Orphanet:654), Silver-Russell syndrome (Orphanet:813), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Colorectal cancer (Orphanet:466667)

HPO phenotypes

125 total (30 of 125 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000023	Inguinal hernia
HP:0000028	Cryptorchidism
HP:0000045	Abnormal scrotum morphology
HP:0000047	Hypospadias
HP:0000048	Bifid scrotum
HP:0000062	Ambiguous genitalia
HP:0000069	Abnormality of the ureter
HP:0000076	Vesicoureteral reflux
HP:0000105	Enlarged kidney
HP:0000121	Nephrocalcinosis
HP:0000150	Gonadoblastoma
HP:0000158	Macroglossia
HP:0000164	Abnormality of the dentition
HP:0000175	Cleft palate
HP:0000218	High palate
HP:0000239	Large fontanelles
HP:0000269	Prominent occiput
HP:0000270	Delayed cranial suture closure
HP:0000278	Retrognathia
HP:0000280	Coarse facial features
HP:0000324	Facial asymmetry
HP:0000325	Triangular face
HP:0000331	Short chin
HP:0000347	Micrognathia
HP:0000369	Low-set ears
HP:0000411	Protruding ear
HP:0000520	Proptosis
HP:0000592	Blue sclerae
HP:0000678	Dental crowding

GWAS associations

30 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000488_11	Prostate cancer	3.000000e-33
GCST001950_3	Femoral neck bone geometry and menarche (age at onset)	6.000000e-06
GCST001950_4	Femoral neck bone geometry and menarche (age at onset)	3.000000e-06
GCST002058_1	DNA methylation (variation)	5.000000e-07
GCST002112_1	Celiac disease	7.000000e-06
GCST005024_85	Pursuit maintenance gain	2.000000e-06
GCST005146_23	Birth weight	7.000000e-10
GCST005984_52	Glomerular filtration rate	5.000000e-08
GCST005985_31	Creatinine levels	1.000000e-09
GCST006958_5	Length of menstrual cycle	5.000000e-08
GCST007344_121	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	2.000000e-09
GCST007344_41	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	2.000000e-10
GCST007847_40	Type 2 diabetes	3.000000e-13
GCST007876_134	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	3.000000e-12
GCST008971_143	Urate levels	2.000000e-08
GCST008972_213	Urate levels	1.000000e-08
GCST009379_367	Type 2 diabetes	2.000000e-06
GCST009379_368	Type 2 diabetes	2.000000e-08
GCST009379_369	Type 2 diabetes	4.000000e-08
GCST009379_370	Type 2 diabetes	1.000000e-06
GCST009379_371	Type 2 diabetes	4.000000e-26
GCST010118_120	Type 2 diabetes	1.000000e-16
GCST010726_45	Periventricular white matter hyperintensities	3.000000e-06
GCST012227_625	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	5.000000e-11
GCST012227_626	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	2.000000e-11
GCST012227_627	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	7.000000e-10
GCST90020028_785	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	2.000000e-09
GCST90020028_786	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	1.000000e-08
GCST90020028_787	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	6.000000e-14
GCST90020028_788	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	4.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (7, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004704	age at menopause
EFO:0022599	DNA methylation
EFO:0008433	pursuit maintenance gain measurement
EFO:0004344	birth weight
EFO:0004531	urate measurement
EFO:0005665	white matter hyperintensity measurement
EFO:0008039	BMI-adjusted hip circumference

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001506	Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome	C16.131.077.133; C16.131.260.080; C16.320.180.080; C16.320.447.375

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3712957 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

Drug × variant × indication: 5 predictive associations from 5 curated evidence items.

Variant	Therapy	Indication	Effect	Level	CIViC
IGF2 Overexpression	Ganitumab + Gemcitabine	Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC B	EID7000
IGF2 Overexpression	Cabazitaxel + Linsitinib	Prostate Cancer	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC D	EID12428
IGF2 Overexpression	Linsitinib	Prostate Cancer	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC D	EID412
IGF2 Overexpression	Docetaxel + Cabazitaxel + Linsitinib	Prostate Cancer	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC D	EID414
IGF2 Overexpression	Ganitumab	Ovarian Cancer	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC D	EID6972

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs4244809	IGF2, IGF2-AS, INS-IGF2		0.00	0

CTD chemical–gene interactions

120 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	increases abundance, increases expression, affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases methylation (+3 more)	6
Estradiol	decreases expression, increases reaction, increases secretion, increases chemical synthesis, affects cotreatment (+3 more)	5
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects cotreatment, affects expression, decreases expression, increases expression, affects methylation	4
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	3
Resveratrol	decreases secretion, increases reaction, affects expression, decreases reaction, increases secretion (+2 more)	3
Cadmium	increases expression, decreases expression, increases abundance, affects binding, increases reaction	3
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	affects methylation, increases abundance, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression	3
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression, increases expression, affects expression	3
Tretinoin	increases expression, affects binding, increases reaction, increases secretion, decreases activity (+1 more)	3
Valproic Acid	increases expression	3
trichostatin A	increases expression	2
manganese chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance, decreases methylation, affects cotreatment	2
Arsenic Trioxide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation, affects localization, decreases reaction, increases expression	2
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases response to substance	2
Curcumin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation, increases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine	decreases expression	1
(6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)(5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)methyl acetate	decreases expression	1
ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate	decreases expression	1
ginger extract	decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases abundance	1
dicrotophos	increases expression	1
4-oxoretinoic acid	decreases expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
benzo(b)fluoranthene	affects cotreatment, affects expression	1
deoxynivalenol	decreases expression	1
lead acetate	decreases expression, decreases methylation	1
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	increases expression	1
terbufos	increases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00114829	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Preoperative Assessment of Colon Tumor
NCT00114842	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Magnetic Resonance (MR) Colonography With Fecal Tagging
NCT00114946	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study to Compare Two Avastin-Based Treatment Regimens for the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT00122720	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Darbepoetin Upon Rehabilitation for Colorectal Cancer Surgery
NCT00129870	PHASE4	TERMINATED	CONCEPT: Comparison of Oxaliplatin vs Conventional Methods With Calcium/Magnesium in First-Line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT00138060	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Toxicity/Benefit Ratio Optimization of Chemotherapy in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Patients by Determination of Individual Genotypic Determinants
NCT00216424	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Capecitabine (Xeloda) and Radiation for Patients With Rectosigmoid Carcinoma
NCT00327093	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Elaboration of a Model for Predicting Efficacy of Monoclonal Antibodies (Cetuximab and Bevacizumab) in Patients With Colorectal Cancer and Liver Metastases
NCT00332943	PHASE4	COMPLETED	MR Colonography With Fecal Tagging. Barium vs. BariumFerumoxsil
NCT00441311	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dissemination of Colorectal Cancer Screening to Primary Care Physicians
NCT00460837	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Comparison of Bowel Preparation in Virtual Colonoscopy (VC) - Patient Experience
NCT00473980	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Preoperative Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs(NSAID) to Colorectal Cancer Patients
NCT00488904	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Postoperative Complications After Colorectal Surgery
NCT00496678	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial of Patient Navigation-Activation
NCT00502671	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Xeloda (Capecitabine) as Adjuvant Monotherapy in Patients With Colon Cancer.
NCT00559676	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
NCT00577031	PHASE4	COMPLETED	OBELIX Study: A Study of Avastin (Bevacizumab) in Combination With XELOX in Patients With Metastatic Cancer of the Colon or Rectum.
NCT00626054	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Two Methods of Administration of a PEG Solution
NCT00812864	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacokinetic Study of Capecitabine in Elderly Cancer Patient (≥ 75 Years)
NCT00868569	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Transhepatic Arterial Chemotherapy (TAC) Versus Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Plus Folfox4 as the Treatment of Unresectable Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer
NCT00868816	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Oxaliplatine Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage II/III Colorectal Cancer: 8 Cycles Versus 12 Cycles
NCT00874406	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Preoperative Transhepatic Arterial Chemotherapy (TAC) in the Treatment of Liver Metastasis of Resectable Colorectal Cancer
NCT00928928	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Oxidative Stress Markers in Open and Laparoscopic Colectomy for Cancer
NCT00942461	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Inflammatory Response in Laparoscopic and Open Colectomy
NCT01023633	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	OPTIMOX1 in Chinese mCRC Patients
NCT01271582	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Investigation of Association Between UGT1A1 Polymorphisms and Irinotecan Toxicity in Korean Patients
NCT01315990	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	FOLFIRI in Combination With Cetuximab in the First-line Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Including a Regular Dermal Prophylaxis to Prevent Acneiforme Follicular Exanthema
NCT01493713	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Correlation Between RECIST, Morphologic Response by CT- Histopathologic Response in Hepatic Metastasis Secondary to Colorectal Cancer
NCT01609660	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Impact of Probiotics on the Intestinal Microbiota
NCT01641458	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacology-driven Dosing of Fluoropyrimidines in Cancer Patients
NCT01689792	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Multi-centre Study Comparing the Polyp Detection Rate of Two Different Types of Bowel Preparation: a 2-litre Solution (MOVIPREP®) Versus a Hyperosmotic and Stimulant Combined Low Volume Bowel Preparation (Sodium Picosulfate and Magnesium Citrate)
NCT01695772	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Bevacizumab Plus 5-Flurouracil (5-FU) Based Doublet Chemotherapy as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Participants With Previously Untreated Unresectable Liver-Only Metastases From Colorectal Cancer
NCT01695863	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Patient Satisfaction of Miralax and Gatorade Versus Movi Prep
NCT01706822	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Radial Reload Laparoscopic LAR Case Series
NCT01740947	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Does Administration of Antibiotics in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Colorectal Cancer Result in Less Complications and Better Prognosis?
NCT01831310	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Nutrition for Colorectal Cancer Patients and Neutrophil Functions
NCT01841294	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	NK Activity Modulation Induced by Intravenous Lidocaine During Colorectal Laparoscopic Surgery
NCT01959061	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Efficacy and Safety of Raltitrexed-based Transarterial Chemoembolisation(TACE)for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
NCT02032953	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Enhancing the Anabolic Effect of Perioperative Nutrition With Insulin While Maintaining Normoglycemia
NCT02567331	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Capecitabine (Xeloda) in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer