IL10

Summary

IL10 (interleukin 10, HGNC:5962) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q32.1, encoding Interleukin-10 (P22301). Major immune regulatory cytokine that acts on many cells of the immune system where it has profound anti-inflammatory functions, limiting excessive tissue disruption caused by inflammation.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and to a lesser extent by lymphocytes. This cytokine has pleiotropic effects in immunoregulation and inflammation. It down-regulates the expression of Th1 cytokines, MHC class II Ags, and costimulatory molecules on macrophages. It also enhances B cell survival, proliferation, and antibody production. This cytokine can block NF-kappa B activity, and is involved in the regulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the function of this cytokine as an essential immunoregulator in the intestinal tract. Mutations in this gene are associated with an increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and rheumatoid arthritis.

Source: NCBI Gene 3586 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): immune system disorder (Strong, GenCC) — +2 more curated relationships
• GWAS associations: 31
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 132 total — 2 pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 128
• Druggable target: yes
• Transcription factor: yes — 11 downstream targets (CollecTRI)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000572

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:5962
Approved symbol	IL10
Name	interleukin 10
Location	1q32.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	CSIF, TGIF, IL10A, IL-10
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000136634
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	124092
Entrez	3586

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 7 — 5 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000367099, ENST00000423557, ENST00000471071, ENST00000640756, ENST00000659065, ENST00000659642, ENST00000664374

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_000572 NM_000572, NM_001382624

CCDS: CCDS1467, CCDS91154

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000423557 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000925428	206770907	206771059
ENSE00001069556	206771356	206771415
ENSE00001443493	206772271	206772494
ENSE00001616564	206767602	206768728
ENSE00003498683	206769829	206769894

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 158 present calls, max score 76.69.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 8.7440 / max 770.2842, expressed in 341 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (8 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
17090	6.2117	186
17084	0.9033	126
17085	0.4680	136
17088	0.3985	135
17086	0.3432	135
17089	0.3098	130
17087	0.0919	56
17091	0.0176	5

Top tissues by expression

285 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	76.69	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	74.90	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	74.30	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	73.76	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	73.31	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	73.22	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	72.57	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	71.53	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	70.63	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	68.87	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	68.74	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	68.30	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	67.61	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	67.32	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	67.05	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	66.99	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	66.46	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	66.31	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	66.28	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	65.84	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	65.79	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	65.79	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	65.78	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	64.79	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	64.68	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	64.47	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	64.38	silver quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	64.25	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	64.13	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	64.00	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	18.82
E-HCAD-29	no	1577.25

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

11 targets.

Target	Regulation
IL1RN	Activation
SCN10A	Repression
SCN11A	Repression
SCN1A	Repression
SCN2A	Repression
SCN3A	Repression
SCN4A	Repression
SCN5A	Repression
SCN8A	Repression
SCN9A	Repression
VTCN1	Activation

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AHR, AP1, APP, ARID1A, ATF1, ATF3, BATF, BCL11B, BCL3, BCL6, BHLHE40, CEBPA, CEBPB, CEBPD, CREB1, CTCF, ELF1, ETS1, ETV5, ETV6, FLI1, FOS, FOXC1, FOXD3, FOXO4, FOXP3, GABPA, GATA3, GLI2, HAND1, HAND2, HDAC11, HDAC4, HIF1A, HMGA1, HNF4A, HSF1, ID2, IKZF1, IL6

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

67 targeting IL10, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-4500	99.99	72.72	2367
HSA-LET-7A-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7B-5P	99.98	72.31	1790
HSA-LET-7C-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7E-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7F-5P	99.98	72.56	1784
HSA-LET-7G-5P	99.98	72.37	1784
HSA-LET-7I-5P	99.98	72.37	1788
HSA-MIR-98-5P	99.98	72.33	1787
HSA-MIR-2110	99.96	66.68	1930
HSA-LET-7D-5P	99.96	71.76	1632
HSA-MIR-4458	99.96	71.64	1650
HSA-MIR-6778-3P	99.96	67.29	2693
HSA-MIR-1236-3P	99.94	68.04	1695
HSA-MIR-374A-5P	99.90	71.34	2923
HSA-MIR-374B-5P	99.90	69.98	2734
HSA-MIR-380-3P	99.89	70.18	1978
HSA-MIR-548AR-3P	99.85	71.26	3889
HSA-MIR-202-3P	99.84	71.41	1290
HSA-MIR-3121-3P	99.82	71.96	3630
HSA-MIR-4495	99.82	72.08	3080
HSA-MIR-6515-3P	99.82	68.19	1933
HSA-MIR-4799-5P	99.82	70.60	2663
HSA-MIR-548AZ-3P	99.82	70.56	3549
HSA-MIR-548BC	99.82	70.61	3524
HSA-MIR-548E-3P	99.82	70.59	3514
HSA-MIR-548F-3P	99.82	70.59	3540

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Individuals carrying the IL10-5’-592A promoter progress to AIDS more rapidly than homozygous -592 C/C carriers. About 25-30% of long-term nonprogressors (no AIDS for 10 + years) can be attributed to the IL10-592 C/C genotype. (PMID:11121048)
• In mice, expression of the human anti-inflammatory protein IL-10 in a recombinant adenoviral vector drug-delivery system was used prophylactically in acute experimental inflammatory syndromes to suppress the underlying inflammatory process. (PMID:11441115)
• The IL10 -1082 G/C SNP is associated with immune function and hepatitis B vaccination results in end-stage renal failure patients (PMID:11737614)
• A MnlI restriction site polymorphism in the interleukin-10 gene promoter. (PMID:11758730)
• CD40 ligation induces macrophage IL-10 and TNF-alpha production: differential use of the PI3K and p42/44 MAPK-pathways. (PMID:11792123)
• Heparins (unfractionated heparin, UFH and low molecular weight heparin certoparin) had no effect on the release of IL-1ra, IL-10, and IL-12p40 from neutrophils or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (PMID:11820460)
• +1 Frameshifting as a novel mechanism to generate a cryptic cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope derived from human interleukin 10. (PMID:11828010)
• Mechanism by which hIL-10 added to murine macrophage cells inhibits nitric oxide biosynthesis and iNOS expression involves suppression of CAT-2 transcription. (PMID:11829538)
• This study documents for the first time that Wegener’s Granulomatosis is associated with IL-10.G in the IL-10 gene. (PMID:11838849)
• Polymorphisms in the promoter region of IL-10 were analyzed for possible gender-specific association with longevity. (PMID:11857058)
• A novel PCR-rFLP assay for the detection of the single nucleotide polymorphism at position -1082 in the human IL-10 gene promoter. (PMID:11881827)
• IL-10 promoter polymorphisms were associated with the production of anti-CA II ab in patients with endometriosis, suggesting a role in the genetic susceptibility for endometriosis. (PMID:11883743)
• The effect of LPS on neutrophils from patients with high risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in relation to IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 production and apoptosis in vitro. (PMID:11896938)
• Th1 and Th2 cytokine modulation by IL-10/IL-12 imbalance in autoimmune hemolytic anemia. (PMID:11908705)
• regulates CCR5 and CD4 expression and HIV-1 replication in human macrophages and microglia (PMID:11920312)
• These data could partly explain the abnormal secretion of IL-10 occurring in schizophrenic patients in response to infections or different stressors and suggest a potential role of IL-10 as a candidate gene for susceptibility to schizophrenia (PMID:11922883)
• Polymorphism associated with herpes zoster susceptibility (PMID:11928840)
• polymorphism at position -819 does not confer susceptibility to major depression and schizophrenia in Korean study population (PMID:11952921)
• Secretion levels of sIL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, but not IL-4 and IL-12, are elevated in activated T-cells in large granular lymphocytic leukemia associated with autoimmune disorders. (PMID:11960393)
• The interleukin-10-1082 G/A promoter polymorphism: allele frequency in different populations and functional significance (PMID:11964134)
• induction of IL-10 is due to effects of H-ferritin on adherent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in blood and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). (PMID:11964300)
• conserved helix C region in the superfamily of interferon-gamma /interleukin-10-related cytokines corresponds to a high-affinity binding site for the HSP70 chaperone DnaK (PMID:11970958)
• Low-dose endobronchial transfer to the donor of the gene for human interleukin 10 ameliorated ischemia-reperfusion injury in rodent lung transplantation by improving graft oxygenation and reducing neutrophil sequestration. (PMID:11986609)
• production by different populations of erythroid cells derived from human embryonal liver (PMID:11991675)
• IL-10 can inhibit TNF-alpha expression in primary macrophages by targeting either the 5’ promoter or the 3’ untranslated region, indicating involvement of both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. (PMID:11994432)
• Frequency of functional interleukin-10 promoter polymorphism is different between relapse-onset and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. (PMID:12039409)
• association of polymorhpism with acute and chronic kidney transplantation outcome (PMID:12042661)
• Endogenous expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (PMID:12060853)
• Increased IL-10 production and HLA-DR suppression in the lungs of injured patients precede the development of nosocomial pneumonia. (PMID:12069178)
• Decreased IL-10 production coupled with a sustained IFN-gamma presence was noted in missed abortion compared with elective termination. (PMID:12069391)
• Lactic acidosis after cardiac surgery is associated with polymorphisms in interleukin 10 gene. (PMID:12078789)
• Mycobacterium bovis-mediated upregulation of IL8 in human monocyes is down-regulated by IL10. (PMID:12093676)
• reduction in the capacity to produce IL-10 may be a characteristic of G6PD-deficient monocytes. An attenuated IL-10 production may be a contributing mechanism in the augmented inflammatory response in G6PD-deficient trauma patients (PMID:12095128)
• Altered IL-10 signaling in lymphocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients is characterized by persistent mitochondrial hyperpolarization and increased production of reactive oxygen intermediates. (PMID:12097418)
• Promoter polymorphism in multiple sclerosis is associated with disease progression. (PMID:12101075)
• increased IL-10 production during spontaneous apoptosis of monocytes (PMID:12115622)
• IL-10 to regulate the progression of sepsis and control the onset of irreversible septic shock and mortality (PMID:12117955)
• IL-10 gene expression in esophageal squamous cell cancer specimens was significantly correlated with VEGF121 gene expression. The results suggested that IL-10 stimulates angiogenic factor gene expression. (PMID:12119553)
• IL-10 gene promoter polymorphisms are associated with the age-at-onset in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes (PMID:12121678)
• There is a protective effect from prednisone poor response in patients with the IL-10 G/G genotype. No association of the risk of relapse and IL-10 genotype was found. IL-10 genotype might influence prednisone response in patients with childhood ALL. (PMID:12145682)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	il10	ENSDARG00000078147
mus_musculus	Il10	ENSMUSG00000016529
rattus_norvegicus	Il10	ENSRNOG00000004647

Paralogs (4): IL26 (ENSG00000111536), IL19 (ENSG00000142224), IL20 (ENSG00000162891), IL24 (ENSG00000162892)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Interleukin-10 — P22301 (reviewed: P22301)

Alternative names: Cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor

All UniProt accessions (4): P22301, A0A286YEX3, A0A590UK12, Q6FGW4

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Major immune regulatory cytokine that acts on many cells of the immune system where it has profound anti-inflammatory functions, limiting excessive tissue disruption caused by inflammation. Mechanistically, IL10 binds to its heterotetrameric receptor comprising IL10RA and IL10RB leading to JAK1 and STAT2-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3. In turn, STAT3 translocates to the nucleus where it drives expression of anti-inflammatory mediators. Targets antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and monocytes and inhibits their release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor /GM-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor/G-CSF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF. Also interferes with antigen presentation by reducing the expression of MHC-class II and co-stimulatory molecules, thereby inhibiting their ability to induce T cell activation. In addition, controls the inflammatory response of macrophages by reprogramming essential metabolic pathways including mTOR signaling.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer. Interacts with IL10RA and IL10RB.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Produced by a variety of cell lines, including T-cells, macrophages, mast cells and other cell types.

Polymorphism. A polymorphism in IL10 promoter region is associated with resistance to graft-versus-host disease (GVHDS) [MIM:614395]. GVHDS is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, in which mature donor T-cells that contaminate the allogeneic bone marrow recognize the tissues of the recipient as foreign, causing a severe inflammatory disease.

Similarity. Belongs to the IL-10 family.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_000563, NP_001369553 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000098	IL-10	Family
IPR009079	4_helix_cytokine-like_core	Homologous_superfamily
IPR020423	IL-10_CS	Conserved_site
IPR020443	IL-10/19/20/24/26	Family

Pfam: PF00726

UniProt features (21 total): helix 10, turn 4, disulfide bond 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, glycosylation site 1, sequence variant 1, mutagenesis site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

9 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
2ILK	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
1ILK	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
1LK3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.91
1INR	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
2H24	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
8SVE	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.4
1Y6K	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.52
1J7V	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.9
6X93	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.5

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P22301-F1	88.89	0.79

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 2 — 1LK3, 8SVE

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (2): 30–126, 80–132

Glycosylation sites (1): 134

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (1):

Position	Phenotype
42	about 80% loss of il10ra binding.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

6 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6783783	Interleukin-10 signaling
R-HSA-6785807	Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling
R-HSA-8950505	Gene and protein expression by JAK-STAT signaling after Interleukin-12 stimulation
R-HSA-9662834	CD163 mediating an anti-inflammatory response
R-HSA-9664323	FCGR3A-mediated IL10 synthesis
R-HSA-9725370	Signaling by ALK fusions and activated point mutants

MSigDB gene sets: 914 (showing top): GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_LABYRINTHINE_LAYER_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_DNA_RECOMBINATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_NEURON_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_LYMPHOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_HEPATICOBILIARY_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_AUTOPHAGY, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEOLYSIS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE_TO_ANTIGENIC_STIMULUS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_BINDING

GO Biological Process (74): negative regulation of cytokine production (GO:0001818), positive regulation of cytokine production (GO:0001819), positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation (GO:0001938), response to molecule of bacterial origin (GO:0002237), chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus (GO:0002439), positive regulation of immunoglobulin production (GO:0002639), negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response (GO:0002719), negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus (GO:0002875), positive regulation of B cell apoptotic process (GO:0002904), immune response (GO:0006955), negative regulation of cell population proliferation (GO:0008285), response to xenobiotic stimulus (GO:0009410), regulation of gene expression (GO:0010468), negative regulation of autophagy (GO:0010507), response to activity (GO:0014823), response to inactivity (GO:0014854), hemopoiesis (GO:0030097), B cell differentiation (GO:0030183), leukocyte chemotaxis (GO:0030595), negative regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation (GO:0030886), negative regulation of B cell proliferation (GO:0030889), negative regulation of interferon-alpha production (GO:0032687), negative regulation of type II interferon production (GO:0032689), negative regulation of interleukin-1 production (GO:0032692), negative regulation of interleukin-12 production (GO:0032695), negative regulation of interleukin-18 production (GO:0032701), negative regulation of interleukin-6 production (GO:0032715), negative regulation of interleukin-8 production (GO:0032717), negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production (GO:0032720), response to insulin (GO:0032868), negative regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion (GO:0034115), positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion (GO:0034116), response to carbon monoxide (GO:0034465), cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus (GO:0035729), type 2 immune response (GO:0042092), B cell proliferation (GO:0042100), negative regulation of T cell proliferation (GO:0042130), defense response to bacterium (GO:0042742), defense response to protozoan (GO:0042832), positive regulation of macrophage activation (GO:0043032)

GO Molecular Function (5): cytokine activity (GO:0005125), interleukin-10 receptor binding (GO:0005141), growth factor activity (GO:0008083), protein dimerization activity (GO:0046983), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-4 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Signaling by Interleukins	2
Anti-inflammatory response favouring Leishmania parasite infection	2
Interleukin-12 signaling	1
Signaling by ALK in cancer	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
response to stimulus	3
cytokine production	2
regulation of cytokine production	2
receptor ligand activity	2
negative regulation of gene expression	1
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process	1
positive regulation of gene expression	1
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process	1
endothelial cell proliferation	1
regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	1
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	1
response to bacterium	1
response to external biotic stimulus	1
inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	1
chronic inflammatory response	1
immunoglobulin production	1
regulation of immunoglobulin production	1
positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response	1
negative regulation of cytokine production	1
cytokine production involved in immune response	1
negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response	1
regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response	1
chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	1
negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response	1
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	1
regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	1
B cell apoptotic process	1
regulation of B cell apoptotic process	1
positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process	1
immune system process	1
cell population proliferation	1
regulation of cell population proliferation	1
negative regulation of cellular process	1
response to chemical	1
gene expression	1
regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
autophagy	1
negative regulation of catabolic process	1
regulation of autophagy	1
cell development	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

6126 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
IL10	IL10RA	Q13651	998
IL10	IL10RB	Q08334	997
IL10	IFNG	P01579	989
IL10	IL7	P13232	988
IL10	IL6	P05231	988
IL10	IL4	P05112	987
IL10	TNF	P01375	984
IL10	IL5	P05113	983
IL10	IL1B	P01584	978
IL10	CD4	P01730	975
IL10	IL17A	Q16552	966
IL10	IL2	P01585	964
IL10	IL9	P15248	959
IL10	CD8A	P01732	956
IL10	TLR2	O60603	953
IL10	IL13	P35225	953

IntAct

33 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
IL10	IL10RA	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.860
IL10RA	IL10	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.860
IL10	IL10RA	psi-mi:“MI:0414”(enzymatic reaction)	0.860
IL10	IL10RB	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.590
NOTCH2NLC	IL10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRTAP4-1	IL10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
IL10	YY1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRTAP1-3	IL10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
IL10	KRTAP10-8	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GLRX3	IL10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
IL10	IL10	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
IL10	CCNA2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IL10	VGF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IL10	A2M	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.270
IL10	NOTCH2NLC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
IL10	KRTAP4-1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
IL10	KRTAP10-8	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
IL10	KRTAP1-3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
IL10	YY1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
IL10	GLRX3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (26): A2M (Co-localization), IL10 (Two-hybrid), IL10 (Two-hybrid), KRTAP10-8 (Two-hybrid), KRTAP4-1 (Two-hybrid), KRTAP1-3 (Two-hybrid), NOTCH2NL (Two-hybrid), NBPF19 (Two-hybrid), IL10 (Co-purification), NFKB2 (Positive Genetic), SPHK1 (Positive Genetic), MCL1 (Negative Genetic), IL10RA (Co-crystal Structure), IL10RA (Reconstituted Complex), IL10 (Reconstituted Complex)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1B0GUA7, A0A3Q1LRJ2, A2T6Z6, E9Q8Q8, O46673, O77049, O88823, P01588, P07865, P22301, P29676, P43480, P46651, P48411, P51496, P51497, P51746, P55029, P79338, Q0Z972, Q25BC1, Q28374, Q28C41, Q2PE73, Q3KNT9, Q4VK74, Q5Q0V6, Q5ZJY9, Q6A2H4, Q6AY06, Q6H8S9, Q6H8T0, Q6H8T1, Q6H8T2, Q6UXV1, Q865X4, Q8BGT0, Q8CGK6, Q8CJ70, Q8IU54

Diamond homologs: A2T6Z6, O46673, O97798, P03180, P0C6Z6, P0CAP9, P18893, P22301, P29456, P43480, P46651, P47965, P48411, P51496, P51497, P51746, P55029, P68677, P68678, P79338, Q0Z972, Q25BC1, Q28374, Q29055, Q29408, Q2PE73, Q5Q0V6, Q6A2H4, Q865X4, Q8MKG9, Q9JHK7, Q9TSJ4, Q9Z1Y5, Q9NPH9

SIGNOR signaling

31 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
IRF5	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“up-regulates activity”	IL10RA	binding
CRP	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	IL10	“translation regulation”
CRP	“down-regulates quantity”	IL10	“post transcriptional regulation”
IRF5	down-regulates	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
STAT3	up-regulates	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
FLI1	up-regulates	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
ATF1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
CREB1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
CEBPB	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
FOXP3	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IL1RN	“transcriptional regulation”
M2_polarization	up-regulates	IL10
IL10	up-regulates	IL10RA	binding
IL10	up-regulates	IL10RB	binding
TBX21	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
TRAF3	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IL10	“transcriptional regulation”
ERK1/2	“up-regulates quantity”	IL10
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN5A	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN1A	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN9A	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN2A	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN4A	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN8A	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN11A	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN10A	“transcriptional regulation”
IL10	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	SCN3A	“transcriptional regulation”
M2_polarization	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	IL10

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

132 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	2
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	57
Likely benign	59
Benign	11

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
16874	NC_000001.11:g.206775286T>C	Pathogenic
1710531	NC_000001.11:g.206773552T>C	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

343 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:206768724:TGGAG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206768725:GGAG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206768726:GAG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206768727:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206768728:GC:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206768729:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206768730:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206768731:G:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206768731:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206768734:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206768735:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206769825:TCACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206769826:CA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206769890:CGATG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206769891:GATG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206769892:ATG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206769892:ATGC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206769893:TG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206769893:TGCTG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206769894:GC:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206769895:C:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206769895:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206769897:G:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206769897:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206770901:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770902:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770903:TTAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206770904:TACA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206770905:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770905:ACAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

1191 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:206768705:T:A	K156N	0.996
1:206768705:T:G	K156N	0.996
1:206770938:A:G	L116P	0.995
1:206771046:C:G	C80S	0.994
1:206771047:A:T	C80S	0.994
1:206771019:A:G	F89S	0.992
1:206771047:A:G	C80R	0.992
1:206772292:G:C	F48L	0.992
1:206772292:G:T	F48L	0.992
1:206772294:A:G	F48L	0.992
1:206771018:A:C	F89L	0.991
1:206771018:A:T	F89L	0.991
1:206771020:A:G	F89L	0.991
1:206771046:C:T	C80Y	0.991
1:206772305:A:G	L44P	0.990
1:206769878:C:T	C132Y	0.989
1:206771046:C:A	C80F	0.987
1:206769878:C:G	C132S	0.986
1:206769879:A:T	C132S	0.986
1:206770909:A:G	C126R	0.986
1:206768706:T:A	K156I	0.985
1:206772302:C:G	R45P	0.985
1:206770917:A:G	L123P	0.984
1:206771045:G:C	C80W	0.984
1:206771013:A:G	L91P	0.983
1:206768694:T:A	E160V	0.981
1:206768704:C:G	A157P	0.981
1:206769879:A:G	C132R	0.981
1:206771017:A:C	Y90D	0.981
1:206768703:G:T	A157D	0.980

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000660306 (1:206771802 T>C), RS1000968106 (1:206773654 G>C), RS1001055509 (1:206767177 C>A,T), RS1001440172 (1:206773941 C>T), RS1001662384 (1:206770319 A>G,T), RS1002134656 (1:206774003 A>C,G), RS1002583514 (1:206769149 A>G,T), RS1002663473 (1:206768780 T>A,C), RS1003880988 (1:206770128 C>G), RS1004062279 (1:206771101 T>G), RS1004173073 (1:206767552 GC>G), RS1005552891 (1:206769654 C>T), RS1005884226 (1:206772800 T>A,C), RS1005955327 (1:206771566 G>T), RS1006284839 (1:206769443 A>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:124092 | disease phenotypes: MIM:266600, MIM:609888, MIM:609423, MIM:609532

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
IL10-related early-onset inflammatory bowel disease	Strong	Autosomal recessive
immune system disorder	Strong	Autosomal recessive
systemic lupus erythematosus	Supportive	Unknown

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
IL10-related early-onset inflammatory bowel disease	Moderate	AR

Mondo (8): inflammatory bowel disease (MONDO:0005265), leprosy, susceptibility to, 1 (MONDO:0012358), IL10-related early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (MONDO:0016542), susceptibility to HIV infection (MONDO:0004951), cholangiocarcinoma (MONDO:0019087), hepatitis C virus, susceptibility to (MONDO:0012292), systemic lupus erythematosus (MONDO:0007915), immune system disorder (MONDO:0005046)

Orphanet (4): Rare inflammatory bowel disease (Orphanet:104012), Leprosy (Orphanet:548), Immune dysregulation-inflammatory bowel disease-arthritis-recurrent infections syndrome (Orphanet:238569), Cholangiocarcinoma (Orphanet:70567)

HPO phenotypes

128 total (30 of 128 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000031	Epididymitis
HP:0000083	Renal insufficiency
HP:0000093	Proteinuria
HP:0000099	Glomerulonephritis
HP:0000155	Oral ulcer
HP:0000488	Retinopathy
HP:0000518	Cataract
HP:0000613	Photophobia
HP:0000618	Blindness
HP:0000708	Atypical behavior
HP:0000716	Depression
HP:0000737	Irritability
HP:0000790	Hematuria
HP:0000822	Hypertension
HP:0000992	Cutaneous photosensitivity
HP:0001061	Acne
HP:0001097	Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
HP:0001250	Seizure
HP:0001251	Ataxia
HP:0001269	Hemiparesis
HP:0001287	Meningitis
HP:0001288	Gait disturbance
HP:0001289	Confusion
HP:0001347	Hyperreflexia
HP:0001369	Arthritis
HP:0001370	Rheumatoid arthritis
HP:0001386	Joint swelling
HP:0001387	Joint stiffness
HP:0001482	Subcutaneous nodule
HP:0001596	Alopecia

GWAS associations

31 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000243_2	Ulcerative colitis	1.000000e-12
GCST000392_7	Type 1 diabetes	2.000000e-09
GCST000527_2	Ulcerative colitis	8.000000e-08
GCST000623_6	Ulcerative colitis	1.000000e-12
GCST000624_16	Ulcerative colitis	1.000000e-08
GCST000726_2	Behcet’s disease	4.000000e-18
GCST000728_2	Behcet’s disease	1.000000e-14
GCST000879_32	Crohn’s disease	2.000000e-14
GCST000964_21	Ulcerative colitis	6.000000e-17
GCST001191_1	Type 1 diabetes	5.000000e-10
GCST001725_40	Inflammatory bowel disease	7.000000e-42
GCST003097_5	Pediatric autoimmune diseases	1.000000e-06
GCST003155_40	Systemic lupus erythematosus	5.000000e-09
GCST003156_11	Systemic lupus erythematosus	6.000000e-08
GCST003854_47	Gut microbiota (functional units)	2.000000e-06
GCST003958_7	Inflammatory bowel disease	6.000000e-06
GCST004131_26	Inflammatory bowel disease	6.000000e-31
GCST004132_105	Crohn’s disease	3.000000e-14
GCST004133_7	Ulcerative colitis	2.000000e-23
GCST004861_35	Itch intensity from mosquito bite	2.000000e-08
GCST004863_48	Mosquito bite size	5.000000e-06
GCST004867_11	Systemic lupus erythematosus	4.000000e-08
GCST005536_28	Type 1 diabetes	4.000000e-08
GCST005537_149	Chronic inflammatory diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis) (pleiotropy)	1.000000e-38
GCST005752_122	Systemic lupus erythematosus	2.000000e-13
GCST007362_6	Acute anterior uveitis (with or without ankylosing spondylitis)	1.000000e-06
GCST007400_51	Systemic lupus erythematosus	1.000000e-11
GCST008483_3	Ulcerative colitis	4.000000e-06
GCST009875_17	Type 1 diabetes	5.000000e-10
GCST010219_5	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (inattention symptoms)	1.000000e-07

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007874	gut microbiome measurement
EFO:0008377	mosquito bite reaction itch intensity measurement
EFO:0008378	mosquito bite reaction size measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (4)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D018281	Cholangiocarcinoma	C04.557.470.200.025.450
D007154	Immune System Diseases	C20
D015212	Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	C06.405.205.731; C06.405.469.432
D008180	Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic	C17.300.480; C20.111.590

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3712920 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

9 annotations.

Variant	Type	Level	Drugs	Phenotypes
rs1800871	Dosage	3	tacrolimus	Liver transplantation
rs1800871	Metabolism/PK	3	tacrolimus	Kidney Transplantation
rs1800872	Efficacy	3	cyclosporine;mycophenolate mofetil	Kidney Transplantation
rs1800872	Dosage	3	tacrolimus	Liver transplantation
rs1800896	Dosage	3	tacrolimus	Liver transplantation
rs1800896	Toxicity	3	efavirenz	HIV infectious disease
rs1800896	Metabolism/PK	3	sirolimus	Kidney Transplantation
rs1800896	Toxicity	3	Antiinflammatory agents;non-steroids
rs1800896	Metabolism/PK	4	tacrolimus	Transplantation

PharmGKB variants

5 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs1800871	IL10, IL19	3	0.50	2	tacrolimus
rs1800872	IL10, IL19	3	3.00	2	cyclosporine;mycophenolate mofetil;tacrolimus
rs1800894	IL10, IL19		0.00	0
rs1800896	IL10, IL19	3	2.50	5	sirolimus;efavirenz;tacrolimus;Antiinflammatory agents;non-steroids
rs3024498	IL10		0.00	0

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

5 measured of 7 human assays (7 total across all organisms); most potent 5 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
HG-9-91-01 derivative, 2	EC50	3 nM
YKL-05-095 (3)	EC50	11 nM
YKL-05-096 (4)	EC50	70 nM
HG-9-91-01 (1)	EC50	220 nM
YKL-05-099 (5)	EC50	460 nM

PubChem BioAssay actives

5 with measured affinity, of 7 total; 5 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
3-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-1-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)anilino]-4H-pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-one	1801918: AlphaLISA-based IL-10 Detection from Article 10.1021/acschembio.6b00217: “Development of Chemical Probes for Investigation of Salt-Inducible Kinase Function in Vivo.”	ec50	0.0030	uM
3-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)-7-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)anilino]-4H-pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-one	1801918: AlphaLISA-based IL-10 Detection from Article 10.1021/acschembio.6b00217: “Development of Chemical Probes for Investigation of Salt-Inducible Kinase Function in Vivo.”	ec50	0.0110	uM
3-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-7-[2-methoxy-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)anilino]-1-(5-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)-4H-pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-one	1801918: AlphaLISA-based IL-10 Detection from Article 10.1021/acschembio.6b00217: “Development of Chemical Probes for Investigation of Salt-Inducible Kinase Function in Vivo.”	ec50	0.0700	uM
1-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-[6-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl]urea	1801918: AlphaLISA-based IL-10 Detection from Article 10.1021/acschembio.6b00217: “Development of Chemical Probes for Investigation of Salt-Inducible Kinase Function in Vivo.”	ec50	0.2200	uM
3-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-7-[2-methoxy-4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)anilino]-1-(5-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)-4H-pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-2-one	1801918: AlphaLISA-based IL-10 Detection from Article 10.1021/acschembio.6b00217: “Development of Chemical Probes for Investigation of Salt-Inducible Kinase Function in Vivo.”	ec50	0.4600	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

349 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Lipopolysaccharides	increases reaction, decreases expression, affects binding, affects expression, increases secretion (+6 more)	58
Particulate Matter	affects methylation, increases methylation, decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases secretion (+5 more)	15
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate	affects cotreatment, affects reaction, increases secretion, decreases expression, decreases reaction (+2 more)	8
Vehicle Emissions	increases expression, affects expression, decreases secretion, increases abundance, affects cotreatment (+1 more)	7
Zymosan	increases secretion, affects cotreatment, affects reaction, increases expression, decreases reaction	7
Resveratrol	increases expression, increases reaction, affects cotreatment, decreases secretion, increases secretion (+3 more)	6
Cadmium	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression, increases abundance, decreases secretion (+2 more)	6
SB 203580	decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases secretion, increases expression	5
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression, increases reaction	5
Arsenic	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression, increases methylation, affects response to substance	5
Tretinoin	increases reaction, increases secretion, affects reaction, increases expression, decreases reaction	5
Air Pollutants	affects methylation, increases abundance, increases methylation, increases expression	4
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression, increases reaction	4
Plant Extracts	decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases expression	4
Poly I-C	increases secretion, affects cotreatment, decreases reaction	4
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	increases abundance, increases methylation, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	4
Zinc	decreases reaction, decreases secretion, increases expression, decreases expression	4
Dinoprostone	affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression, increases abundance	4
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance, decreases reaction, increases expression	4
cordycepin	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases secretion	3
2-(1’H-indole-3’-carbonyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester	affects expression, affects reaction, affects secretion, affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
Rosiglitazone	increases reaction, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases secretion, decreases reaction (+1 more)	3
Acetylcysteine	increases secretion, decreases reaction, increases expression	3
Antimony Sodium Gluconate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases reaction, decreases expression, affects cotreatment, affects expression	3
Curcumin	increases reaction, decreases reaction, increases expression	3
Hemagglutinins	decreases expression, increases expression, increases secretion, decreases reaction	3
Oxygen	decreases secretion, decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression	3
Paraquat	decreases reaction, increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	3
Ribavirin	decreases reaction, decreases expression, decreases secretion, affects cotreatment, affects reaction (+1 more)	3

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

599 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00120887	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lupus Atherosclerosis Prevention Study
NCT00125307	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Tacrolimus for the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Membranous Nephritis
NCT00188188	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study of Endothelial Dysfunction in Systemic Lupus and Its Role in Heart Disease
NCT00371501	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aspirin and Statins for Prevention of Atherosclerosis and Arterial Thromboembolism in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
NCT00392093	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Lupus Activity
NCT00413361	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Reduction of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Flares :Study PLUS
NCT00508898	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	The Efficacy and Safety of Calcitriol for the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis and Persistent Proteinuria
NCT00668330	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Steroid Induced Osteoporosis in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
NCT00739050	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Effect of Simvastatin on Endothelial Function in Premenopausal Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (0733-271)(TERMINATED)
NCT00815282	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Immune Response After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Patients With Autoimmune Disease
NCT00828178	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Fish Oil in Lupus Patients
NCT00866229	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Efficacy and Adverse Effect of Simvastatin Compare to Rosuvastatin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients With Corticosteroid Therapy and High Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol Level
NCT00911521	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity and Safety of a Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine in Patients With SLE: a Controlled Study
NCT01101802	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Mycophenolate Mofetil in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (MISSILE)
NCT01112215	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Enteric-coated Mycophenolate Sodium Versus Azathioprine for the Extra-renal Lupus Manifestations
NCT01151644	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safety and Efficacy of Anti-Pandemic H1N1 Vaccination in Rheumatic Diseases
NCT01276782	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Levothyroxine in Pregnant SLE Patients
NCT01322308	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Pioglitazone on Endothelial Function in Premenopausal Women With Uncomplicated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
NCT01359826	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	The Effect of Milnacipran on Fatigue and Quality of Life in Lupus Patients
NCT01597492	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Belimumab on Vaccine Responses in Subjects With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
NCT01632241	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Belimumab in Black Race Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
NCT01705977	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Belimumab Assessment of Safety in SLE
NCT01753401	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Acthar for the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Patients With a History of Persistently Active Disease
NCT02270970	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of Belimumab Impact on a BLyS Activity Signature Test in the Absence of Confounding Polypharmacy
NCT02477150	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Immunogenicity of a Zoster Vaccine in SLE
NCT02741960	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Metformin on Reducing Lupus Flares
NCT02779153	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Acthar SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
NCT02953821	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Acthar Gel for Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
NCT03042260	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Prophylactic Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole to Prevent Severe Infections in Patients With Lupus Erythematous
NCT03098823	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Crossover Study to Compare RAYOS to IR Prednisone to Improve Fatigue and Morning Symptoms for SLE
NCT03122431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Relevance of Monitoring Blood and Salivar Levels of Drugs Used in Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases
NCT03543839	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Trial of Belimumab in Early Lupus
NCT04447053	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Sequential Belimumab and T-cell Based Therapy in SLE
NCT04515719	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Belimumab in SLE Patients
NCT04893161	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	A Model About the Response of Belimumab in SLE
NCT04908865	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Study of Belimumab Plus Standard Therapy in Chinese Pediatric Participants With Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
NCT04956484	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Belimumab In Early Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
NCT05559671	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Safety of the Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Lupus
NCT05666336	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Multi-omics Studies on the Efficacy of Telitacicept in Chinese SLE Patients
NCT05748925	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cardio Renal Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors Among Lupus Nephritis Patients