IL19

Summary

IL19 (interleukin 19, HGNC:5990) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q32.1, encoding Interleukin-19 (Q9UHD0). Cytokine that functions as an anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic factor.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the IL10 cytokine subfamily. This cytokine is found to be preferentially expressed in monocytes. It can bind the IL20 receptor complex and lead to the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). A similar cytokine in mouse is reported to up-regulate the expression of IL6 and TNF-alpha and induce apoptosis, which suggests a role of this cytokine in inflammatory responses. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the distinct isoforms have been described.

Source: NCBI Gene 29949 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 13
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 45 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_153758

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:5990
Approved symbol	IL19
Name	interleukin 19
Location	1q32.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	IL-19, MDA1, ZMDA1, IL-10C, NG.1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000142224
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605687
Entrez	29949

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 6 — 4 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000270218, ENST00000340758, ENST00000476097, ENST00000656872, ENST00000659997, ENST00000662320

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_153758 NM_001369605, NM_001393490, NM_001393491, NM_013371, NM_153758

CCDS: CCDS1469

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000659997 — 7 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001069558	206839850	206840002
ENSE00001069560	206841004	206841078
ENSE00003486320	206836958	206837023
ENSE00003513568	206836661	206836806
ENSE00003873698	206770773	206771078
ENSE00003908534	206798861	206799006
ENSE00003923874	206842527	206842981

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 111 present calls, max score 83.74.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.0180 / max 67.5444, expressed in 194 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
8153	0.5832	120
8154	0.3343	83
8155	0.0546	13
8156	0.0459	21

Top tissues by expression

240 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	83.74	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	77.38	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	75.76	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	74.93	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	73.91	gold quality
periodontal ligament	UBERON:0008266	69.54	silver quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	66.04	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	65.05	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	63.92	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	63.48	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	63.12	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	62.14	silver quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	61.61	gold quality
cranial nerve II	UBERON:0000941	61.58	silver quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	60.34	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	58.78	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	58.29	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	57.90	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	57.25	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	57.04	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	56.55	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	56.24	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	53.86	silver quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	53.26	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	52.09	silver quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	51.86	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	51.60	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	51.53	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	51.06	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	50.88	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	4.57
E-CURD-112	no	2.75

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CTCF, ETV6, RELA, RUNX1, STAT6

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

14 targeting IL19, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-338-5P	99.92	72.34	2951
HSA-MIR-95-5P	99.89	72.17	3973
HSA-MIR-8076	99.78	68.52	1170
HSA-MIR-498-5P	99.76	69.64	1807
HSA-MIR-4284	99.36	65.25	1293
HSA-MIR-4291	99.20	68.88	2969
HSA-MIR-892C-5P	99.16	70.56	2116
HSA-MIR-5583-3P	99.06	65.68	1018
HSA-MIR-140-3P	99.04	67.69	1324
HSA-MIR-922	99.02	67.23	1838
HSA-MIR-3127-3P	98.94	67.34	1055
HSA-MIR-6756-3P	98.94	66.79	1104
HSA-MIR-4308	97.56	67.13	1385

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• examination of ligand/receptor interactions and in signal transduction that may lead to specificity and distinct biology (PMID:12351624)
• Analysis of the IL-19 promoter region shows a fragment of 394 base pairs that supports luciferase activity at a level 7- to 8-fold greater than that of the negative control. (PMID:12370360)
• an examination of the helical crystal structure of this protein (PMID:12403790)
• forms stable complex with interleukin-20 receptor (PMID:14580208)
• IL-19 and IL-20 are synthesized by a distinct population of keratinocytes (PMID:14675174)
• IL-19 upregulates IL-4 expression and the number of IL-4 expressing CD4+ve T-cells (PMID:15120647)
• Elevated IL-19 serum levels in asthmatic patients are positively correlated with levels of IL-4 and IL-13, and suggest that IL-19 may play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma. (PMID:15557163)
• A study of 54 SNPs and haplotypes in the IL10 region indicate that IL10 and IL19/IL20 may be involved in natural clearance of HCV in the African Americans while no significant associations were detected in European Americans. (PMID:15815689)
• IL-19 induces IL-10, which in turn down-regulates IL-19. (PMID:15827959)
• We identified the sequence TGTGGT (-142 to -138) on PE1 as the binding site for the transcription factor AML1, and crucial for the promoter activity of IL-19 because substituting 1bp in the PE region (-139G–>T) abolished IL-19 promoter activity. (PMID:16631120)
• Data indicate that adenosine increases the release of IL-19 from bronchial epithelial cells via activation of adenosine A(2B) receptors, and IL-19 in turn activates human monocytes to release TNF-alpha, which upregulates A(2B) receptor expression. (PMID:16778150)
• IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 are distinct from classical ILs and constitute a separate subfamily of mediators within the IL-10 family (PMID:17083366)
• study supports the hypothesis that variations of genes of the IL-19 subfamily of cytokines influence susceptibility to palmoplantar pustulosis (PMID:17263806)
• IL-19 expression in uraemic patients has a role in the Th2 immune responses and may have a role in the cytokine dysregulation in uraemia (PMID:17449492)
• Review. The role of IL-19 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases is reviewed. (PMID:17465720)
• data suggest that IL-19 polymorphisms may be associated with age in a Japanese population (PMID:17522354)
• serum levels of IL-19 were higher in endotoxic shock patients than in healthy volunteers (PMID:18246602)
• IL-19 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may represent a novel, protective, autocrine response of VSMCs to inflammatory stimuli. (PMID:18669613)
• IL-19 was positively stained in 15 healthy tissue types & 3 major cell types: epithelial cells, endothelial cells & macrophages; several types of tumor cells stained for IL-19, especially squamous cell carcinoma of skin, tongue, esophagus & lung (PMID:18809337)
• The minor allele of the IL19 rs2243188 single nucleotide polymorphism was significantly increased in vitiligo patients compared to controls. (PMID:20699607)
• IL-19 is mitogenic and chemotactic for endothelial cells and can induce their angiogenic potential. (PMID:20966397)
• subset of fetuses with fetal inflammatory response syndrome had high umbilical cord plasma IL-19 concentrations (PMID:21767236)
• Genetic variation in adaptive immunity genes and particularly in IL19/IL20 genes associates with the development of recurrent wheeze after respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. (PMID:21814157)
• protective role of gene polymorphisms in Mexican patients with ulcerative colitis (PMID:21925224)
• Methylation in IL-19 is associated with Crohn’s disease. (PMID:22021194)
• Interleukin-19 (IL-19) induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and decreases reactive oxygen species in human vascular smooth muscle cells. (PMID:22158875)
• IL-19 is pivotal in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. (PMID:22186257)
• IL-19 is overexpressed in the epithelium in Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and increases epithelial cell proliferation. (PMID:22583192)
• A significant association was found between the combined genotypes of IL19GC + CC and IL20TG + GG and increased risk of vesicoureteral reflux. (PMID:23000500)
• IL-19 is important for cutaneous wound healing because it upregulates KGF expression. (PMID:23582717)
• IL-19 does not reduce TNF-alpha-stimulated NF-kappaB activation in Vascular endothelial cells but does decrease serine phosphorylation and cytoplasmic translocation of the mRNA stability factor HuR and significantly reduces stability of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA. (PMID:23596173)
• In breast cancer, IL-19 expression is correlated with increased mitotic figures, advanced tumor stage, higher metastasis, and poor survival. (Review) (PMID:23710200)
• results suggest that the IL-19 gene might slightly contribute to the genetic risk of schizophrenia. (PMID:24361379)
• elevated gene expression in Mexican mestizo patients with active Crohn’s disease (PMID:24527982)
• Unstimulated and TLR-activated monocytes expressed significantly lower IL-19 mRNA in active CD patients.Exogenous IL-19 had an anti-inflammatory effect on HC but not in CD. (PMID:24718601)
• IL-19 rs2243188 SNP was associated with the susceptibility to lupus nephritis in a Chinese population; but the minor C allele of SNP rs2243188 might be a protective factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (PMID:24819332)
• It supresses inflammation and its gene deletion causes inflammatory bowel disease.(review) (PMID:24919552)
• we delineate the detailed molecular pathway for IL-4 up-regulation of IL-19 in keratinocytes, which may play an important role in AD pathogenesis. (PMID:24943510)
• IL-19 as a component of the IL-23/IL-17 axis strengthens the IL-17A action and might be a biomarker for the activity of this axis in chronic inflammatory disorders (PMID:25046339)
• Distribution of interleukin-10 family cytokines in serum and synovial fluid of patients with inflammatory arthritis reveals different (PMID:25178435)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	il19l	ENSDARG00000090344
mus_musculus	Il19	ENSMUSG00000016524
rattus_norvegicus	Il19	ENSRNOG00000087053

Paralogs (4): IL26 (ENSG00000111536), IL10 (ENSG00000136634), IL20 (ENSG00000162891), IL24 (ENSG00000162892)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Interleukin-19 — Q9UHD0 (reviewed: Q9UHD0)

Alternative names: Melanoma differentiation-associated protein-like protein, NG.1

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9UHD0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Cytokine that functions as an anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic factor. Polarizes adaptive immunity to an anti-inflammatory phenotype through induction of T-helper 2 responses by both down-regulation of IFN-gamma and up-regulation of IL4 and IL13. Produced by osteocytes, stimulates granulopoiesis and neutrophil formation. Exerts its biological effect through a receptor complex consisting of a heterodimer of IL20RA and IL20RB. In turn, activates the Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, and importantly, STAT3.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Induction. by DNA damage through pathways mediated by JUN and cGAS-STING leading to production of the cytokines IL1, IL6, and IL8.

Similarity. Belongs to the IL-10 family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9UHD0-1	1	yes
Q9UHD0-2	2
Q9UHD0-3	3

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001356534, NP_001380419, NP_001380420, NP_037503, NP_715639* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR009079	4_helix_cytokine-like_core	Homologous_superfamily
IPR020421	IL-19	Family
IPR020423	IL-10_CS	Conserved_site
IPR020443	IL-10/19/20/24/26	Family

Pfam: PF00726

UniProt features (21 total): helix 9, disulfide bond 3, glycosylation site 2, splice variant 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, turn 1, strand 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1N1F	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.95

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9UHD0-F1	87.80	0.61

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (3): 28–121, 75–127, 76–129

Glycosylation sites (2): 56, 135

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-8854691	Interleukin-20 family signaling

MSigDB gene sets: 120 (showing top): REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_EXTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CYTOKINE_PRODUCTION, GOBP_LOW_DENSITY_LIPOPROTEIN_PARTICLE_CLEARANCE, TTGCWCAAY_CEBPB_02, CEBPB_01, NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_1Q32_AMPLICON, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_EXTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, FONTAINE_PAPILLARY_THYROID_CARCINOMA_UP, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISMAL_PROCESS, GOBP_PLASMA_LIPOPROTEIN_PARTICLE_CLEARANCE, GOBP_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_TYPE_II_INTERFERON_PRODUCTION, OCT1_03, GOBP_CYTOKINE_PRODUCTION

GO Biological Process (8): apoptotic process (GO:0006915), immune response (GO:0006955), signal transduction (GO:0007165), negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance (GO:0010989), reactive oxygen species metabolic process (GO:0072593), negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:2001237), positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:2001244), positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:2001235)

GO Molecular Function (1): cytokine activity (GO:0005125)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Signaling by Interleukins	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
apoptotic signaling pathway	2
programmed cell death	1
execution phase of apoptosis	1
immune system process	1
response to stimulus	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
negative regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance	1
regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance	1
low-density lipoprotein particle clearance	1
metabolic process	1
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	1
regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	1
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of signal transduction	1
positive regulation of apoptotic process	1
regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	1
receptor ligand activity	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

810 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
IL19	IL20RA	Q9UHF4	982
IL19	IL20RB	Q6UXL0	977
IL19	IL26	Q9NPH9	887
IL19	IL22RA1	Q8N6P7	871
IL19	IL10	P22301	869
IL19	IL10RB	Q08334	810
IL19	IL22	Q9GZX6	801
IL19	IL10RA	Q13651	765
IL19	STAT3	P40763	688
IL19	IL9	P15248	682
IL19	IFNL1	Q8IU54	661
IL19	IL4	P05112	660
IL19	IL13	P35225	649
IL19	IL22RA2	Q969J5	622
IL19	IFNL2	Q8IZJ0	620

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
IL19	ZMPSTE24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400

BioGRID (3): ZMPSTE24 (Affinity Capture-MS), S100A6 (Reconstituted Complex), IL19 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1B0GUA7, A0A3Q1LRJ2, A2T6Z6, E9Q8Q8, O46673, O77049, O88823, P01588, P07865, P22301, P29676, P43480, P46651, P48411, P51496, P51497, P51746, P55029, P79338, Q0Z972, Q25BC1, Q28374, Q28C41, Q2PE73, Q3KNT9, Q4VK74, Q5Q0V6, Q5ZJY9, Q6A2H4, Q6AY06, Q6H8S9, Q6H8T0, Q6H8T1, Q6H8T2, Q6UXV1, Q865X4, Q8BGT0, Q8CGK6, Q8CJ70, Q8IU54

Diamond homologs: Q13007, Q925S4, Q9JI24, Q9JKV9, Q9NYY1, Q9UHD0, Q8CJ70

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
IL19	up-regulates	IL20RA	binding
IL19	up-regulates	IL20RB	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

45 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	33
Likely benign	11
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1213 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:206770901:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770902:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770903:TTAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206770904:TACA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206770905:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770905:ACAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206770906:C:CG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770906:CA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770906:CACA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206770906:CACAG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206771055:TAACC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206771057:ACCC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206771058:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206771059:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206771060:C:CA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206771060:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206771061:T:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206771350:TCTCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206771351:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206771352:TCAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206771353:CA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
1:206771354:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206771355:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206771359:AAAGT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
1:206771411:ATTTG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206771412:TTTG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206771413:TTG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206771413:TTGC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:206771414:TG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:206771416:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000012281 (1:206829585 TG>T), RS1000056725 (1:206835192 C>A,T), RS1000063793 (1:206796201 C>A), RS1000109959 (1:206835493 G>C), RS1000127192 (1:206834064 T>C), RS1000199525 (1:206790996 T>A), RS1000212056 (1:206824004 G>A), RS1000221830 (1:206829664 T>A,C), RS1000255131 (1:206808099 G>A), RS1000265260 (1:206829922 C>T), RS1000274917 (1:206791398 G>A), RS1000302192 (1:206801487 C>T), RS1000314735 (1:206829870 G>A), RS1000327258 (1:206824267 G>A), RS1000428068 (1:206824502 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605687 | disease phenotypes: MIM:266600

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): inflammatory bowel disease (MONDO:0005265)

Orphanet (1): Rare inflammatory bowel disease (Orphanet:104012)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

13 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000624_16	Ulcerative colitis	1.000000e-08
GCST000879_32	Crohn’s disease	2.000000e-14
GCST000964_21	Ulcerative colitis	6.000000e-17
GCST001725_40	Inflammatory bowel disease	7.000000e-42
GCST002775_1	Alzheimer’s disease (survival time)	7.000000e-07
GCST002931_12	Aluminium levels	2.000000e-06
GCST005588_13	Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy	4.000000e-06
GCST007362_6	Acute anterior uveitis (with or without ankylosing spondylitis)	1.000000e-06
GCST008483_3	Ulcerative colitis	4.000000e-06
GCST010219_5	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (inattention symptoms)	1.000000e-07
GCST90002381_15	Eosinophil count	7.000000e-12
GCST90002382_25	Eosinophil percentage of white cells	2.000000e-10
GCST90006995_2	Gut microbiota relative abundance (unclassified genus belonging to family Lachnospiraceae)	4.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (5, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0000714	survival time
EFO:0009094	idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
EFO:0004842	eosinophil count
EFO:0007991	eosinophil percentage of leukocytes
EFO:0007874	gut microbiome measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D015212	Inflammatory Bowel Diseases	C06.405.205.731; C06.405.469.432

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

4 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs1800871	IL10, IL19	3	0.50	2	tacrolimus
rs1800872	IL10, IL19	3	3.00	2	cyclosporine;mycophenolate mofetil;tacrolimus
rs1800894	IL10, IL19		0.00	0
rs1800896	IL10, IL19	3	2.50	5	sirolimus;efavirenz;tacrolimus;Antiinflammatory agents;non-steroids

CTD chemical–gene interactions

24 total (human), top 24 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	decreases expression, increases expression	2
sodium arsenite	affects expression, increases expression	2
tetrabromobisphenol S	decreases expression	1
tetrabromobisphenol A	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
adefovir dipivoxil	increases secretion	1
brevetoxin 2	increases expression	1
theaflavin-3,3’-digallate	affects expression	1
Zoledronic Acid	increases secretion, increases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	increases expression	1
Cidofovir	increases secretion	1
Arsenicals	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, affects methylation	1
Cadmium	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Cisplatin	increases secretion	1
Ifosfamide	increases secretion	1
Lipopolysaccharides	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
Nickel	increases expression	1
Smoke	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Triclosan	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
Asbestos, Serpentine	increases expression	1
Asbestos, Crocidolite	increases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00167882	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Influence of 5-Aminosalicylates on Thiopurine Metabolite Levels
NCT00205062	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-Computed Tomography (CT) in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
NCT00567593	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Gene Regulation by Thiazolidinediones
NCT00746395	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Lubiprostone as a Preparation for Capsule Endoscopy
NCT01034358	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Immune Response to the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Young Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
NCT01056913	PHASE4	COMPLETED	NITI CAR27 (ColonRing) Compression Anastomosis in Colorectal Surgery
NCT01067547	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Trial of Iron Replacement in Patients With Iron Deficiency.
NCT01341808	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Immunogenicity of Hepatitis A Vaccine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients
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NCT02392286	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Corticosteroid Dosage for Crohn’s Disease Flare
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