IL25

Summary

IL25 (interleukin 25, HGNC:13765) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 14q11.2, encoding Interleukin-25 (Q9H293). Cytokine produced by various cells such as eosinophils, T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells or epithelial cells that plays a role in internal safety of adaptive immune responses by regulating cytokine production.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that shares sequence similarity with interleukin 17. This cytokine can induce NF-kappaB activation, and stimulate the production of interleukin 8. Both this cytokine and interleukin 17B are ligands for the cytokine receptor IL17BR. Studies of a similar gene in mice suggest that this cytokine may be a pro-inflammatory cytokine favoring the Th2-type immune response. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 64806 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 33 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_172314

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:13765
Approved symbol	IL25
Name	interleukin 25
Location	14q11.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	IL-25, IL-17E
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000166090
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605658
Entrez	64806

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000329715, ENST00000397242

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_172314 NM_022789, NM_172314

CCDS: CCDS45086, CCDS9597

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000397242 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001099681	23375625	23376403
ENSE00001527885	23373176	23373396
ENSE00001527887	23372809	23372975

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 42 present calls, max score 85.63.

Top tissues by expression

205 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	85.63	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	63.19	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	60.51	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	59.90	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	59.88	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	59.04	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	58.10	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	58.08	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	57.99	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	56.55	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	55.73	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	55.51	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	55.44	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	55.35	gold quality
entorhinal cortex	UBERON:0002728	54.80	gold quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	53.88	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	53.36	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	53.24	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	53.19	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	53.01	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	52.90	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	52.85	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	52.84	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	52.68	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	52.67	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	52.51	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	51.84	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	50.72	silver quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	50.40	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	50.11	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	1.48

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

44 targeting IL25, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5193	100.00	67.26	1744
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P	100.00	76.32	3233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P	100.00	76.32	3242
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-6077	99.99	68.04	2299
HSA-MIR-5688	99.96	73.23	4504
HSA-MIR-495-3P	99.96	72.81	4197
HSA-MIR-106A-5P	99.90	73.94	2683
HSA-MIR-627-3P	99.90	71.42	3316
HSA-MIR-17-5P	99.89	73.83	2665
HSA-MIR-106B-5P	99.88	74.72	2795
HSA-MIR-20A-5P	99.88	74.76	2769
HSA-MIR-20B-5P	99.88	74.01	2621
HSA-MIR-519D-3P	99.88	73.97	2607
HSA-MIR-93-5P	99.88	73.98	2606
HSA-MIR-526B-3P	99.88	74.06	2587
HSA-MIR-6794-5P	99.76	66.38	1048
HSA-MIR-5002-5P	99.76	70.84	1763
HSA-MIR-1200	99.71	70.42	1838
HSA-MIR-4716-3P	99.69	66.73	1022
HSA-MIR-1284	99.67	73.56	1353
HSA-MIR-186-3P	99.51	66.24	1685
HSA-MIR-766-3P	99.47	65.24	1811

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Overexpression of IL-17E up-regulates gene expression of Th2 cytokines and induces growth retardation, jaundice, and multiorgan inflammation in a transgenic mouse model. (PMID:11714825)
• Transgenic overexpression from humans into mice results in eosinophilia, B-lymphocyte hyperplasia, and altered antibody production. (PMID:12239140)
• IL-17E may contribute to the induction and maintenance of eosinophilic inflammation by acting on lung fibroblasts. This supports a role for IL-17E in asthma pathophysiology. (PMID:16522458)
• IL-25 acts by amplifying TH2 cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation. IL-25 itself does not significantly induce allergic inflammation in vivo. (PMID:16950278)
• IL-25 produced by innate effector eosinophils and basophils may augment the allergic inflammation by enhancing the maintenance and functions of TSLP-DC activated adaptive Th2 memory cells (PMID:17635955)
• The upregulation of costimulation-induced IL-25 receptors and release of cytokines and chemokines from IL-25 treated costimulated Th cells were differentially regulated by intracellular JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB activity. (PMID:17719653)
• Blocking IL-25 in an experimental model of allergic asthma prevents airway hyperresponsiveness, a critical feature of clinical asthma. (PMID:17889290)
• Higher expressions of IL-17E, IL-17A, IL-17BR and IL-17R are associated with oral inflammation. (PMID:19095584)
• IL-25 is a negative regulator of monocyte proinflammatory cytokine responses (PMID:19129540)
• MMP7 coordinates allergic lung inflammation by activating interleukin 25 while simultaneously inhibiting retinoid-dependent development of regulatory T cells. (PMID:19329997)
• IL-17A and IL-25 had opposing effects on thymic stromal lymphopoietin regulation in human nasal epithelial cells (PMID:19968632)
• production is linked to the amount of specific IgE antibodies in blood samples of 6 yr old children in Germany (PMID:20492545)
• Eosinophils are the main source of IL-25, whereas activated CD4+ memory T cells are the IL-17RB-expressing cells in Churg-Strauss syndrome. (PMID:20729468)
• IL-25 may have a role in atopic dermatitis (PMID:20861853)
• IL-25 production is differently regulated by TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 in the human g (PMID:20944558)
• Findings suggest that IL-25 is elevated in asthma and contributes to angiogenesis. (PMID:21205894)
• Allergen provocation induces functionally relevant, increased expression of IL-25 and its receptor in the asthmatic bronchial mucosa and dermis of sensitized atopic subjects. (PMID:21570719)
• We observed significant downregulation of IL-25 in women with recurrent miscarriage compared with controls. (PMID:22266274)
• IL-25 secreted from epithelial cells has the potential to promote airway remodeling in asthma. (PMID:22691357)
• IL-25 Is Decreased in Sera of Patients With inflammatory bowel disease. (PMID:23429464)
• IL-25 expression is markedly reduced during human and experimental fulminant hepatitis. (PMID:23564603)
• Suggest that IL-25 production by airway epithelial cells is regulated by the transcription and protein release levels and that allergen proteases likely play pivotal roles in both biological processes. (PMID:23590308)
• IL-25 enhances herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and vaccinia virus replication by inhibiting filaggrin expression, and IL-25 acts synergistically with IL-4 and IL-13 to enhance HSV-1 replication in vitro (PMID:23657503)
• Our data demonstrate that IL-33 plays a critical role in the rapid induction of airway contraction by stimulating the prompt expansion of IL-13-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells, whereas IL-25-induced responses are slower and less potent. (PMID:23810766)
• Patients with the ‘IL-5, IL-17A, IL-25-high’ airway inflammatory pattern are often uncontrolled asthmatics, despite daily treatment. (PMID:23957336)
• The increased IL-25 levels in plasma and the expression of IL-17RA and IL-17RB on eosinophils in allergic asthma patients suggests that IL-25 may activate eosinophils during allergic inflammation. (PMID:24247484)
• IL-25 and IL-33-driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells have roles in atopic dermatitis (PMID:24323357)
• IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells have roles in development of pulmonary fibrosis (PMID:24344271)
• Human chorionic gonadotropin up-regulates Il25, promoting the proliferation of decidual stromal cells by activation of JNK and AKT signal pathways. (PMID:24746746)
• Because IL-25 has a major role in triggering type 2 responses, bronchial epithelial IL-25 expression is likely a key determinant of type 2 response activation in asthma (PMID:25133876)
• asthmatic epithelial cells have an increased intrinsic capacity for expression of a pro-type 2 cytokine in response to a viral infection, and IL-25 is a key mediator of RV-induced exacerbations of pulmonary inflammation (PMID:25273095)
• The levels of mRNA for IL-25 were not significantly elevated in parotid gland tissues from Kimura Disease patients as compared to controls. (PMID:25676453)
• increased levels in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (PMID:25704964)
• This article focuses on evidence for the role of IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP in human allergic disease; although this triad of cytokines is described as epithelial derived, it is clear that their expression within lung tissue is much more widespread.[Review] (PMID:25705788)
• we have demonstrated that the expression of ET-1 and IL-25 was coordinately upregulated in the lesional keratinocytes of patients with AD and a murine AD model. (PMID:25903653)
• IL-25 overexpression was observed in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis and may serve as a mediator of eosinophilic CRS. (PMID:25975248)
• IL-25 upregulated PD-L1 surface expression through the signaling pathways of JNK and STAT3, with STAT3 found to constitutively occupy the proximal region of the PD-L1 promoter. (PMID:26321145)
• The IL17E rs79877597 SNP was a modifier of the risk for psoriasis disease severity and psoriatic arthritis. (PMID:26347322)
• expression of immunoreactivity for IL-17A, IL-17RA, IL-17E, and IL-17F was significantly elevated in prostatic tissue from benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer compared with that in controls (PMID:26356122)
• Increased induction and expression of TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 from nasal epithelial cells contribute to the pathophysiology of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. (PMID:26540312)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Il25	ENSMUSG00000040770
rattus_norvegicus	Il25	ENSRNOG00000016804
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00009108

Paralogs (5): IL17A (ENSG00000112115), IL17F (ENSG00000112116), IL17C (ENSG00000124391), IL17B (ENSG00000127743), IL17D (ENSG00000172458)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Interleukin-25 — Q9H293 (reviewed: Q9H293)

Alternative names: Interleukin-17E

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9H293

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Cytokine produced by various cells such as eosinophils, T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells or epithelial cells that plays a role in internal safety of adaptive immune responses by regulating cytokine production. Promotes and augments T-helper type 2 responses locally or systemically. Exerts its activity via its receptor composed of IL17RA and IL17RB for signal transduction. In turn, stimulates the JAK2-STAT5A pathway and promotes the secretion of type-2 associated cytokines including IL4, IL9 and IL13. Also induces the release of IL8, and IL6 from eosinophils through the combined activation of MAPK and NF-kappa-B pathways. Inhibits the differentiation of T-helper (Th17) cells via the production of IL4, IL5 and IL13.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed at low levels in several tissues, including brain, kidney, lung, prostate, testis, spinal cord, adrenal gland, and trachea.

Similarity. Belongs to the IL-17 family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9H293-1	1	yes
Q9H293-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_073626, NP_758525* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR010345	IL-17_fam	Family
IPR029034	Cystine-knot_cytokine	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF06083

UniProt features (16 total): strand 6, disulfide bond 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, turn 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, glycosylation site 1, splice variant 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

3 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
7UWJ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.2
7UWL	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.7
7UWK	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.4

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9H293-F1	79.15	0.50

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (2): 110–168, 115–170

Glycosylation sites (1): 136

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-448424	Interleukin-17 signaling

MSigDB gene sets: 123 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD8_TCELL_DN, GOBP_MYELOID_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, FREAC2_01, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_PEPTIDE, GOBP_KERATINOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_MYELOID_LEUKOCYTE_DIFFERENTIATION, FOXO4_01, FOXO1_01, FOXD3_01, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_KERATINOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, HFH8_01, FOXJ2_01, OCT1_07

GO Biological Process (7): inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus (GO:0002437), response to fungus (GO:0009620), response to nematode (GO:0009624), eosinophil differentiation (GO:0030222), positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0045944), inflammatory response (GO:0006954), signal transduction (GO:0007165)

GO Molecular Function (3): cytokine activity (GO:0005125), interleukin-17E receptor binding (GO:0030380), signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Signaling by Interleukins	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
response to other organism	2
inflammatory response	1
immune response	1
granulocyte differentiation	1
cell development	1
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	1
transcription by RNA polymerase II	1
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	1
defense response	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
receptor ligand activity	1
cytokine receptor binding	1
protein binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

596 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
IL25	IL17RB	Q9NRM6	999
IL25	IL17RA	Q96F46	997
IL25	IL17B	Q9UHF5	991
IL25	IL17D	Q8TAD2	976
IL25	IL17F	Q96PD4	957
IL25	IL17RC	Q8NAC3	908
IL25	IL17A	Q16552	892
IL25	IL22	Q9GZX6	866
IL25	IL33	O95760	864
IL25	IL17RE	Q8NFR9	862
IL25	MYDGF	Q969H8	840
IL25	IL13	P35225	800
IL25	IL5	P05113	798
IL25	TSLP	Q969D9	791
IL25	IL17RD	Q8NFM7	780

IntAct

10 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ESR1	TRIM24	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
IL25	PPM1B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
IL17RB	IL25	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.520
IL25	IL17RB	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.520
IL17RA	IL25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.490
IL25	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IL25	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (43): IL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), IL25 (Positive Genetic), IL25 (Positive Genetic), UBR1 (Affinity Capture-MS), UGDH (Affinity Capture-MS), ITGA6 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBR2 (Affinity Capture-MS), HSPD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZZEF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), IL17RB (Reconstituted Complex), MANBA (Affinity Capture-MS), MLYCD (Affinity Capture-MS), NPTX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PDP1 (Affinity Capture-MS), COL6A2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A6NKQ9, B1AWI6, G7PWZ3, I6M4H4, O09108, O46482, O46483, O46641, O77805, O77835, P01229, P01230, P01231, P01232, P04651, P07434, P08751, P0DN86, P0DN87, P17490, P19794, P27767, P30984, P43021, P45646, P45657, P51500, Q04997, Q1L6U9, Q2Q1P0, Q2Q1P1, Q2Q1P2, Q3HRV3, Q3S2X5, Q6EV78, Q6HA10, Q6NT52, Q6PX77, Q7ZZV4, Q8CB67

Diamond homologs: A6N6I9, O40633, P24916, Q16552, Q5BJ95, Q60I29, Q61453, Q62386, Q687Y7, Q7TNI7, Q8K4C5, Q8TAD2, Q8VHH8, Q96PD4, Q9EQI6, Q9H293, Q9P0M4, Q9QXT6, Q9UHF5

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

33 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	30
Likely benign	2
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

352 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
14:23373395:GA:G	donor_gain	0.9900
14:23373397:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
14:23372971:ACCAG:A	donor_loss	0.9700
14:23372973:CAG:C	donor_loss	0.9700
14:23372977:T:A	donor_loss	0.9700
14:23375622:CAGGT:C	acceptor_loss	0.9600
14:23375623:A:T	acceptor_loss	0.9600
14:23375624:G:GT	acceptor_loss	0.9600
14:23372928:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9400
14:23375584:C:A	acceptor_gain	0.9400
14:23375617:CCCCA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9400
14:23375618:CCCAC:C	acceptor_loss	0.9400
14:23375623:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9400
14:23375623:AGGTT:A	acceptor_gain	0.9400
14:23375624:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9400
14:23375624:GGTTG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9400
14:23372927:A:AG	donor_gain	0.9300
14:23375624:GGTT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9300
14:23375615:GCCCC:G	acceptor_loss	0.9200
14:23375616:CCCCC:C	acceptor_loss	0.9200
14:23373391:A:G	donor_gain	0.9000
14:23373278:TG:T	donor_gain	0.8900
14:23373279:GG:G	donor_gain	0.8900
14:23372976:G:GG	donor_gain	0.8800
14:23372930:C:A	donor_gain	0.8700
14:23373392:TATGA:T	donor_gain	0.8700
14:23373394:TGA:T	donor_gain	0.8700
14:23373395:GAG:G	donor_gain	0.8700
14:23373393:A:G	donor_gain	0.8600
14:23373170:CTACA:C	acceptor_loss	0.8500

AlphaMissense

1048 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
14:23373388:G:C	W90C	0.998
14:23373388:G:T	W90C	0.998
14:23373386:T:A	W90R	0.996
14:23373386:T:C	W90R	0.996
14:23375674:T:A	C110S	0.995
14:23375675:G:C	C110S	0.995
14:23375689:T:A	C115S	0.995
14:23375690:G:C	C115S	0.995
14:23373372:G:C	R85T	0.994
14:23375690:G:A	C115Y	0.994
14:23375854:T:C	C170R	0.994
14:23375855:G:A	C170Y	0.994
14:23375650:C:T	P102S	0.993
14:23375691:C:G	C115W	0.993
14:23375849:G:A	C168Y	0.993
14:23373372:G:T	R85M	0.992
14:23373373:G:C	R85S	0.992
14:23373373:G:T	R85S	0.992
14:23375674:T:C	C110R	0.992
14:23375676:C:G	C110W	0.992
14:23375848:T:C	C168R	0.992
14:23375854:T:A	C170S	0.992
14:23375855:G:C	C170S	0.992
14:23375645:G:C	R100P	0.991
14:23375762:T:A	V139D	0.991
14:23375850:T:G	C168W	0.991
14:23375689:T:C	C115R	0.990
14:23375690:G:T	C115F	0.990
14:23375856:T:G	C170W	0.990
14:23375669:C:A	A108D	0.989

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000418258 (14:23373723 T>G), RS1000751111 (14:23372047 G>A), RS1000892857 (14:23371821 C>T), RS1001547261 (14:23374989 G>A,T), RS1002294130 (14:23373474 G>A), RS1003792758 (14:23376406 C>T), RS1004452809 (14:23372550 C>A,G), RS1005358417 (14:23374632 G>T), RS1005798206 (14:23376672 C>G,T), RS1005803409 (14:23372063 C>G,T), RS1005856335 (14:23371762 A>G), RS1007018211 (14:23371357 C>T), RS1008244798 (14:23372485 C>G,T), RS1008339522 (14:23372114 G>A), RS1008364240 (14:23372385 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605658 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

10 total (human), top 10 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Triclosan	increases expression, decreases expression, decreases reaction	2
Particulate Matter	decreases reaction, increases secretion, decreases expression	2
chicanine	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
chelex	decreases reaction, increases secretion	1
titanium dioxide	affects expression	1
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Deferoxamine	decreases reaction, increases secretion	1
Lipopolysaccharides	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
Dihydrotestosterone	decreases reaction, increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.