IL32

Summary

IL32 (interleukin 32, HGNC:16830) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16p13.3, encoding Interleukin-32 (P24001). Cytokine that may play a role in innate and adaptive immune responses.

This gene encodes a member of the cytokine family. The protein contains a tyrosine sulfation site, 3 potential N-myristoylation sites, multiple putative phosphorylation sites, and an RGD cell-attachment sequence. Expression of this protein is increased after the activation of T-cells by mitogens or the activation of NK cells by IL-2. This protein induces the production of TNFalpha from macrophage cells. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

Source: NCBI Gene 9235 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 4
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 99 total — 1 pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001376923

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:16830
Approved symbol	IL32
Name	interleukin 32
Location	16p13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	NK4, TAIF, TAIFb, TAIFd
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000008517
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	606001
Entrez	9235

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 60 — 55 protein_coding, 5 retained_intron

ENST00000008180, ENST00000325568, ENST00000382213, ENST00000396887, ENST00000396890, ENST00000440815, ENST00000444393, ENST00000525003, ENST00000525228, ENST00000525377, ENST00000525643, ENST00000526464, ENST00000528163, ENST00000528652, ENST00000529550, ENST00000529699, ENST00000530538, ENST00000530890, ENST00000531965, ENST00000532086, ENST00000532247, ENST00000533097, ENST00000534507, ENST00000534748, ENST00000548246, ENST00000548476, ENST00000548652, ENST00000548807, ENST00000549213, ENST00000551122, ENST00000551513, ENST00000552356, ENST00000552664, ENST00000552936, ENST00000613483, ENST00000878150, ENST00000878151, ENST00000878152, ENST00000878153, ENST00000878154, ENST00000878155, ENST00000878156, ENST00000878157, ENST00000878158, ENST00000878159, ENST00000878160, ENST00000878161, ENST00000878162, ENST00000878163, ENST00000878164, ENST00000878165, ENST00000878166, ENST00000878167, ENST00000921321, ENST00000948218, ENST00000948219, ENST00000948220, ENST00000948221, ENST00000948222, ENST00000948223

RefSeq mRNA: 19 — MANE Select: NM_001376923 NM_001012631, NM_001012632, NM_001012633, NM_001012634, NM_001012635, NM_001012636, NM_001012718, NM_001308078, NM_001369587, NM_001369588, NM_001369589, NM_001369590, NM_001369591, NM_001369592, NM_001369593, NM_001369595, NM_001369596, NM_001376923, NM_004221

CCDS: CCDS32377, CCDS32378, CCDS32379, CCDS45394, CCDS76811, CCDS92092, CCDS92093

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000525643 — 7 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000665962	3067984	3068010
ENSE00001159749	3067554	3067613
ENSE00002360362	3068990	3069530
ENSE00003508380	3068180	3068239
ENSE00003602260	3065784	3065826
ENSE00003669904	3067377	3067415
ENSE00003901032	3065640	3065687

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 219 present calls, max score 99.54.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 188.2302 / max 12915.3387, expressed in 1462 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (13 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
152385	148.8818	1298
152382	22.2576	1231
152381	10.7533	1134
152383	3.0919	718
152380	1.0171	533
152389	0.8192	272
152384	0.6045	277
152388	0.4415	57
152386	0.1873	86
152387	0.0642	34

Top tissues by expression

273 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	99.54	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	99.39	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	99.36	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	99.08	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	98.69	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	98.67	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	98.65	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	98.62	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	98.56	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	98.35	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	98.28	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	98.23	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	98.22	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	98.19	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	98.14	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	98.04	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	97.96	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	97.87	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	97.85	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	97.77	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	97.76	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	97.28	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	96.97	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	96.94	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	96.75	silver quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	96.50	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	96.41	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	96.37	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	96.19	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	95.64	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 65 experiment(s), a significant marker in 51.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-120	yes	9279.00
E-CURD-95	yes	7952.60
E-MTAB-6653	yes	5598.63
E-GEOD-111727	yes	5280.63
E-GEOD-139324	yes	4882.68
E-MTAB-8207	yes	4610.84
E-MTAB-8142	yes	4603.24
E-MTAB-10042	yes	4445.77
E-CURD-112	yes	4321.12
E-MTAB-8410	yes	4151.42
E-GEOD-125970	yes	4065.18
E-GEOD-70580	yes	3975.86
E-MTAB-9467	yes	3968.95
E-HCAD-15	yes	3939.20
E-GEOD-149689	yes	3794.10

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

1 targets.

Target	Regulation
IFNL1	Activation

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ATF2, CREB1, DNMT1, DNMT3B, JUN, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, RELA, RELB

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

10 targeting IL32, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-627-3P	99.90	71.42	3316
HSA-MIR-6883-5P	99.69	68.05	3785
HSA-MIR-657	99.48	66.02	848
HSA-MIR-499A-3P	99.18	69.20	1392
HSA-MIR-499B-3P	99.18	69.27	1391
HSA-MIR-4477A	98.83	69.75	2952
HSA-MIR-4755-3P	98.77	65.59	1915
HSA-MIR-6801-3P	98.04	64.64	805
HSA-MIR-6810-3P	97.96	64.57	1023
HSA-MIR-7113-5P	97.88	67.33	1735

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• results strongly indicate that IL-32 is involved in activation-induced cell death in T cells, probably via its intracellular actions (PMID:16410314)
• Proteinase 3 is a specific IL-32alpha binding protein, independent of its enzymatic activity (PMID:16488976)
• IL-32, strongly associated with TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-18, appears to play a role in human rheumatoid arthritis and may be a novel target in autoimmune diseases. (PMID:16492735)
• IL-32 is a cell-associated proinflammatory cytokine, which is specifically stimulated by mycobacteria through a caspase-1- and IL-18-dependent production of interferon gamma. (PMID:16903774)
• review of important role of IL32 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (PMID:17619821)
• Dysregulation of IL-32 in myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia modulates apoptosis and impairs NK function. (PMID:18287021)
• Data suggest that the constitutive expression of IL-32 mRNA as well as the predominant production of a smaller sized IL-32 isoform in Jurkat cells may implicate a role for IL-32 in human T cell leukemia. (PMID:18289868)
• induction of TNF, IL-1beta, and IL-6 by IL-32 is mediated by p38-MAPK; IL-32-induced monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation is mediated through nonapoptotic, caspase-3-dependent mechanisms (PMID:18296636)
• the interleukin-32 pro-inflammatory pathway is activated in response to influenza A virus infectio (PMID:18414668)
• Constitutive expression of IL-32 in an immature monocyte-derived dendritic cell subset may be related to the potency of expressed Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) particle vector system as well as potentially to the pathogenesis of VEE. (PMID:18768856)
• The N-terminal IL-32 isoform gamma separate domain evidenced the highest levels of biological activity among the IL-32 separate domains. (PMID:19017495)
• This study introduces IL-32 as a critical regulator of endothelial function, expanding the properties of this cytokine relevant to coagulation, endothelial inflammation, and atherosclerosis. (PMID:19228941)
• IL-32 may be a newly identified prognostic biomarker in rheumatoid arthritis. Production of IL-32 in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts is regulated by Syk/PKCdelta/JNK-mediated signaling events. (PMID:19248119)
• Influenza A virus infection activates IL-32 and iNOS expression by a heretofore unrecognized complex mechanism, in which the two pro-inflammatory factors regulate each other, involving positive and negative feedback regulatory loops. (PMID:19291698)
• Data show that the IL-32 gene is expressed in human endothelial cells and Akt strongly induces its expression. (PMID:19364659)
• High IL-32 is associated with Pancreatic Cancer. (PMID:19386602)
• IL-32 was differentially expressed by lung cancer histotypes;with strong expression in most adenocarcinomas (AC) and their precursors, as well large-cell carcinomas and small-cell lung cancers; lacking in squamous cell carcinoma (PMID:19628777)
• IL-32beta upregulates the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and then IL-10 suppresses proinflammatory cytokines. (PMID:19740314)
• These data suggest that IL-32, which induces IL-1beta, IL-6, and chemokines, is not only involved in host defense against pathogens, but also might play a role in chronic inflammatory diseases. (PMID:19880327)
• IL-32gamma is a potent mediator of active osteoclast generation in the presence of sRANKL (PMID:20112365)
• IL-32 plays a host defense role against M. tuberculosis in differentiated THP-1 human macrophages. (PMID:20190143)
• IL-32 has an important role in vascular inflammation and sepsis development (PMID:20221440)
• The present study demonstrates keratinocytes (KCs) as a source of IL-32, which modulates KC apoptosis and contributes to the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. (PMID:20227751)
• These results show that genetic modification of DU145 cells with NK4 cDNA yields a significant effect on their proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. (PMID:20400971)
• The results showed that Orientia tsutsugamushi infection activated the NOD1 pathway followed by IL-32 secretion, thus resulting in the production and expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and ICAM-1 endothelial cells. (PMID:20470879)
• Butyrate stimulated IL-32alpha expression in epithelial cell lines. An epigenetic mechanism, such as histone hyperacetylation, might be involved in the action of butyrate on IL-32alpha expression. (PMID:20480520)
• human IL-32alpha and IL-32beta regulates on xenograft rejection in cellular xenotransplantation (PMID:20541181)
• IL-32 synthesis by fibroblast-like synoviocytes is tightly regulated by innate immunity in rheumatoid arthritis (PMID:20615213)
• The results from the present study suggest that IL-32 may play a role in the regulation of neuroinflammatory responses in several neurological disease conditions such as ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. (PMID:20888796)
• We have demonstrated the anti-influenza virus function of IL-32 (PMID:20889550)
• Demonstration of membrane association for both intracellular and released IL-32 suggests this unique cytokine may have a complex biosynthetic pathway and mechanism of action. (PMID:20926308)
• the role of IL-32 in intestinal inflammation (PMID:21078994)
• IL-32alpha mRNA expression depends on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the NF-kappaB system (PMID:21152864)
• the high-risk variant of human papillomavirus induces IL-32 expression (PMID:21208204)
• Data show that IL-32alpha stimulates Fas and ULBP2 expression via activation of p38 MAPK, which increases NK susceptibility of chronic myeloid leukemia cells. (PMID:21321117)
• A central role is discovered for IL-32 in the immune response to vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (an RNA virus) and DNA virus human herpesvirus type 2. (PMID:21346229)
• naturally occurring IL-32gamma can be spliced into IL-32beta, which is a less potent proinflammatory mediator. Splicing of IL-32gamma into IL-32beta is a safety switch in controlling the effects of IL-32gamma and thereby reduces chronic inflammation. (PMID:21383200)
• significant pathophysiological roles of IL-32gamma (PMID:21423208)
• Our findings indicate that overexpression of IL-32 together with a clear Th1 response immunologically characterizes the inflammatory response in giant cell arteritis. In particular, IL-32 seems to be an important mediator of artery inflammation in GCA. (PMID:21452292)
• Stable transfection of the new IL-32 isoform significantly decreased TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 mRNA expression in HT-29 cells. (PMID:21468596)

Cross-species orthologs

0 orthologs

Protein

Protein identifiers

Interleukin-32 — P24001 (reviewed: P24001)

Alternative names: Natural killer cells protein 4, Tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducing factor

All UniProt accessions (7): P24001, C6GKH1, E9PIV2, E9PK07, F8VSD2, F8VVN4, F8W1V1

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Cytokine that may play a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. It induces various cytokines such as TNFA/TNF and IL8. It activates typical cytokine signal pathways of NF-kappa-B and p38 MAPK.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Selectively expressed in lymphocytes. Expression is more prominent in immune cells than in non-immune cells.

Induction. Expression increased after activation of T-cells by mitogens or activation of NK cells by IL2/interleukin-2.

Isoforms (7)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P24001-1	1, Gamma	yes
P24001-2	2, Beta
P24001-3	3, Delta
P24001-4	4, Alpha
P24001-5	5
P24001-6	6
P24001-7	7

RefSeq proteins (19): NP_001012649, NP_001012650, NP_001012651, NP_001012652, NP_001012653, NP_001012654, NP_001012736, NP_001295007, NP_001356516, NP_001356517, NP_001356518, NP_001356519, NP_001356520, NP_001356521, NP_001356522, NP_001356524, NP_001356525, NP_001363852, NP_004212 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR028067	IL-32	Family

Pfam: PF15225

UniProt features (13 total): splice variant 7, signal peptide 1, chain 1, sequence variant 1, sequence conflict 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P24001-F1	69.87	0.00

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-449836	Other interleukin signaling
R-HSA-9013423	RAC3 GTPase cycle

MSigDB gene sets: 225 (showing top): GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_BRAIN_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_UP, MODULE_52, MODULE_169, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, MODULE_45, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_VIRAL_PROCESS, MODULE_128, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CYTOKINE_PRODUCTION, CHEOK_RESPONSE_TO_HD_MTX_UP, RIZKI_TUMOR_INVASIVENESS_3D_DN, HERNANDEZ_MITOTIC_ARREST_BY_DOCETAXEL_2_UP, HINATA_NFKB_TARGETS_KERATINOCYTE_UP, MISSIAGLIA_REGULATED_BY_METHYLATION_UP, HOSHIDA_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_S3, ROZANOV_MMP14_TARGETS_UP

GO Biological Process (7): defense response (GO:0006952), immune response (GO:0006955), cell adhesion (GO:0007155), positive regulation of gene expression (GO:0010628), positive regulation of type III interferon production (GO:0034346), negative regulation of viral life cycle (GO:1903901), signal transduction (GO:0007165)

GO Molecular Function (2): cytokine activity (GO:0005125), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytosol (GO:0005829), membrane (GO:0016020), extracellular region (GO:0005576)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Signaling by Interleukins	1
RHO GTPase cycle	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
cellular process	2
response to stress	1
immune system process	1
response to stimulus	1
gene expression	1
regulation of gene expression	1
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
positive regulation of cytokine production	1
type III interferon production	1
regulation of type III interferon production	1
viral life cycle	1
negative regulation of viral process	1
regulation of viral life cycle	1
cell communication	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
receptor ligand activity	1
binding	1
cytoplasm	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1242 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
IL32	ITGB3	P05106	962
IL32	MET	P08581	921
IL32	PRTN3	P15637	871
IL32	IL18RAP	O95256	807
IL32	CXCL8	P10145	722
IL32	IL18	Q14116	704
IL32	TNF	P01375	701
IL32	HGF	P14210	700
IL32	IFNG	P01579	681
IL32	CCL5	P13501	659
IL32	DNAJA2	O60884	645
IL32	IL17A	Q16552	643
IL32	IL22	Q9GZX6	629
IL32	CXCL2	P19875	627
IL32	GZMA	P12544	595

IntAct

7 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
IL32	RHBDD2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MEP1B	IL32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
IL32	STX6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IL32	RHBDD2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
IL32		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (35): IL32 (Two-hybrid), ZBTB16 (Two-hybrid), ZFPM2 (Two-hybrid), C1QB (Two-hybrid), NQO2 (Two-hybrid), KPNA5 (Two-hybrid), HSPA8 (Two-hybrid), TUT1 (Two-hybrid), NDN (Two-hybrid), SNRNP70 (Two-hybrid), RPL4 (Two-hybrid), PRKCD (Affinity Capture-Western), PRKCE (Affinity Capture-Western), ZBTB16 (Affinity Capture-Western), BCL6 (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A096P2H6, A0A0D9S1R4, A0A2Y9GDB5, A0JNN2, A8MXV6, D2H5P6, E1BLZ4, E1C7U0, P0DKW1, P0DKW2, P0DKW3, P0DKW4, P0DKY3, P0DML4, P0DML5, P0DML6, P0DMN8, P0DOC4, P0DP53, P0DTG9, P0DTH0, P0DTH1, P0DTH2, P0DTH3, P0DTH4, P0DUP6, P24001, P55056, P55797, Q2TBQ4, Q32KP7, Q3SYR5, Q5EAA5, Q5JX69, Q5R7E2, Q5U2R2, Q68DK2, Q6MG51, Q6P0A1, Q6UJB9

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
DNMT1	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	IL32	“transcriptional regulation”
DNMT3B	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	IL32	“transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

99 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	56
Likely benign	7
Benign	8

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
564258	GRCh37/hg19 16p13.3(chr16:2651354-4460114)x3	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

742 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:3067372:CGCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:3067373:GCA:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:3067374:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:3067375:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3067375:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:3067376:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3067376:GGTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3067376:GGTCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3067413:ATGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:3067415:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:3067416:G:T	donor_loss	1.0000
16:3067417:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:3068175:CCCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:3068178:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3068179:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3068179:GGAC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3068235:ACCCA:A	donor_gain	1.0000
16:3068236:CCCA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
16:3068237:CCA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
16:3068238:CA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
16:3068239:AGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:3068240:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:3068240:G:T	donor_loss	1.0000
16:3068243:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:3068244:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:3068988:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3068988:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3068989:G:GC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:3068989:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:3068989:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000589099 (16:3067123 C>G,T), RS1000618208 (16:3068680 G>C,T), RS1000647392 (16:3066463 A>G), RS1000707909 (16:3064208 A>G), RS1000936896 (16:3067209 C>G,T), RS1001040107 (16:3063662 G>C), RS1001234616 (16:3066158 G>A,T), RS1001367350 (16:3066749 A>G), RS1001480181 (16:3069602 C>T), RS1001545909 (16:3063744 G>A), RS1001597122 (16:3069454 C>G), RS1001669597 (16:3068615 C>A,G,T), RS1001996339 (16:3063476 C>A,T), RS1002282960 (16:3064557 C>A,T), RS1002956573 (16:3065399 GCTCAGAGA>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:606001 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

4 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001353_1	HIV-1 susceptibility	8.000000e-06
GCST90013405_80	Liver enzyme levels (alanine transaminase)	2.000000e-13
GCST90013663_70	Alanine aminotransferase levels	3.000000e-12
GCST90013664_100	Aspartate aminotransferase levels	3.000000e-12

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0000180	HIV-1 infection
EFO:0004736	aspartate aminotransferase measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

84 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases expression, affects expression	5
bisphenol A	decreases expression, increases expression, affects expression	3
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	3
Arsenic	increases methylation, decreases response to substance, affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	3
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	increases expression, increases reaction	3
nickel sulfate	decreases expression, increases expression	2
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	2
Acetaminophen	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Air Pollutants	affects methylation, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Cisplatin	decreases expression, affects expression, affects cotreatment	2
Estradiol	affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Folic Acid	affects expression, affects response to substance, affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Lipopolysaccharides	affects response to substance, affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Methotrexate	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Nickel	increases expression	2
Silicon Dioxide	increases expression	2
Cyclosporine	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, increases expression	2
Glupearl 19S	increases expression	1
beauvericin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
kaempferol	decreases reaction, increases activity, increases expression, increases secretion	1
titanium dioxide	affects expression	1
sulforaphane	decreases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	increases expression	1
manganese chloride	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
potassium chromate(VI)	decreases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

2 cell lines: 2 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_E2A0	HAP1 IL32 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_XP78	HAP1 IL32 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.