INHBC

Summary

INHBC (inhibin subunit beta C, HGNC:6068) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q13.3, encoding Inhibin beta C chain (P55103). Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland.

This gene encodes a member of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate a subunit of homodimeric and heterodimeric activin complexes. The heterodimeric complex may function in the inhibition of activin A signaling. Transgenic mice overexpressing this gene exhibit defects in testis, liver and prostate.

Source: NCBI Gene 3626 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 32
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 48 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_005538

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6068
Approved symbol	INHBC
Name	inhibin subunit beta C
Location	12q13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000175189
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	601233
Entrez	3626

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000309668

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_005538 NM_005538

CCDS: CCDS8938

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000309668 — 2 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001179441	57449277	57452062
ENSE00001290462	57434784	57435199

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 43 present calls, max score 95.97.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.6041 / max 281.1764, expressed in 14 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (10 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
126203	0.2514	7
126201	0.1023	10
126204	0.0688	6
126206	0.0456	8
126205	0.0333	7
126202	0.0305	6
126200	0.0262	7
126207	0.0185	7
126198	0.0141	7
126199	0.0134	8

Top tissues by expression

232 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	95.97	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	86.13	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	80.44	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	66.12	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	66.06	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	65.83	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	65.78	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	65.71	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	65.60	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	65.49	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	63.05	silver quality
sperm	CL:0000019	60.47	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	59.82	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	59.58	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	59.56	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	59.26	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	57.05	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	55.74	silver quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	55.70	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	55.55	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	53.21	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	53.16	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	51.90	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	51.73	silver quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	50.57	gold quality
blood vessel layer	UBERON:0004797	50.54	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	50.43	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	50.14	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	50.13	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	49.85	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-99795	no	10.54
E-ANND-3	no	1.63

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

103 targeting INHBC, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4283	100.00	66.42	2097
HSA-MIR-6748-5P	100.00	65.81	1057
HSA-MIR-1252-5P	100.00	69.80	2774
HSA-MIR-4747-5P	100.00	67.90	2681
HSA-MIR-5196-5P	100.00	67.98	2761
HSA-MIR-4673	100.00	66.64	1490
HSA-MIR-6870-5P	99.99	68.55	2115
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-4723-5P	99.97	68.70	2034
HSA-MIR-5698	99.97	68.49	2029
HSA-MIR-7111-5P	99.97	68.48	2062
HSA-MIR-6778-3P	99.96	67.29	2693
HSA-MIR-9983-3P	99.94	71.48	3631
HSA-MIR-1297	99.91	73.41	3162
HSA-MIR-129-5P	99.88	70.26	3273
HSA-MIR-3919	99.87	69.45	2489
HSA-MIR-3151-5P	99.86	63.83	1069
HSA-MIR-4447	99.85	67.81	2900
HSA-MIR-1321	99.84	65.30	1811
HSA-MIR-4739	99.84	65.25	1832
HSA-MIR-4756-5P	99.84	64.98	1809
HSA-MIR-8080	99.82	67.52	1342
HSA-MIR-34B-5P	99.78	67.56	1175
HSA-MIR-449C-5P	99.78	67.63	1168
HSA-MIR-1299	99.77	71.24	2389
HSA-MIR-3934-3P	99.76	65.51	1351
HSA-MIR-3680-3P	99.75	72.51	3095
HSA-MIR-2682-5P	99.73	67.38	1055
HSA-MIR-1296-3P	99.72	64.04	636
HSA-MIR-3202	99.66	67.70	2737

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 17)

• Results quantify the relative expression of inhibin alpha, inhibin/activin beta(A), beta(B), beta(C), follistatin, activin receptors and beta-glycan genes in placental tissue of term pre-eclamptic patients. (PMID:12651901)
• Role for the activin betaC-subunit as a regulatory mechanism to reduce activin A secretion via intracellular heterodimerization. (PMID:12960042)
• activin betaC subunit may exert its effect as inhibin C (PMID:16627954)
• activin-beta(C) is an antagonist of activin A (PMID:19095948)
• Expression of the inhibin betaC and betaE subunits was demonstrated at the protein level and at the transcriptional level in normal human endometrial tissue and in the Ishikawa human endometrial carcinoma cell line. (PMID:20012305)
• Expression of inhibin beta C was detected in the human chorionic carcinoma cell lines JEG and BeWoand also in human placenta. (PMID:20458061)
• in endometrial cancer tissue demonstrated a significant association with hemangiosis although without any impact on the patients’ survival (PMID:20683603)
• the novel inhibin/activin-betaC subunit is expressed in human endometrioid adenocarcinomas and in the human endometrial carcinoma cell line HEC-1a (PMID:20952735)
• differential expression pattern of the betaC- and betaE-subunits in normal human endometrial tissue suggests that they function in endometrial maturation and blastocyst implantation. (PMID:21092084)
• inhibin-betaC in normal and pathological placental tissue was demonstrated, although no differences in staining intensity could be observed. Functional role of novel inhibin-betaC subunit in normal and pathological human placenta is still quite unclear. (PMID:21117833)
• Data show that inhibin A levels were significantly lower in the PCOS group compared to the control group, and inhibin B levels were comparable in the two groups. (PMID:21529351)
• Activin-beta(C) is a regulator of activin-A. Activin-beta(C) is able to abolish cachexia and modulate reproductive tumour development in inhibin alpha-subunit knockout mice (alpha-KO) mice. (PMID:23180294)
• Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in INHBC gene is associated with brain metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer (PMID:23284751)
• The inhibin-betaC subunit is down-regulated, while inhibin-betaE is up-regulated by interferon-beta1a in Ishikawa carcinoma cell line. (PMID:23580013)
• Serum inhibin levels correlate with clinical characteristics and mortality in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. (PMID:24599287)
• Activin A, B, and AB have similar effects on steroidogenesis in human granulosa cells; in contrast, activin AC is not biologically active and does not act as a competitive antagonist. (PMID:25062451)
• Study shows an up-regulation of activin-C in aggressive prostate cancer only, suggesting that activin-C may play a role in the advanced stages of the disease. (PMID:28116672)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio		ENSDARG00000100986
mus_musculus	Inhbc	ENSMUSG00000025405
rattus_norvegicus	Inhbc	ENSRNOG00000007700

Paralogs (31): TGFB2 (ENSG00000092969), BMP7 (ENSG00000101144), TGFB1 (ENSG00000105329), BMP5 (ENSG00000112175), BMP8B (ENSG00000116985), TGFB3 (ENSG00000119699), INHBA (ENSG00000122641), INHA (ENSG00000123999), BMP4 (ENSG00000125378), BMP2 (ENSG00000125845), GDF5 (ENSG00000125965), GDF1 (ENSG00000130283), BMP15 (ENSG00000130385), GDF15 (ENSG00000130513), GDF11 (ENSG00000135414), MSTN (ENSG00000138379), INHBE (ENSG00000139269), LEFTY2 (ENSG00000143768), GDF7 (ENSG00000143869), BMP3 (ENSG00000152785), BMP6 (ENSG00000153162), GDF6 (ENSG00000156466), NODAL (ENSG00000156574), INHBB (ENSG00000163083), BMP10 (ENSG00000163217), GDF9 (ENSG00000164404), BMP8A (ENSG00000183682), GDF3 (ENSG00000184344), LEFTY1 (ENSG00000243709), GDF2 (ENSG00000263761), GDF10 (ENSG00000266524)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Inhibin beta C chain — P55103 (reviewed: P55103)

Alternative names: Activin beta-C chain

All UniProt accessions (1): P55103

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimeric or heterodimeric through association with alpha and beta subunits, linked by one or more disulfide bonds. Inhibins are heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunit. Activins are homo- or heterodimers of beta subunits only.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Similarity. Belongs to the TGF-beta family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_005529* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001318	Inhibin_betaC	Family
IPR001839	TGF-b_C	Domain
IPR015615	TGF-beta-like	Family
IPR017948	TGFb_CS	Conserved_site
IPR029034	Cystine-knot_cytokine	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00019

UniProt features (12 total): disulfide bond 5, glycosylation site 3, signal peptide 1, propeptide 1, sequence variant 1, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P55103-F1	75.21	0.23

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (5): 316, 240–248, 247–317, 276–349, 280–351

Glycosylation sites (3): 110, 143, 161

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-209822	Glycoprotein hormones
R-HSA-209952	Peptide hormone biosynthesis
R-HSA-2980736	Peptide hormone metabolism
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins

MSigDB gene sets: 96 (showing top): MODULE_52, MODULE_45, GOMF_GROWTH_FACTOR_ACTIVITY, AAAYRNCTG_UNKNOWN, MODULE_379, KOYAMA_SEMA3B_TARGETS_UP, HNF4_01, PPAR_DR1_Q2, MODULE_88, GOMF_CYTOKINE_ACTIVITY, VANTVEER_BREAST_CANCER_ESR1_DN, MODULE_242, GOMF_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_BINDING, MODULE_18, RASHI_RESPONSE_TO_IONIZING_RADIATION_5

GO Biological Process (1): cell surface receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway (GO:0007178)

GO Molecular Function (4): cytokine activity (GO:0005125), transforming growth factor beta receptor binding (GO:0005160), hormone activity (GO:0005179), growth factor activity (GO:0008083)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Peptide hormone biosynthesis	1
Peptide hormone metabolism	1
Metabolism of proteins	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
receptor ligand activity	3
enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway	1
cytokine receptor binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

680 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
INHBC	R3HDM2	Q9Y2K5	581
INHBC	SLC17A1	Q14916	554
INHBC	SLC16A9	Q7RTY1	545
INHBC	SLC22A11	Q9NSA0	536
INHBC	RREB1	Q92766	494
INHBC	SLC2A9	Q9NRM0	492
INHBC	FST	P19883	475
INHBC	PDZK1	Q5T2W1	454
INHBC	INHA	P05111	444
INHBC	ACVR1B	P36896	403
INHBC	AMHR2	Q16671	401
INHBC	BMPR1B	P78366	399
INHBC	VLDLR	P98155	399
INHBC	SLC22A12	Q96S37	396
INHBC	A1CF	Q9NQ94	395

IntAct

0 interactions, top by confidence:

ESM2 similar proteins: A5PJ93, E9PY61, H2N4I1, O00391, O08717, P01180, P01183, P08833, P21743, P24591, P43031, P47876, P51693, P55103, P58166, Q03157, Q15904, Q28686, Q561R0, Q58CS8, Q5Q0T9, Q5RJL6, Q6AZ60, Q6IUU3, Q6PRD1, Q6Q484, Q6S5C2, Q75ZP3, Q80WF4, Q80YF6, Q864V4, Q8BND5, Q8C1Q4, Q8CAL5, Q8CEF9, Q8CG70, Q8CJ26, Q8IVL6, Q8JGM4, Q8K5A9

Diamond homologs: A1C2U3, A1C2U6, A1C2U7, A1C2V0, A1C2V5, A8E7N9, G5EEL5, O08689, O14793, O18828, O18830, O18831, O18836, O35312, O42220, O42221, O42222, O46576, O61643, O95390, O95393, P09534, P12644, P12645, P17491, P18075, P20722, P20863, P22003, P22004, P22444, P23359, P27091, P27539, P35621, P43026, P43027, P43028, P43029, P48970

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

48 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	42
Likely benign	3
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

125 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:57435170:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
12:57435169:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
12:57435195:GACAG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
12:57435200:G:GC	donor_loss	0.9900
12:57435201:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
12:57435200:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9400
12:57449268:T:G	acceptor_loss	0.9400
12:57449271:CCACA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9400
12:57449272:CACA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9400
12:57449273:ACAG:A	acceptor_loss	0.9400
12:57449274:C:G	acceptor_loss	0.9400
12:57449275:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9400
12:57449275:A:AT	acceptor_loss	0.9400
12:57449276:G:C	acceptor_loss	0.9400
12:57449276:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9400
12:57449267:AT:A	acceptor_loss	0.9300
12:57449270:TCCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9300
12:57435163:G:T	donor_gain	0.9100
12:57449269:GTCC:G	acceptor_loss	0.8900
12:57449276:GGC:G	acceptor_gain	0.8500
12:57449261:CTTCT:C	acceptor_loss	0.8200
12:57449262:TTCTT:T	acceptor_loss	0.8200
12:57435545:TGG:T	donor_gain	0.8100
12:57435546:GGG:G	donor_gain	0.8100
12:57449276:GGCCT:G	acceptor_gain	0.7700
12:57449264:CTTAT:C	acceptor_loss	0.7500
12:57438780:A:G	acceptor_gain	0.7200
12:57449260:GCTTC:G	acceptor_loss	0.7200
12:57449252:T:G	acceptor_loss	0.7100
12:57448786:A:T	donor_gain	0.7000

AlphaMissense

2281 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:57449755:G:C	W264C	0.996
12:57449755:G:T	W264C	0.996
12:57449746:G:C	W261C	0.994
12:57449746:G:T	W261C	0.994
12:57449730:T:G	F256C	0.993
12:57449744:T:A	W261R	0.991
12:57449744:T:C	W261R	0.991
12:57449753:T:A	W264R	0.990
12:57449753:T:C	W264R	0.990
12:57449789:T:A	C276S	0.990
12:57449790:G:C	C276S	0.990
12:57449729:T:C	F256L	0.989
12:57449731:C:A	F256L	0.989
12:57449731:C:G	F256L	0.989
12:57449790:G:A	C276Y	0.988
12:57449791:C:G	C276W	0.988
12:57449757:T:C	I265T	0.987
12:57449801:T:A	C280S	0.986
12:57449802:G:C	C280S	0.986
12:57449730:T:C	F256S	0.985
12:57449757:T:G	I265S	0.981
12:57449790:G:T	C276F	0.980
12:57449784:A:T	N274I	0.978
12:57449789:T:C	C276R	0.978
12:57449943:T:C	L327P	0.978
12:57450009:G:A	C349Y	0.978
12:57449801:T:C	C280R	0.977
12:57450014:T:A	C351S	0.977
12:57450015:G:C	C351S	0.977
12:57449912:T:A	C317S	0.975

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000015848 (12:57442281 C>T), RS1000044471 (12:57434450 C>T), RS1000089016 (12:57442628 A>G), RS1000123473 (12:57435066 C>T), RS1000189606 (12:57433545 G>A), RS1000878316 (12:57448928 G>C), RS1001325741 (12:57441640 A>G), RS1001328649 (12:57449303 C>G,T), RS1001406081 (12:57436129 G>A,C), RS1001474783 (12:57449747 C>G,T), RS1001557370 (12:57433955 C>T), RS1002050629 (12:57433790 C>T), RS1002223302 (12:57443151 C>A,G), RS1002289223 (12:57435680 A>G,T), RS1002481400 (12:57450183 C>A,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601233 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

32 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000818_9	Urate levels	2.000000e-11
GCST001791_11	Urate levels	2.000000e-25
GCST002829_23	Urate levels in overweight individuals	2.000000e-07
GCST002829_35	Urate levels in overweight individuals	4.000000e-08
GCST003372_38	Glomerular filtration rate (creatinine)	2.000000e-09
GCST006585_2703	Blood protein levels	5.000000e-06
GCST007576_241	Chronotype	2.000000e-09
GCST007733_34	Serum uric acid levels	4.000000e-24
GCST007920_2	Chronic kidney disease	2.000000e-16
GCST008070_35	HDL cholesterol levels	3.000000e-09
GCST008070_84	HDL cholesterol levels	2.000000e-09
GCST008074_119	Triglyceride levels x alcohol consumption (regular vs non-regular drinkers) interaction (2df)	5.000000e-12
GCST008074_145	Triglyceride levels x alcohol consumption (regular vs non-regular drinkers) interaction (2df)	5.000000e-12
GCST008075_104	HDL cholesterol levels x alcohol consumption (regular vs non-regular drinkers) interaction (2df)	7.000000e-19
GCST008075_34	HDL cholesterol levels x alcohol consumption (regular vs non-regular drinkers) interaction (2df)	8.000000e-19
GCST008083_162	Triglyceride levels x alcohol consumption (drinkers vs non-drinkers) interaction (2df)	5.000000e-13
GCST008083_95	Triglyceride levels x alcohol consumption (drinkers vs non-drinkers) interaction (2df)	2.000000e-13
GCST008084_227	HDL cholesterol levels x alcohol consumption (drinkers vs non-drinkers) interaction (2df)	1.000000e-20
GCST008084_45	HDL cholesterol levels x alcohol consumption (drinkers vs non-drinkers) interaction (2df)	1.000000e-20
GCST008085_142	HDL cholesterol levels in current drinkers	2.000000e-12
GCST008085_23	HDL cholesterol levels in current drinkers	1.000000e-12
GCST008745_2	Estimated glomerular filtration rate in non-diabetics	4.000000e-13
GCST008916_2	Asthma	2.000000e-08
GCST008972_150	Urate levels	7.000000e-65
GCST010083_337	Hemoglobin levels	4.000000e-14
GCST010241_124	Apolipoprotein A1 levels	2.000000e-33
GCST010242_461	HDL cholesterol levels	6.000000e-43
GCST010637_19	Urate levels	4.000000e-22
GCST011334_9	Body mass index and triglycerides (pairwise)	1.000000e-12
GCST011336_9	Body mass index and HDL-C (pairwise)	2.000000e-13

EFO canonical traits (10, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004531	urate measurement
EFO:0008328	chronotype measurement
EFO:0004761	uric acid measurement
EFO:0004612	high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
EFO:0004530	triglyceride measurement
EFO:0004329	alcohol drinking
EFO:0004509	hemoglobin measurement
EFO:0004614	apolipoprotein A 1 measurement
EFO:0004340	body mass index
EFO:0004736	aspartate aminotransferase measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

23 total (human), top 23 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	decreases expression, affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases methylation	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	3
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	2
fulvic acid	increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases reaction	1
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
apatinib	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Calcimycin	decreases reaction, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Arsenic Trioxide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Arsenic	affects expression	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Methylcholanthrene	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate	affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases expression	1
Tretinoin	decreases expression	1
Urethane	decreases expression	1
Zinc	decreases expression	1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.