ITGAD

Summary

ITGAD (integrin subunit alpha D, HGNC:6146) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16p11.2, encoding Integrin alpha-D (Q13349). Integrin alpha-D/beta-2 is a receptor for ICAM3 and VCAM1.

This gene belongs to the beta-2 integrin family of membrane glycoproteins, which are are composed of non-covalently linked alpha and beta subunits to form a heterodimer. It encodes the alpha subunit of the cell surface heterodimers and is involved in the activation and adhesion functions of leukocytes. The gene is located about 11kb downstream of the integrin subunit alpha X gene, another member of the integrin family. It is expressed in the tissue and circulating myeloid leukocytes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 3681 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 9
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 197 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_005353

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6146
Approved symbol	ITGAD
Name	integrin subunit alpha D
Location	16p11.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	CD11d, ADB2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000156886
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602453
Entrez	3681

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 2 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding

ENST00000389202, ENST00000444228, ENST00000567308

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_005353 NM_001318185, NM_005353

CCDS: CCDS32438

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000389202 — 30 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000944408	31418075	31418191
ENSE00000944409	31418301	31418380
ENSE00000944410	31418481	31418564
ENSE00000944411	31423114	31423192
ENSE00000944412	31423352	31423459
ENSE00000944413	31423571	31423648
ENSE00000944417	31426015	31426505
ENSE00001028903	31416213	31416286
ENSE00001028907	31416505	31416646
ENSE00001028909	31407766	31407916
ENSE00001028912	31414860	31414991
ENSE00001028913	31414451	31414605
ENSE00001028921	31413089	31413246
ENSE00001172171	31408425	31408498
ENSE00001297155	31407515	31407668
ENSE00001505169	31424467	31424577
ENSE00001610688	31410395	31410524
ENSE00001626717	31412838	31412968
ENSE00001648806	31411076	31411216
ENSE00001679592	31423845	31423958
ENSE00001687613	31424102	31424203
ENSE00001699180	31410736	31410878
ENSE00001802670	31411308	31411517
ENSE00002292940	31393335	31393391
ENSE00003462826	31397795	31397909
ENSE00003464683	31402115	31402245
ENSE00003508940	31397359	31397462
ENSE00003556085	31403500	31403645
ENSE00003692821	31394236	31394341
ENSE00003692867	31397596	31397666

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 123 present calls, max score 86.32.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0724 / max 14.6479, expressed in 31 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
153821	0.0544	20
153820	0.0180	9

Top tissues by expression

239 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	86.32	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	81.00	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	69.52	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	69.15	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	68.36	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	68.12	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	67.65	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	64.13	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	63.96	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	63.85	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	62.38	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	61.43	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	61.35	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	58.42	silver quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	57.71	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	57.56	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	57.54	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	57.13	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	55.97	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	55.81	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	54.70	silver quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	54.64	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	54.13	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	53.62	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	53.37	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	53.08	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	52.80	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	52.64	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	52.62	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	52.05	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6678	yes	28.66
E-ANND-3	yes	5.92

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): KLF10, KLF2, KLF4, PAX3, SP1, SP3, ZNF354C

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

25 targeting ITGAD, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-9718	99.94	68.91	918
HSA-MIR-3686	99.90	70.53	2432
HSA-MIR-4495	99.82	72.08	3080
HSA-MIR-587	99.64	70.86	2611
HSA-MIR-298	99.63	67.56	1916
HSA-MIR-6832-5P	99.58	64.82	1132
HSA-MIR-190A-5P	99.54	71.45	933
HSA-MIR-190B-5P	99.54	71.40	925
HSA-MIR-3182	99.40	68.15	2454
HSA-MIR-4426	99.17	66.74	1949
HSA-MIR-4292	99.16	65.57	1767
HSA-MIR-6791-5P	99.16	65.92	1844
HSA-MIR-4504	99.10	69.14	1328
HSA-MIR-4451	98.82	68.17	1455
HSA-MIR-4520-3P	98.75	66.55	963
HSA-MIR-6804-3P	98.72	64.82	852
HSA-MIR-4536-5P	98.47	64.39	657
HSA-MIR-628-5P	98.36	67.74	844
HSA-MIR-4662B	98.33	66.37	1163
HSA-MIR-4647	98.30	66.41	1139
HSA-MIR-5196-3P	97.57	65.98	979
HSA-MIR-6894-3P	96.73	65.64	798
HSA-MIR-9900	96.06	65.48	557
HSA-MIR-584-5P	95.82	68.05	848
HSA-MIR-758-5P	93.99	64.46	534

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 9)

• a longer isoform of gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor 4 (GKLF) we term GKLFa interacts with the CD11d promoter (PMID:15561714)
• multiple CD11d domains play a role in controlling intracellular location and association with CD18. (PMID:19571252)
• CD11d expression increased in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of obese adult women; this appears to be a common feature of obesity. (PMID:21508205)
• the cross-talk between neutrophils and NK cells is mediated by ICAM-3 and CD11d/CD18, respectively. (PMID:21712539)
• The effects of anti-CD11d treatment improves functional recovery in a rat model of repeated concussion. (PMID:23414334)
• alpha(D)beta(2) is a major member of the integrin repertoire of both circulating and tissue myeloid leukocytes in humans (PMID:25415295)
• These results expand the potential for CD11d to regulate lymphocyte migration and tissue retention, and illuminate the possibility of a previously unconsidered role for CD11d in leukocyte biology and disease. (PMID:27881604)
• findings suggest that CD11d/CD18 upregulation on proinflammatory macrophages may represent a common mechanism for macrophage retention at inflammatory sites, thereby promoting chronic inflammation and disease development. (PMID:28500072)
• LINC02190 inhibits the embryo-endometrial attachment by decreasing ITGAD expression. (PMID:35038314)

Cross-species orthologs

9 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Itgad	ENSMUSG00000070369
rattus_norvegicus	Itgad	ENSRNOG00000068399
drosophila_melanogaster	if	FBGN0001250
drosophila_melanogaster	mew	FBGN0004456
drosophila_melanogaster	ItgaPS4	FBGN0034005
drosophila_melanogaster	ItgaPS5	FBGN0034880
drosophila_melanogaster	scb	FBGN0286785
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002081
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00003929

Paralogs (17): ITGAL (ENSG00000005844), ITGA3 (ENSG00000005884), ITGA2B (ENSG00000005961), ITGA8 (ENSG00000077943), ITGAE (ENSG00000083457), ITGA6 (ENSG00000091409), ITGA4 (ENSG00000115232), ITGA7 (ENSG00000135424), ITGA11 (ENSG00000137809), ITGAV (ENSG00000138448), ITGAX (ENSG00000140678), ITGA10 (ENSG00000143127), ITGA9 (ENSG00000144668), ITGA5 (ENSG00000161638), ITGA2 (ENSG00000164171), ITGAM (ENSG00000169896), ITGA1 (ENSG00000213949)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Integrin alpha-D — Q13349 (reviewed: Q13349)

Alternative names: ADB2, CD11 antigen-like family member D, Leukointegrin alpha D

All UniProt accessions (1): Q13349

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Integrin alpha-D/beta-2 is a receptor for ICAM3 and VCAM1. May play a role in the atherosclerotic process such as clearing lipoproteins from plaques and in phagocytosis of blood-borne pathogens, particulate matter, and senescent erythrocytes from the blood.

Subunit / interactions. Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Alpha-D associates with beta-2.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed moderately on myelomonocytic cell lines and subsets of peripheral blood leukocytes and strongly on tissue-specialized cells, including macrophages foam cells within atherosclerotic plaques, and on splenic red pulp macrophages.

Domain organisation. The integrin I-domain (insert) is a VWFA domain. Integrins with I-domains do not undergo protease cleavage.

Similarity. Belongs to the integrin alpha chain family.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001305114, NP_005344* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000413	Integrin_alpha	Family
IPR002035	VWF_A	Domain
IPR013517	FG-GAP	Repeat
IPR013519	Int_alpha_beta-p	Repeat
IPR013649	Integrin_alpha_Ig-like_1	Domain
IPR018184	Integrin_alpha_C_CS	Conserved_site
IPR028994	Integrin_alpha_N	Homologous_superfamily
IPR032695	Integrin_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036465	vWFA_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR048285	Integrin_alpha_Ig-like_2	Domain
IPR048633	ITGAX-like_Ig_3	Domain

Pfam: PF00092, PF00357, PF01839, PF08441, PF20805, PF21520

UniProt features (44 total): binding site 11, glycosylation site 9, repeat 7, disulfide bond 7, sequence conflict 3, topological domain 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, short sequence motif 1, transmembrane region 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q13349-F1	85.48	0.52

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (11): 465; 467; 469; 473; 529; 531; 533; 537; 592; 596; 600

Disulfide bonds (7): 67–74, 106–124, 654–709, 768–774, 845–860, 993–1017, 1022–1027

Glycosylation sites (9): 59, 87, 99, 391, 690, 732, 872, 956, 1045

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-216083	Integrin cell surface interactions
R-HSA-1474244	Extracellular matrix organization

MSigDB gene sets: 60 (showing top): GSE37336_LY6C_POS_VS_NEG_NAIVE_CD4_TCELL_DN, GOCC_CELL_SURFACE, GOBP_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, SETLUR_PROSTATE_CANCER_TMPRSS2_ERG_FUSION_DN, chr16p11, GOBP_CELL_ADHESION_MEDIATED_BY_INTEGRIN, GOBP_CELL_SUBSTRATE_ADHESION, GOBP_CELL_MATRIX_ADHESION, GOBP_INTEGRIN_MEDIATED_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, SCHLOSSER_SERUM_RESPONSE_UP, REACTOME_INTEGRIN_CELL_SURFACE_INTERACTIONS, GOBP_HETEROTYPIC_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, PID_INTEGRIN2_PATHWAY, GOCC_PLASMA_MEMBRANE_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_COMPLEX, GOCC_PROTEIN_COMPLEX_INVOLVED_IN_CELL_ADHESION

GO Biological Process (5): immune response (GO:0006955), integrin-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0007229), heterotypic cell-cell adhesion (GO:0034113), cell-cell adhesion (GO:0098609), cell adhesion (GO:0007155)

GO Molecular Function (2): signaling receptor activity (GO:0038023), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (5): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), integrin complex (GO:0008305), cell surface (GO:0009986), integrin alphaD-beta2 complex (GO:0034690), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Extracellular matrix organization	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
immune system process	1
response to stimulus	1
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	1
cell-cell adhesion	1
cell adhesion	1
cellular process	1
molecular transducer activity	1
cation binding	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
protein complex involved in cell adhesion	1
plasma membrane signaling receptor complex	1
integrin complex	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

588 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ITGAD	ITGB2	P05107	997
ITGAD	VCAM1	P19320	962
ITGAD	ICAM1	P05362	647
ITGAD	VTN	P01141	639
ITGAD	CCN1	O00622	575
ITGAD	FN1	P02751	510
ITGAD	ICAM3	P32942	463
ITGAD	ALB	P02768	462
ITGAD	PLG	P00747	454
ITGAD	CD86	P42081	451
ITGAD	CD80	P33681	429
ITGAD	FERMT3	Q86UX7	407
ITGAD	ITGA2	P17301	398
ITGAD	ITGAX	P20702	390
ITGAD	ITGB6	P18564	386

IntAct

6 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
RRP1B	YY2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RPL32	MRPL3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ITGAD	HSPA5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ITGAD	DUSP14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (46): SHARPIN (Protein-peptide), ITGB2 (Affinity Capture-Western), ICAM3 (Reconstituted Complex), ITGAD (Reconstituted Complex), HIGD2A (Affinity Capture-MS), HIST2H2AC (Affinity Capture-MS), ITGAD (Affinity Capture-MS), SLC25A6 (Affinity Capture-MS), HSPA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS), MESDC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), NDUFA9 (Affinity Capture-MS), NDUFA6 (Affinity Capture-MS), POLD3 (Affinity Capture-MS), EDEM2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2ARA8, B0S5N4, B8JK39, F1MMS9, O75578, O94985, P05555, P08514, P08648, P11215, P11688, P13612, P17301, P17852, P18614, P20701, P20702, P24063, P26006, P26009, P38570, P43406, P53708, P53710, P53711, P61622, P61625, P70206, P70275, P80747, Q00651, Q06274, Q13219, Q13349, Q13683, Q13797, Q3V0T4, Q3V3R4, Q5STE3, Q60677

Diamond homologs: A2AX52, A6H584, A6NMZ7, A6QLN9, A8TX70, E7FF10, O00339, O08746, O42401, O75578, O89029, P05099, P05555, P11215, P12111, P15989, P20701, P20702, P34576, P51942, P61625, Q02388, Q13349, Q21281, Q21540, Q28902, Q3V0T4, Q63870, Q642A6, Q6PCB0, Q6UXI7, Q8C6K9, Q8NFW1, Q8R2Z5, Q90615, Q91145, Q923P0, Q95LI2, Q96P44, Q9P218

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
ITGAD	“form complex”	“AD/b2 integrin”	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

197 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	176
Likely benign	12
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

4912 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:31393387:GAGTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31393389:GTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31394252:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:31397355:CCAGA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:31397356:CAGA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:31397357:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:31397357:AGAC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:31397358:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:31397358:GACTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:31397458:GCACA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31397463:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31397594:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:31397595:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:31397667:GTGA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31397669:GA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31397671:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31403641:GTGGT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31403644:GT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31403646:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31407911:T:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31407915:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31407916:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31407924:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31411212:GGGGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31411213:GGGGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31411214:GGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31411215:GGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:31412831:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:31413088:GGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:31413243:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

7600 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:31424129:A:C	S1063R	0.989
16:31424131:T:A	S1063R	0.989
16:31424131:T:G	S1063R	0.989
16:31394307:T:C	F35L	0.982
16:31394309:T:A	F35L	0.982
16:31394309:T:G	F35L	0.982
16:31411088:T:C	F457L	0.981
16:31411090:C:A	F457L	0.981
16:31411090:C:G	F457L	0.981
16:31411368:T:C	F520L	0.981
16:31411370:T:A	F520L	0.981
16:31411370:T:G	F520L	0.981
16:31402165:A:C	S160R	0.977
16:31402167:C:A	S160R	0.977
16:31402167:C:G	S160R	0.977
16:31402201:T:C	F172L	0.977
16:31402203:T:A	F172L	0.977
16:31402203:T:G	F172L	0.977
16:31410810:G:T	G430W	0.974
16:31410524:G:C	G405R	0.972
16:31407600:G:C	D264H	0.971
16:31411371:G:T	G521W	0.970
16:31402183:T:C	F166L	0.969
16:31402185:T:A	F166L	0.969
16:31402185:T:G	F166L	0.969
16:31407568:T:C	L253P	0.969
16:31410789:G:C	A423P	0.969
16:31411369:T:G	F520C	0.969
16:31394308:T:G	F35C	0.968
16:31407584:T:A	D258E	0.968

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000044275 (16:31409966 A>T), RS1000065253 (16:31426651 G>T), RS1000132604 (16:31417591 G>T), RS1000180487 (16:31404540 G>A,C), RS1000270394 (16:31417796 T>A,C), RS1000290676 (16:31411105 C>T), RS1000373061 (16:31417281 G>A,T), RS1000382597 (16:31422891 A>G), RS1000457508 (16:31424593 A>C), RS1000524313 (16:31406114 G>A), RS1000582476 (16:31411964 T>C), RS1000617600 (16:31392192 A>G,T), RS1000649139 (16:31409679 G>A), RS1000731877 (16:31392502 G>T), RS1000766014 (16:31424319 A>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602453 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): prostate cancer (MONDO:0008315)

Orphanet (1): Familial prostate cancer (Orphanet:1331)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

9 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST004621_184	Red cell distribution width	5.000000e-19
GCST004630_202	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin	1.000000e-11
GCST90002385_78	High light scatter reticulocyte count	6.000000e-14
GCST90002386_285	High light scatter reticulocyte percentage of red cells	1.000000e-16
GCST90002400_176	Plateletcrit	3.000000e-10
GCST90002402_458	Platelet count	2.000000e-14
GCST90002404_338	Red cell distribution width	2.000000e-32
GCST90002405_308	Reticulocyte count	1.000000e-15
GCST90002406_434	Reticulocyte fraction of red cells	2.000000e-19

EFO canonical traits (5, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0009188	Red cell distribution width
EFO:0004527	mean corpuscular hemoglobin
EFO:0007986	reticulocyte count
EFO:0007985	platelet crit
EFO:0004309	platelet count

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D011471	Prostatic Neoplasms	C04.588.945.440.770; C12.100.500.260.750; C12.100.500.565.625; C12.200.294.260.750; C12.200.294.565.625; C12.200.758.409.750; C12.900.619.750

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: catalytic receptor — Integrins

CTD chemical–gene interactions

18 total (human), top 18 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	2
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	increases methylation	1
aflatoxin B2	increases methylation	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
tebuconazole	decreases expression	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
Air Pollutants	increases abundance, affects expression	1
Cadmium	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Methapyrilene	increases methylation	1
Ozone	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Triclosan	decreases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00029224	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Breast Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Prostate Cancer With Cancer Related Bone Lesions
NCT00035997	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Trial on the Effect of I.V. Zoledronic Acid 4 mg on Bone Density in Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastasis
NCT00063609	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Loss in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy
NCT00103623	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	The Plenaxis® Experience Study
NCT00106392	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Safety and Efficacy Study of Prograf in the Prevention of Erectile Dysfunction After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT00185029	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	MR-Lymphography and Lymph Node Staging in Prostate Cancer
NCT00199485	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Angelica Sinensis for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Men Undergoing LHRH Therapy for Prostate Cancer
NCT00219219	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Skeletal-related Events in Hormone Refractory and Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases
NCT00219271	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Zoledronic Acid On Circulating And Bone Marrow-Residing Prostate Cancer Cells In Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
NCT00237146	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Zoledronic Acid on Quality of Life and Skeletal-related Events as Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Hormone-naïve Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis Who Have Undergone Orchiectomy
NCT00242554	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases
NCT00280098	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Docetaxel in the Treatment of Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
NCT00293696	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Casodex/Zoladex Biomarkers in Localised Prostate Cancer
NCT00334139	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Metabolism in Patients With Bone Metastasis and Prostate or Breast Cancer
NCT00375765	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects On Dihydrotestosterone Regulated Gene Expression In Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Or Prostate Cancer
NCT00391690	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Bone Markers as Diagnostic Tools for Early Detection of Bone Metastases in Patients With High Risk Prostate Cancer
NCT00422708	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Local Anesthesia for Prostate Biopsy
NCT00526331	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Arterial Pressure Based Cardiac Output for Goal-Directed Perioperative Therapy
NCT00590213	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Compare the Value of Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Breast Radiotherapy in CASODEX
NCT00629330	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Dissemination of Prostate Cancer Screening to PCP’s in African American Communities
NCT00771966	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Radical Prostatectomy and Perioperative Fluid Therapy
NCT00805701	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Assessing The Efficacy And Safety Of Avodart (Dutasteride) At Improving Urinary Symptoms In Men With Prostate Cancer Who Are Undergoing Seed Implantation
NCT00859027	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Risedronate On Bone Mass In Older Men Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy For Prostate Cancer
NCT00906269	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Can Hyperbaric Oxygen Improve Erectile Function Following Surgery for Prostate Cancer
NCT00953277	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Nerve Reconstruction Using AVANCE in Subjects Who Undergo Robotic Assisted Prostatectomy for Treatment of Prostate Cancer
NCT00982800	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Does Postoperative Gabapentin Reduce Pain, Opioid Consumption and Anxiety and Have a Positive Effect on Health Related Quality of Life After Radical Prostatectomy?
NCT01083199	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Global Performance Evaluation of the AMS CONTINUUM™ Device
NCT01136226	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluate Recovery of Testosterone for Patients Using Eligard
NCT01161563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Randomized Crossover Trial to Assess the Tolerability of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogue Administration
NCT01230905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Monitor the Effects of Androgen Suppression Treatment on the Heart
NCT01296672	PHASE4	COMPLETED	3 Month Finasteride Challenge Test Can Significantly Improve the Performance of Screening for Prostate Cancer
NCT01365143	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Robotic Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy
NCT01379742	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparison of Between ThinSeed™ and OncoSeed™ for Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy
NCT01486563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Hydroxyethyl Starch and Renal Function After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT01511874	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of ELIGARD 22.5mg With Prostate Cancer
NCT01512472	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Firmagon (Degarelix) Intermittent Therapy
NCT01547416	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Combined General/Epidural Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia on Diaphragmatic Function
NCT01571544	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Use of Thermal Suits as Preventing Hypothermia During Surgery
NCT01581749	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of Truebeam for Low-Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer
NCT01649635	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Cabazitaxel Combined With Prednisone and Prophylaxis of Neutropenia Complications in the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer