KIF27

Summary

KIF27 (kinesin family member 27, HGNC:18632) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 9q21.32, encoding Kinesin-like protein KIF27 (Q86VH2). Plays an essential role in motile ciliogenesis.

This gene is a member of the KIF27 (kinesin 4) sub-family of the mammalian kinesin family. The gene is an ortholog of the Drosophila Cos2 gene, which plays an important role in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal motor domain which includes nucleotide-binding and microtubule-interacting regions, a stalk domain containing a predicted coiled coil motif and a C-terminal tail domain. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene. Pseudogenes associated with this gene are located on chromosome 9.

Source: NCBI Gene 55582 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 8
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 226 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_017576

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:18632
Approved symbol	KIF27
Name	kinesin family member 27
Location	9q21.32
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	DKFZp434D0917
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000165115
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	611253
Entrez	55582

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 6 — 5 protein_coding, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000297814, ENST00000334204, ENST00000376347, ENST00000413982, ENST00000495062, ENST00000915947

RefSeq mRNA: 6 — MANE Select: NM_017576 NM_001271927, NM_001271928, NM_001354069, NM_001354070, NM_001354071, NM_017576

CCDS: CCDS65071, CCDS65072, CCDS6665

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000297814 — 18 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001090481	83880297	83880494
ENSE00001090483	83859156	83859371
ENSE00001090486	83888489	83888592
ENSE00001337625	83921371	83921432
ENSE00001598476	83889084	83889253
ENSE00001617866	83867684	83867860
ENSE00001657189	83891295	83891501
ENSE00001675380	83853629	83853835
ENSE00001718023	83908452	83908652
ENSE00001725770	83842237	83842401
ENSE00001735116	83883813	83884018
ENSE00001746732	83903060	83904018
ENSE00001750278	83850099	83850297
ENSE00001751975	83887041	83887196
ENSE00001762462	83870519	83870632
ENSE00002237135	83915294	83915678
ENSE00003635457	83899661	83899804
ENSE00003847033	83834099	83837485

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 138 present calls, max score 89.17.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 5.9107 / max 105.4209, expressed in 1669 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
101154	5.4149	1633
101155	0.4959	246

Top tissues by expression

138 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	89.17	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	88.94	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	87.22	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	87.04	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	86.90	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	86.41	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	86.23	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	84.20	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	82.76	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	81.47	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	80.90	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	80.73	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	78.15	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	77.87	gold quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	77.68	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	77.06	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	76.99	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	76.94	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	76.60	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	76.54	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	76.49	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	76.36	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	76.21	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	76.21	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	76.02	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	75.83	gold quality
myometrium	UBERON:0001296	75.56	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	75.53	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	75.27	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	75.16	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	9.38
E-MTAB-9388	yes	6.52
E-MTAB-7303	no	70.12

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

18 targeting KIF27, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-4500	99.99	72.72	2367
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-1297	99.91	73.41	3162
HSA-MIR-12119	99.87	68.35	1653
HSA-MIR-6124	99.87	69.78	3551
HSA-MIR-26A-5P	99.78	73.52	2303
HSA-MIR-26B-5P	99.78	73.51	2305
HSA-MIR-4465	99.71	72.56	2096
HSA-MIR-3915	99.45	68.49	1905
HSA-MIR-148A-5P	99.30	68.27	1141
HSA-MIR-3168	99.08	67.75	1384
HSA-MIR-3127-3P	98.94	67.34	1055
HSA-MIR-6756-3P	98.94	66.79	1104
HSA-MIR-4303	98.01	68.13	2304
HSA-MIR-3116	97.07	65.78	1324

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Kif27	ENSMUSG00000060176
rattus_norvegicus	Kif27	ENSRNOG00000019257

Paralogs (41): KIF1B (ENSG00000054523), KIF26A (ENSG00000066735), KIF2A (ENSG00000068796), KIF22 (ENSG00000079616), KIF3C (ENSG00000084731), KIF9 (ENSG00000088727), KIF16B (ENSG00000089177), KIF4A (ENSG00000090889), KIF3B (ENSG00000101350), KIF20A (ENSG00000112984), KIF21B (ENSG00000116852), KIF17 (ENSG00000117245), KIF14 (ENSG00000118193), KIF18A (ENSG00000121621), KIF25 (ENSG00000125337), KIF1C (ENSG00000129250), KIF1A (ENSG00000130294), KIF3A (ENSG00000131437), KIF12 (ENSG00000136883), KIF13A (ENSG00000137177), KIF23 (ENSG00000137807), KIF11 (ENSG00000138160), CENPE (ENSG00000138778), KIF21A (ENSG00000139116), KIFC3 (ENSG00000140859), KIF2B (ENSG00000141200), KIF2C (ENSG00000142945), KIF5A (ENSG00000155980), KIF26B (ENSG00000162849), KIF15 (ENSG00000163808), KIF6 (ENSG00000164627), KIF7 (ENSG00000166813), KIFC2 (ENSG00000167702), KIF5C (ENSG00000168280), KIF5B (ENSG00000170759), KIF18B (ENSG00000186185), KIF24 (ENSG00000186638), KIF19 (ENSG00000196169), KIF13B (ENSG00000197892), KIF4B (ENSG00000226650)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Kinesin-like protein KIF27 — Q86VH2 (reviewed: Q86VH2)

All UniProt accessions (2): Q86VH2, F2Z355

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Plays an essential role in motile ciliogenesis.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with STK36.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Cell projection. Cilium.

Tissue specificity. Testis, pancreatic islet, germ cell tumors and Jurkat T-cells.

Similarity. Belongs to the TRAFAC class myosin-kinesin ATPase superfamily. Kinesin family. KIF27 subfamily.

Isoforms (4)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q86VH2-1	1, KIF27A	yes
Q86VH2-2	2, KIF27B
Q86VH2-3	3, KIF27C
Q86VH2-4	4

RefSeq proteins (6): NP_001258856, NP_001258857, NP_001340998, NP_001340999, NP_001341000, NP_060046* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001752	Kinesin_motor_dom	Domain
IPR019821	Kinesin_motor_CS	Conserved_site
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR027640	Kinesin-like_fam	Family
IPR036961	Kinesin_motor_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00225, PF25764

UniProt features (29 total): modified residue 8, coiled-coil region 6, splice variant 5, sequence variant 3, compositionally biased region 2, region of interest 2, chain 1, domain 1, binding site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q86VH2-F1	69.73	0.15

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 84–91

Post-translational modifications (8): 643, 646, 672, 675, 704, 999, 1367, 1389

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

8 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6811434	COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
R-HSA-983189	Kinesins
R-HSA-109582	Hemostasis
R-HSA-199991	Membrane Trafficking
R-HSA-5653656	Vesicle-mediated transport
R-HSA-6811442	Intra-Golgi and retrograde Golgi-to-ER traffic
R-HSA-8856688	Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport
R-HSA-983231	Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production

MSigDB gene sets: 81 (showing top): GOCC_KINESIN_COMPLEX, REACTOME_MEMBRANE_TRAFFICKING, GOBP_VENTRICULAR_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_CILIUM_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_CILIUM_MOVEMENT, GOMF_CYTOSKELETAL_MOTOR_ACTIVITY, GOBP_ORGANELLE_ASSEMBLY, TURASHVILI_BREAST_DUCTAL_CARCINOMA_VS_DUCTAL_NORMAL_DN, GOBP_HEAD_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_CELL_PROJECTION_ORGANIZATION, GOCC_CILIUM, chr9q21, GOMF_HYDROLASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_ACID_ANHYDRIDES, GOMF_CYTOSKELETAL_PROTEIN_BINDING, YOSHIMURA_MAPK8_TARGETS_UP

GO Biological Process (6): epithelial cilium movement involved in extracellular fluid movement (GO:0003351), microtubule-based movement (GO:0007018), ventricular system development (GO:0021591), establishment of localization in cell (GO:0051649), cilium assembly (GO:0060271), cell projection organization (GO:0030030)

GO Molecular Function (7): microtubule motor activity (GO:0003777), ATP binding (GO:0005524), microtubule binding (GO:0008017), ATP hydrolysis activity (GO:0016887), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), cytoskeletal motor activity (GO:0003774), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (7): extracellular region (GO:0005576), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), kinesin complex (GO:0005871), microtubule (GO:0005874), cilium (GO:0005929), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), cell projection (GO:0042995)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-6 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport	1
Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production	1
Vesicle-mediated transport	1
Membrane Trafficking	1
Intra-Golgi and retrograde Golgi-to-ER traffic	1
Hemostasis	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
ATP-dependent activity	2
cilium movement	1
extracellular transport	1
microtubule-based transport	1
microtubule-based process	1
brain development	1
system development	1
establishment of localization	1
cellular localization	1
axoneme assembly	1
intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly	1
cilium organization	1
protein localization to cilium	1
organelle assembly	1
trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment transport	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly	1
ciliary transition zone assembly	1
cellular component organization	1
cytoskeletal motor activity	1
polypeptide conformation or assembly isomerase activity	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
tubulin binding	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
molecular_function	1
binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
microtubule associated complex	1
microtubule cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1
intraciliary transport particle	1
membrane-bounded organelle	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

952 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KIF27	STK36	Q9NRP7	919
KIF27	SUFU	Q9UMX1	811
KIF27	GLI3	P10071	787
KIF27	SMO	Q99835	757
KIF27	GLI1	P08151	734
KIF27	GLI2	P10070	728
KIF27	PTCH1	Q13635	601
KIF27	SHH	Q15465	580
KIF27	GKAP1	Q5VSY0	579
KIF27	IHH	Q14623	567
KIF27	TUSC2	O75896	549
KIF27	HHIP	Q96QV1	505
KIF27	PTCH2	Q9Y6C5	499
KIF27	AXDND1	Q5T1B0	485
KIF27	DPCD	Q9BVM2	479

IntAct

13 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
STAT3	STAT3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
MAGEA6	KIF27	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MAGEA3	KIF27	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TBC1D7	TSC2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
KIF27	PRKCSH	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
TBC1D7	TSC2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GPC3	PXDNL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SNW1		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KIF27	MAGEA6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
KIF27	MAGEA3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (19): KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), MAGEA6 (Two-hybrid), MAGEA3 (Two-hybrid), KIF27 (Proximity Label-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIF27 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A068FIK2, B3H6Z8, B9F2Y7, B9F7C8, B9FAF3, B9FL70, B9FS33, B9FTR1, B9G8P1, B9GE13, F1M5N7, F4HZF0, F4IAR2, F4IBQ9, F4IGL2, F4IL57, F4J1U4, F4J2M6, F4JUI9, F4JX00, F4K0J3, O75037, O81635, Q0E2L3, Q0IMS9, Q27IK6, Q2QM62, Q58G59, Q5JKW1, Q6H638, Q6YUL8, Q75LL2, Q7M6Z4, Q7XKR9, Q7Z4S6, Q86VH2, Q8GS71, Q8LNZ2, Q8S905, Q8S949

Diamond homologs: A0A068FIK2, A0JN40, A1ZAJ2, A8BB91, A8BKD1, B1AVY7, B7EJ91, B7ZNG0, B9F2Y7, B9GE13, F1M4A4, F1M5N7, F1QN54, F4IIS5, F4J1U4, F4K0J3, G5EGS3, O14343, O14782, O15066, O23826, O35066, O35071, O35787, O43896, O45935, O55165, O60282, O60333, O75037, O88658, O95239, P17210, P21613, P23678, P28738, P28741, P33173, P33174, P33175

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

226 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	184
Likely benign	11
Benign	9

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

3759 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
9:83842235:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83842236:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83842236:CA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83842236:CACT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83842269:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83842281:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83842400:TTCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:83842401:TCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:83842402:C:CA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:83842402:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:83842403:T:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:83850094:GTTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
9:83850098:C:CA	donor_loss	1.0000
9:83850294:CCAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:83850295:CAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:83850295:CACC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:83850298:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:83853661:T:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83853666:A:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83853685:G:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83853745:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83853765:T:A	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83867705:ATTTT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
9:83867857:ATTT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:83867857:ATTTC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:83867858:TTT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:83867858:TTTC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:83867859:TT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:83867860:TC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:83867861:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

9261 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
9:83903514:G:T	A335D	0.999
9:83903515:C:G	A335P	0.999
9:83903523:A:G	L332P	0.999
9:83903598:C:T	G307E	0.999
9:83903613:A:G	L302P	0.999
9:83903619:C:G	R300P	0.999
9:83903636:C:A	R294S	0.999
9:83903636:C:G	R294S	0.999
9:83903637:C:A	R294M	0.999
9:83903637:C:G	R294T	0.999
9:83903641:A:C	Y293D	0.999
9:83903685:A:T	I278K	0.999
9:83915353:A:T	V80D	0.999
9:83903489:G:C	N343K	0.998
9:83903489:G:T	N343K	0.998
9:83903491:T:C	N343D	0.998
9:83903518:A:G	Y334H	0.998
9:83903523:A:T	L332H	0.998
9:83903601:A:G	L306P	0.998
9:83903601:A:T	L306Q	0.998
9:83903616:A:G	L301P	0.998
9:83903676:A:G	L281P	0.998
9:83903680:C:G	A280P	0.998
9:83903685:A:C	I278R	0.998
9:83903694:C:T	G275E	0.998
9:83908614:C:G	A113P	0.998
9:83915341:C:A	G84V	0.998
9:83915341:C:T	G84E	0.998
9:83915566:G:T	A9D	0.998
9:83903506:C:G	A338P	0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000025363 (9:83916670 T>C), RS1000025798 (9:83872610 TAA>T), RS1000136989 (9:83886933 C>A), RS1000219357 (9:83883205 C>G), RS1000242368 (9:83835864 C>A,G), RS1000272057 (9:83920133 A>G), RS1000302376 (9:83853074 A>G), RS1000308772 (9:83921691 T>C), RS1000309240 (9:83835540 GT>G), RS1000329725 (9:83890019 A>C,G), RS1000460342 (9:83882883 A>G), RS1000495795 (9:83922495 C>T), RS1000544688 (9:83904122 TA>T), RS1000615522 (9:83909258 T>C,G), RS1000627286 (9:83908959 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:611253 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

8 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006268_519	Reaction time	1.000000e-08
GCST009597_96	Multiple sclerosis	1.000000e-06
GCST010242_452	HDL cholesterol levels	5.000000e-11
GCST012226_766	Waist circumference adjusted for body mass index	8.000000e-09
GCST012226_767	Waist circumference adjusted for body mass index	5.000000e-09
GCST90002382_294	Eosinophil percentage of white cells	1.000000e-32
GCST90020028_332	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	4.000000e-13
GCST90020028_333	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	2.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (5, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0008393	reaction time measurement
EFO:0004612	high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
EFO:0007789	BMI-adjusted waist circumference
EFO:0007991	eosinophil percentage of leukocytes
EFO:0008039	BMI-adjusted hip circumference

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3879867 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

17 total (human), top 17 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	increases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
methacrylaldehyde	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
bisphenol S	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Sunitinib	increases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	increases expression	1
Fulvestrant	decreases methylation, affects cotreatment	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Acrolein	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Lead	decreases expression	1
Ozone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Mifepristone	increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

2 unique, capped per target: 2 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL3860187	Binding	Inhibition of basal ATPase activity of human Kif27 at 200 uM by pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase-linked assay	Depsidones from Lichens as Natural Product Inhibitors of M-Phase Phosphoprotein 1, a Human Kinesin Required for Cytokinesis. — J Nat Prod

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.