KLC3

gene
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Also known as KLC2LKNS2BKLCt

Summary

KLC3 (kinesin light chain 3, HGNC:20717) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19q13.32, encoding Kinesin light chain 3 (Q6P597). Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport.

This gene encodes a member of the kinesin light chain gene family. Kinesins are molecular motors involved in the transport of cargo along microtubules, and are composed of two kinesin heavy chain (KHC) and two kinesin light chain (KLC) molecules. KLCs are thought to typically be involved in binding cargo and regulating kinesin activity. In the rat, a protein similar to this gene product is expressed in post-meiotic spermatids, where it associates with structural components of sperm tails and mitochondria.

Source: NCBI Gene 147700 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • GWAS associations: 5
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 113 total
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_177417

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:20717
Approved symbolKLC3
Namekinesin light chain 3
Location19q13.32
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesKLC2L, KNS2B, KLCt
Ensembl geneENSG00000104892
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM601334
Entrez147700

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 13 — 12 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000391946, ENST00000470402, ENST00000494686, ENST00000585434, ENST00000589373, ENST00000589837, ENST00000590063, ENST00000892165, ENST00000892166, ENST00000913427, ENST00000913428, ENST00000913429, ENST00000960866

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_177417 NM_177417

CCDS: CCDS12660

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000391946 — 13 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000007129094534942945349602
ENSE000007129154534864645348733
ENSE000008615934535034145350431
ENSE000008615944534794145348160
ENSE000008940024534882045348921
ENSE000009531534534744745347516
ENSE000010487554535064145350747
ENSE000010487564535051445350551
ENSE000012815814535095445351017
ENSE000012816784534654445346774
ENSE000019513574534075045340846
ENSE000035615564534553445345799
ENSE000038474924535128645351519

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 189 present calls, max score 97.62.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.5748 / max 57.4473, expressed in 425 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
1764061.1569374
1764080.187479
1764070.185687
2088610.02369
1764090.02139

Top tissues by expression

234 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
upper arm skinUBERON:000426397.62gold quality
skin of abdomenUBERON:000141695.94gold quality
skin of legUBERON:000151195.49gold quality
zone of skinUBERON:000001494.92gold quality
lower esophagus mucosaUBERON:003583491.97gold quality
amniotic fluidUBERON:000017391.35gold quality
gingival epitheliumUBERON:000194990.37gold quality
gingivaUBERON:000182889.51gold quality
superficial temporal arteryUBERON:000161488.23silver quality
mucosa of paranasal sinusUBERON:000503088.12gold quality
upper leg skinUBERON:000426286.27gold quality
nasal cavity epitheliumUBERON:000538486.25silver quality
esophagus mucosaUBERON:000246985.80gold quality
mammalian vulvaUBERON:000099784.86gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atriumUBERON:000337984.40gold quality
left ventricle myocardiumUBERON:000656684.27gold quality
lateral globus pallidusUBERON:000247682.40gold quality
vastus lateralisUBERON:000137982.32gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamusUBERON:000273681.32gold quality
oral cavityUBERON:000016781.28gold quality
nippleUBERON:000203081.13gold quality
vena cavaUBERON:000408780.88silver quality
quadriceps femorisUBERON:000137780.85gold quality
esophagus squamous epitheliumUBERON:000692080.72gold quality
cardia of stomachUBERON:000116280.33gold quality
body of tongueUBERON:001187680.22gold quality
penisUBERON:000098980.08gold quality
mouth mucosaUBERON:000372979.78gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovaryUBERON:000130479.00silver quality
subthalamic nucleusUBERON:000190678.97silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-MTAB-8142yes132.97
E-ANND-3yes3.97
E-MTAB-10596no143.84

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 4)

  • Rat KLC3 interacts with KHC and microtubules in vitro. Expressed in spleen, intestine, brain, ovary, testis. Testis expression restricted to post-meiotic spermatids. (PMID:11319135)
  • Rat KLC3 associates with the outer dense fibers of maturing sperm tails. (PMID:12594206)
  • Rat KHC3 associates with mitochondria in sperm tails (PMID:15464570)
  • Microtubule-bound kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 motor domains were visualized at multiple steps in their ATPase cycles–including their nucleotide-free states–at approximately 7 A resolution using cryo-electron microscopy. (PMID:25209998)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_rerioklc3ENSDARG00000055965
danio_rerioklc4ENSDARG00000086985
mus_musculusKlc3ENSMUSG00000040714
rattus_norvegicusKlc3ENSRNOG00000018101

Paralogs (5): APPBP2 (ENSG00000062725), NPHP3 (ENSG00000113971), KLC1 (ENSG00000126214), KLC4 (ENSG00000137171), KLC2 (ENSG00000174996)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Kinesin light chain 3Q6P597 (reviewed: Q6P597)

Alternative names: KLC2-like, kinesin light chain 2

All UniProt accessions (4): Q6P597, K7EL76, K7ELP9, K7ENJ3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport. Plays a role during spermiogenesis in the development of the sperm tail midpiece and in the normal function of spermatozoa. May play a role in the formation of the mitochondrial sheath formation in the developing spermatid midpiece.

Subunit / interactions. Oligomer composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. Associates with microtubulin in an ATP-dependent manner. Interacts with KIF5C. Interacts with ODF1. Interacts with LRGUK. Interacts with VDAC2.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Mitochondrion.

Domain organisation. The heptad repeat (HR) motif is sufficient for interaction with kinesin heavy (KHL) chains and ODF1. The TPR region is involved in mitochondrial binding.

Similarity. Belongs to the kinesin light chain family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt IDNamesCanonical?
Q6P597-11yes
Q6P597-22
Q6P597-33

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_803136* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR002151Kinesin_lightFamily
IPR011990TPR-like_helical_dom_sfHomologous_superfamily
IPR019734TPR_rptRepeat

Pfam: PF13374, PF13424

UniProt features (19 total): repeat 5, modified residue 4, region of interest 3, compositionally biased region 2, splice variant 2, chain 1, sequence conflict 1, coiled-coil region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q6P597-F176.050.57

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (4): 173, 466, 498, 502

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

16 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-2132295MHC class II antigen presentation
R-HSA-5625970RHO GTPases activate KTN1
R-HSA-6811434COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic
R-HSA-983189Kinesins
R-HSA-109582Hemostasis
R-HSA-1280218Adaptive Immune System
R-HSA-162582Signal Transduction
R-HSA-168256Immune System
R-HSA-194315Signaling by Rho GTPases
R-HSA-195258RHO GTPase Effectors
R-HSA-199991Membrane Trafficking
R-HSA-5653656Vesicle-mediated transport
R-HSA-6811442Intra-Golgi and retrograde Golgi-to-ER traffic
R-HSA-8856688Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport
R-HSA-9716542Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3
R-HSA-983231Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production

MSigDB gene sets: 127 (showing top): GOBP_AXO_DENDRITIC_TRANSPORT, REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOCC_KINESIN_COMPLEX, ROVERSI_GLIOMA_COPY_NUMBER_UP, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, REACTOME_MEMBRANE_TRAFFICKING, RICKMAN_TUMOR_DIFFERENTIATED_WELL_VS_POORLY_DN, SHETH_LIVER_CANCER_VS_TXNIP_LOSS_PAM1, GOBP_CILIUM_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_CILIUM_MOVEMENT, GOBP_CILIUM_OR_FLAGELLUM_DEPENDENT_CELL_MOTILITY, GOBP_ORGANELLE_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_CELLULAR_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION_IN_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISM, GOBP_DEVELOPMENTAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION, GOCC_NEURON_PROJECTION

GO Biological Process (6): microtubule-based movement (GO:0007018), spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), spermatid development (GO:0007286), axo-dendritic transport (GO:0008088), sperm mitochondrial sheath assembly (GO:0120317), cell differentiation (GO:0030154)

GO Molecular Function (3): microtubule binding (GO:0008017), kinesin binding (GO:0019894), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (8): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), kinesin complex (GO:0005871), microtubule (GO:0005874), motile cilium (GO:0031514), ciliary rootlet (GO:0035253), neuron projection (GO:0043005), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-12 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Adaptive Immune System1
RHO GTPase Effectors1
Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport1
Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet production1
Immune System1
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB31
Signaling by Rho GTPases1
Vesicle-mediated transport1
Membrane Trafficking1
Intra-Golgi and retrograde Golgi-to-ER traffic1
Signal Transduction1
Hemostasis1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
cellular anatomical structure2
cilium2
microtubule-based process1
developmental process involved in reproduction1
male gamete generation1
germ cell development1
spermatid differentiation1
transport along microtubule1
neuron projection1
cellular component assembly1
sperm flagellum assembly1
cellular developmental process1
tubulin binding1
cytoskeletal protein binding1
binding1
intracellular anatomical structure1
cytoplasm1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle1
microtubule associated complex1
microtubule cytoskeleton1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber1
cytoskeleton1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection1
intracellular membraneless organelle1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2371 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
KLC3KIF5BP33176976
KLC3KIF5AQ12840969
KLC3MAPK8IP3Q9UPT6935
KLC3KIF5CO60282934
KLC3HAP1P54257900
KLC3APPP05067890
KLC3MAPK8IP1Q9UQF2880
KLC3MAPK8IP2Q13387858
KLC3CLSTN1O94985798
KLC3PLEKHM2Q8IWE5741
KLC3KIF1AQ12756667
KLC3ARL5BQ96KC2665
KLC3HTTP42858640
KLC3DPYSL2Q16555617
KLC3SMAD4Q13485615

IntAct

182 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
YWHAHTSC2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.850
YWHAHABLIM1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.800
YWHAZKLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.740
KIF5BKLC1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.730
KLC3YWHAGpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.720
CCNHKLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
BICDL2KLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
TSNAXKLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
KLC3TSNAXpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
KLC3CCNHpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
KLC3BICDL2psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
KLC3YWHAEpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.670
YWHAHPLEKHG3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.610
QARS1KLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KLC3QARS1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
DTX2KLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KLC3SNAP47psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
CENPPKLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KLC3KRT13psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
NECAB2KLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KLC3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KLC3NDC80psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560

BioGRID (145): KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid), KLC3 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2VDW6, A4D2P6, A8VU90, B0BNK9, E9PY61, F1LQY6, O94810, O95382, Q05AA6, Q0QWG9, Q13474, Q2TBQ9, Q3KR56, Q3UFQ8, Q3UR97, Q3V3V9, Q5FVC2, Q5R8E2, Q5XHY1, Q60875, Q61085, Q6F5E8, Q6P597, Q6P5Z2, Q6PRD1, Q6V7V2, Q80XL1, Q80ZJ8, Q865S3, Q86UD0, Q8C6B2, Q8K031, Q8K045, Q8N4Y2, Q8ND23, Q91W40, Q91ZP9, Q92502, Q92974, Q969H4

Diamond homologs: O88447, O88448, P37285, P46822, P46824, P46825, Q05090, Q07866, Q2HJJ0, Q2TBQ9, Q5PQM2, Q5R581, Q5R8E2, Q68G30, Q6P597, Q91W40, Q9DBS5, Q9H0B6, Q9NSK0

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 94 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

PathwayPartnersFoldFDR
Activation of BAD and translocation to mitochondria786.0×1e-10
Chk1/Chk2(Cds1) mediated inactivation of Cyclin B:Cdk1 complex775.8×2e-10
SARS-CoV-1 targets host intracellular signalling and regulatory pathways775.8×2e-10
Activation of BH3-only proteins756.1×2e-09
RHO GTPases activate PKNs735.8×4e-08
Intrinsic Pathway for Apoptosis733.1×7e-08
FOXO-mediated transcription527.1×2e-05
SARS-CoV-1-host interactions719.8×2e-06

GO biological processes:

GO termPartnersFoldFDR
protein targeting836.6×2e-08
intracellular protein localization1013.1×1e-06

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

113 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic0
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance101
Likely benign1
Benign0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1672 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
19:45340844:CAG:Cdonor_loss1.0000
19:45340845:AGGT:Adonor_loss1.0000
19:45340846:GG:Gdonor_loss1.0000
19:45340847:G:GCdonor_loss1.0000
19:45340848:T:Gdonor_loss1.0000
19:45346750:G:GGdonor_gain1.0000
19:45348158:CCGG:Cdonor_loss1.0000
19:45348160:GGT:Gdonor_loss1.0000
19:45348161:G:GGdonor_gain1.0000
19:45348162:T:Adonor_loss1.0000
19:45348629:T:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348630:G:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348634:C:CAacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348642:A:AGacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348642:ACAG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348642:ACAGG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348643:C:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348643:CAGG:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
19:45348644:A:ACacceptor_loss1.0000
19:45348644:A:AGacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348644:AG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348644:AGG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348645:G:Aacceptor_loss1.0000
19:45348645:G:GTacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348645:GG:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348645:GGG:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348645:GGGA:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348645:GGGAC:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:45348731:GCG:Gdonor_gain1.0000
19:45348731:GCGGT:Gdonor_loss1.0000

AlphaMissense

3204 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
19:45348019:T:CL213P1.000
19:45348136:T:CL252P1.000
19:45348140:C:AN253K1.000
19:45348140:C:GN253K1.000
19:45348151:T:CL257P1.000
19:45348833:T:CL294P1.000
19:45348836:A:TN295I1.000
19:45348837:C:AN295K1.000
19:45348837:C:GN295K1.000
19:45348840:C:AN296K1.000
19:45348840:C:GN296K1.000
19:45349466:T:CL336P1.000
19:45349473:C:AN338K1.000
19:45349473:C:GN338K1.000
19:45349475:T:CL339P1.000
19:45348010:T:CL210P0.999
19:45348012:C:GH211D0.999
19:45348030:T:GY217D0.999
19:45348058:C:AA226E0.999
19:45348069:T:CC230R0.999
19:45348071:C:GC230W0.999
19:45348091:T:CL237P0.999
19:45348127:C:AA249D0.999
19:45348145:T:CL255P0.999
19:45348148:C:AA256E0.999
19:45348160:G:CR260P0.999
19:45348651:A:CQ262P0.999
19:45348681:T:CL272P0.999
19:45348693:T:CL276P0.999
19:45348824:C:AA291D0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000022619 (19:45350114 G>A,C), RS1000142199 (19:45341862 C>T), RS1000249488 (19:45348792 C>G,T), RS1000774492 (19:45339468 G>A,C), RS1000787151 (19:45345536 G>A), RS1001038165 (19:45341355 GGT>G,GGTGT), RS1001421363 (19:45343624 C>A,T), RS1001595739 (19:45339326 T>C,G), RS1001608670 (19:45339051 C>T), RS1001691429 (19:45344065 T>C), RS1002195073 (19:45340535 GT>G), RS1002214974 (19:45340522 T>C), RS1002609986 (19:45340717 G>A), RS1002654278 (19:45340212 G>A), RS1003139200 (19:45342535 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601334 | disease phenotypes: MIM:278730, MIM:601675, MIM:610756

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (3): xeroderma pigmentosum group D (MONDO:0010212), trichothiodystrophy 1, photosensitive (MONDO:0011125), cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome 2 (MONDO:0012553)

Orphanet (3): Trichothiodystrophy (Orphanet:33364), OBSOLETE: Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (Orphanet:276258), PIBIDS syndrome (Orphanet:670)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST005950_15Body mass index x sex x age interaction (4df test)2.000000e-10
GCST005951_56Body mass index1.000000e-06
GCST005952_8Body mass index (age>50)9.000000e-12
GCST005954_4Body mass index x age interaction2.000000e-07
GCST007827_3Alzheimer’s disease or HDL levels (pleiotropy)1.000000e-97

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0004340body mass index
EFO:0008007age at assessment
EFO:0008343sex interaction measurement
EFO:0004612high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

DescriptorNameTree numbers
C565185Cerebrooculofacioskeletal Syndrome 2 (supp.)
C562591Xeroderma Pigmentosum, Complementation Group D (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

2 annotations.

VariantTypeLevelDrugsPhenotypes
rs13181Efficacy3cisplatin;gemcitabineMesothelioma
rs13181Efficacy3cisplatin;oxaliplatin;platinum;Platinum compoundsColorectal Neoplasms;Neoplasm of esophagus;Osteosarcoma;Ovarian Neoplasms;Pancreatic Neoplasms

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

VariantGenesLevelScore#Clin annotsDrugs
rs13181ERCC2, KLC334.757cisplatin;oxaliplatin;platinum;Platinum compounds;cisplatin;gemcitabine;fluorouracil;leucovorin;oxaliplatin;bleomycin;cisplatin;etoposide;cisplatin;doxorubicin;methotrexate;Platinum compounds;docetaxel

CTD chemical–gene interactions

28 total (human), top 28 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
Valproic Acidaffects expression, increases expression, increases methylation3
sodium arsenitedecreases expression, increases expression2
FR900359increases phosphorylation1
propionaldehydeincreases expression1
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl etheraffects localization, decreases expression, affects cotreatment1
beta-lapachoneincreases expression1
butyraldehydeincreases expression1
pentanalincreases expression1
CGP 52608affects binding, increases reaction1
erucylphospho-N,N,N-trimethylpropylammoniumincreases expression1
nutlin 3affects cotreatment, increases expression1
Arsenic Trioxideincreases expression1
Acetaminophenincreases expression1
Air Pollutantsaffects expression, increases abundance1
Aldehydesincreases expression1
Benzo(a)pyreneaffects methylation1
Camptothecinincreases expression1
Dactinomycinaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
Furaldehydeaffects cotreatment, affects localization, decreases expression1
Ozoneaffects expression, increases abundance1
Silicon Dioxidedecreases expression1
Smokedecreases expression1
Sodium Chlorideaffects cotreatment, affects localization, decreases expression1
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxindecreases expression1
Thiramincreases expression1
Tobacco Smoke Pollutionincreases expression1
Okadaic Acidincreases expression1
Copper Sulfateincreases expression1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.