KLHL1

Summary

KLHL1 (kelch like family member 1, HGNC:6352) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 13q21.33, encoding Kelch-like protein 1 (Q9NR64). May play a role in organizing the actin cytoskeleton of the brain cells.

The KLHL1 protein belongs to a family of actin-organizing proteins related to Drosophila Kelch (Nemes et al., 2000 [PubMed 10888605]).

Source: NCBI Gene 57626 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 18
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 103 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_020866

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6352
Approved symbol	KLHL1
Name	kelch like family member 1
Location	13q21.33
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	KIAA1490, MRP2, FLJ30047
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000150361
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605332
Entrez	57626

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000377844, ENST00000545028

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_020866 NM_001286725, NM_020866

CCDS: CCDS73582, CCDS9445

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000377844 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001095132	69740394	69740556
ENSE00001095136	69796738	69796962
ENSE00001095138	69975620	69975802
ENSE00001095140	69707625	69707796
ENSE00001095142	69940040	69940236
ENSE00001095143	69961308	69961444
ENSE00001095146	69838976	69839162
ENSE00001095148	69719369	69719581
ENSE00001095150	69882283	69882495
ENSE00001475337	70107203	70108452
ENSE00003845273	69700597	69701761

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 60 present calls, max score 95.98.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.5714 / max 142.4535, expressed in 88 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
137535	0.3329	69
137534	0.1917	33
137536	0.0468	18

Top tissues by expression

262 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	95.98	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	94.98	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	94.26	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	81.26	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	76.62	gold quality
midbrain	UBERON:0001891	75.98	gold quality
superior vestibular nucleus	UBERON:0007227	74.09	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	70.75	gold quality
ventral tegmental area	UBERON:0002691	69.55	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	69.54	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	68.83	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	68.74	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	63.65	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	61.92	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	60.91	gold quality
medulla oblongata	UBERON:0001896	60.82	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	59.98	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	59.63	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	59.54	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	58.28	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	58.27	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	57.98	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	57.30	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	56.52	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	56.31	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	56.20	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	56.19	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	56.05	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	55.90	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	55.87	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-25	yes	1568.02
E-ANND-3	yes	4.25

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): PITX3

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

72 targeting KLHL1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-4776-3P	100.00	68.73	1340
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-9-5P	100.00	72.28	2361
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-8068	99.98	73.85	2376
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379
HSA-MIR-9983-3P	99.94	71.48	3631
HSA-MIR-6845-3P	99.94	66.88	1439
HSA-MIR-10527-5P	99.91	72.28	3754
HSA-MIR-1305	99.91	71.43	3443
HSA-MIR-4302	99.89	67.94	1187
HSA-MIR-548E-5P	99.89	72.73	4486
HSA-MIR-129-5P	99.88	70.26	3273
HSA-LET-7A-2-3P	99.87	70.53	1921
HSA-MIR-369-3P	99.85	70.52	2264
HSA-LET-7G-3P	99.85	70.43	1929
HSA-MIR-8080	99.82	67.52	1342
HSA-MIR-374C-5P	99.80	72.06	2910
HSA-MIR-655-3P	99.80	72.19	2909
HSA-MIR-4719	99.73	72.10	3329
HSA-MIR-4677-5P	99.70	70.09	1940
HSA-MIR-4729	99.69	72.18	4233
HSA-MIR-379-3P	99.69	69.60	1524
HSA-MIR-411-3P	99.69	69.63	1524
HSA-MIR-7156-5P	99.64	68.81	1369

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 6)

• This study provides, for the first time, insights into the involvement of MRP2 in neurite outgrowth, which occurs in a GSK3beta-dependent manner. (PMID:16982692)
• modulatory effect of KLHL1 on the P/Q-type calcium channel function, suggesting a possible novel role for KLHL1 in cellular excitability. (PMID:17289272)
• KLHL1 was expressed in human brain and kidney, but was also in other tissues, such as prostate gland, small intestine, colon, testis (but not the ovaries), liver and pancreas. (PMID:18708037)
• KLHL1 interacts with Cav3.2 and modulates T-type calcium currents by increasing current deactivation kinetics and current density and calcium influx. (PMID:20147652)
• Renal transplant recipients T carriers of C24T MRP2 with macrolides treatment were associated with reduced mycophenolic acid area under curve in steady-state conditions (PMID:21427078)
• Genetic Risk of Trigger Finger: Results of a Genomewide Association Study. (PMID:32740585)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Klhl1	ENSMUSG00000022076
rattus_norvegicus	Klhl1	ENSRNOG00000031100

Paralogs (54): KLHL13 (ENSG00000003096), KLHL20 (ENSG00000076321), KEAP1 (ENSG00000079999), KLHL42 (ENSG00000087448), KLHL22 (ENSG00000099910), KLHL4 (ENSG00000102271), KLHL2 (ENSG00000109466), KLHL5 (ENSG00000109790), BACH2 (ENSG00000112182), KLHL18 (ENSG00000114648), KLHL24 (ENSG00000114796), IVNS1ABP (ENSG00000116679), KLHL12 (ENSG00000117153), KLHL29 (ENSG00000119771), KBTBD7 (ENSG00000120696), KLHL7 (ENSG00000122550), KLHL31 (ENSG00000124743), KLHDC7B (ENSG00000130487), KLHL36 (ENSG00000135686), KLHL8 (ENSG00000145332), KLHL3 (ENSG00000146021), KLHL35 (ENSG00000149243), BACH1 (ENSG00000156273), KLHL40 (ENSG00000157119), KLHL10 (ENSG00000161594), KLHL21 (ENSG00000162413), KLHDC8A (ENSG00000162873), KBTBD8 (ENSG00000163376), KBTBD6 (ENSG00000165572), KLHL26 (ENSG00000167487), KLHL30 (ENSG00000168427), KBTBD2 (ENSG00000170852), KLHL6 (ENSG00000172578), KLHL15 (ENSG00000174010), KLHL38 (ENSG00000175946), KBTBD11 (ENSG00000176595), KLHDC7A (ENSG00000179023), KLHL28 (ENSG00000179454), KBTBD3 (ENSG00000182359), KLHL33 (ENSG00000185271)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Kelch-like protein 1 — Q9NR64 (reviewed: Q9NR64)

All UniProt accessions (2): Q9NR64, F5H1J3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May play a role in organizing the actin cytoskeleton of the brain cells.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in brain.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001273654, NP_065917* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000210	BTB/POZ_dom	Domain
IPR006652	Kelch_1	Repeat
IPR011333	SKP1/BTB/POZ_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR011705	BACK	Domain
IPR015915	Kelch-typ_b-propeller	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00651, PF01344, PF07707

UniProt features (13 total): repeat 6, compositionally biased region 3, region of interest 2, chain 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9NR64-F1	79.15	0.68

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 135 (showing top): chr13q21, GOBP_DENDRITE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_HINDBRAIN_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_METENCEPHALON_DEVELOPMENT, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, GOBP_BEHAVIOR, NKX25_02, GOBP_ADULT_BEHAVIOR, AREB6_03, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, GOBP_ADULT_LOCOMOTORY_BEHAVIOR, CAGCTG_AP4_Q5, EFC_Q6, FOXD3_01

GO Biological Process (6): adult walking behavior (GO:0007628), dendrite development (GO:0016358), cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development (GO:0021680), actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0030036), proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0043161), locomotory behavior (GO:0007626)

GO Molecular Function (3): actin binding (GO:0003779), ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity (GO:1990756), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), dendrite (GO:0030425), Cul3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex (GO:0031463), neuronal cell body (GO:0043025)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
anatomical structure development	2
adult locomotory behavior	1
walking behavior	1
neuron projection development	1
cerebellar cortex development	1
cytoskeleton organization	1
actin filament-based process	1
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	1
proteasomal protein catabolic process	1
behavior	1
cytoskeletal protein binding	1
enzyme-substrate adaptor activity	1
binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
neuron projection	1
dendritic tree	1
cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex	1
somatodendritic compartment	1
cell body	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1124 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KLHL1	SOCS6	O14544	764
KLHL1	MEA1	Q16626	761
KLHL1	TWNK	Q96RR1	699
KLHL1	DSC3	Q14574	667
KLHL1	DSC2	Q02487	648
KLHL1	CALB1	P05937	549
KLHL1	PPP2R5D	Q14738	496
KLHL1	TTPA	P49638	468
KLHL1	BORA	Q6PGQ7	447
KLHL1	CACNA1H	O95180	444
KLHL1	SLC6A11	P48066	436
KLHL1	TAF1	P21675	426
KLHL1	MZT1	Q08AG7	404
KLHL1	OR5K3	A6NET4	400
KLHL1	ATXN3	P54252	392

IntAct

21 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
KLHL5	CUL3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.800
KLHL1	VHL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KLHL1	CUL3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.560
CUL3	KLHL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KLHL1	NUDCD3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HSP90AB1	KLHL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
FKBP5	KLHL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
	KLHL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
KLHL1	HSP90AA1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
CACYBP	KLHL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
NUDCD2	KLHL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
NEK4	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KLHL4	CUL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL3	ZBTB24	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KLHL1	SNX2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (25): KLHL1 (PCA), KLHL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL1 (Affinity Capture-Western), ARHGEF7 (Affinity Capture-MS), RNASEH2A (Affinity Capture-MS), NUDCD3 (Affinity Capture-MS), GIT1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SNX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SNX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SNX6 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL5 (Affinity Capture-MS), MISP (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL1 (Negative Genetic), CUL3 (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1A5C7, A5D7B1, A6H7A0, A6NCF5, A6QLN9, A8MUP2, D3YYU8, D3ZZ80, O43688, O75147, O88843, P08887, Q14CX5, Q3SZQ2, Q3UHH2, Q58CT4, Q5EA19, Q5R4Q7, Q5R7S9, Q5RCI5, Q5RFN0, Q5SP67, Q5SUV1, Q642A6, Q6IA17, Q6PCB0, Q7TPB4, Q86TI4, Q8BGR6, Q8BZI6, Q8K5A4, Q8N5I2, Q8N653, Q8R2Z5, Q8TBF2, Q8VE98, Q92737, Q969P0, Q96NJ5, Q96NT3

Diamond homologs: A0A1B8YAB1, A1YPR0, B0WWP2, B1H285, B3M9V8, B3NDN0, B4GRJ2, B4HIK1, B4J045, B4L0G9, B4LIG6, B4MXW3, B4PD06, B4QLQ2, C9JR72, D3Z8N4, E0CZ16, G3X9X1, O15062, O88939, O93567, O95365, P28575, P41182, P41183, Q08CL3, Q08DK3, Q13105, Q16RL8, Q2M0J9, Q3UQV5, Q52KB5, Q5EXX3, Q5R7B8, Q5RDY3, Q5TC79, Q5ZI33, Q5ZKD9, Q5ZM39, Q60821

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 15 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
protein folding	6	41.4×	5e-07
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	5	17.4×	4e-04

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

103 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	89
Likely benign	2
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

3668 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
13:69711179:T:A	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740388:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740389:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740389:CTTA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740390:TTAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69740391:TACT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69740392:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740392:A:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69740393:C:CT	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740393:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740393:CTT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740393:CTTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69740556:CCTAA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
13:69740557:CTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
13:69796732:TCTTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69796733:CTTAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69796734:TTAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69796735:TACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69796736:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69796737:C:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:69796739:TAG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69796740:AGA:A	donor_gain	1.0000
13:69796960:CTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:69839158:AATAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:69839159:ATAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:69839160:TAT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:69839161:AT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:69839163:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:69839164:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
13:69859422:C:CA	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4919 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
13:69701738:T:A	R737S	1.000
13:69701738:T:G	R737S	1.000
13:69707631:C:A	W727C	1.000
13:69707631:C:G	W727C	1.000
13:69707632:C:G	W727S	1.000
13:69707633:A:G	W727R	1.000
13:69707633:A:T	W727R	1.000
13:69707654:A:C	Y720D	1.000
13:69707692:C:T	G707D	1.000
13:69707693:C:G	G707R	1.000
13:69707695:C:T	G706D	1.000
13:69707774:A:G	W680R	1.000
13:69707774:A:T	W680R	1.000
13:69707795:A:C	Y673D	1.000
13:69719423:C:T	G654D	1.000
13:69719426:C:T	G653E	1.000
13:69719473:T:A	R637S	1.000
13:69719473:T:G	R637S	1.000
13:69719503:C:A	W627C	1.000
13:69719503:C:G	W627C	1.000
13:69719504:C:G	W627S	1.000
13:69719505:A:G	W627R	1.000
13:69719505:A:T	W627R	1.000
13:69719561:C:G	R608P	1.000
13:69719564:C:A	G607V	1.000
13:69719564:C:T	G607D	1.000
13:69719565:C:G	G607R	1.000
13:69719567:C:A	G606V	1.000
13:69719567:C:T	G606E	1.000
13:69719568:C:G	G606R	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000004502 (13:69867951 A>G), RS1000008022 (13:69708585 A>T), RS1000018997 (13:69979339 T>G), RS1000041566 (13:69902547 A>G), RS1000047300 (13:69882062 T>A), RS1000047650 (13:70015928 C>T), RS1000049433 (13:70000505 T>C), RS1000049849 (13:69761405 G>C), RS1000055663 (13:69797577 G>A), RS1000062985 (13:69762773 C>A,T), RS1000076964 (13:69757371 C>T), RS1000080989 (13:69724044 G>A), RS1000084029 (13:69876306 T>C), RS1000084814 (13:69720161 G>A,C,T), RS1000090988 (13:69837481 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605332 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

18 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000477_31	Cognitive performance	8.000000e-06
GCST001324_5	Bilirubin levels	7.000000e-06
GCST001651_85	Response to amphetamines	8.000000e-07
GCST001762_182	Obesity-related traits	2.000000e-06
GCST001762_519	Obesity-related traits	2.000000e-06
GCST002251_7	Homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (dietary factor interaction)	4.000000e-07
GCST002701_13	Verbal declarative memory	4.000000e-06
GCST003817_12	Mortality in sepsis	3.000000e-07
GCST003992_43	Photic sneeze reflex	6.000000e-15
GCST003995_14	Tonsillectomy	2.000000e-11
GCST005014_151	Tonsillectomy	2.000000e-11
GCST007576_72	Chronotype	2.000000e-12
GCST008181_16	Spontaneous preterm birth without premature rupture of membranes	9.000000e-06
GCST009236_1	Asthma (time to childhood onset) in early life tobacco smoke exposure	2.000000e-06
GCST009238_2	Asthma (time to childhood onset) x early life tobacco smoke interaction	4.000000e-08
GCST009543_1	Cleft lip with or without cleft palate x maternal periconceptional vitamin use interaction (parent of origin effect)	8.000000e-06
GCST010732_5	Sensory peripheral neuropathy in microtubule targeting agent-treated breast cancer	2.000000e-06
GCST011318_1	Trigger finger	2.000000e-10

EFO canonical traits (19, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0003926	neuropsychological test
EFO:0004570	bilirubin measurement
EFO:0004612	high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
EFO:0004469	HOMA-B
EFO:0008111	diet measurement
EFO:0004874	memory performance
EFO:0006805	word list delayed recall measurement
EFO:0004352	mortality
EFO:0007887	autosomal dominant compelling helio-ophthalmic outburst syndrome
EFO:0007924	tonsillectomy risk measurement
EFO:0008328	chronotype measurement
EFO:0006917	spontaneous preterm birth
EFO:0004847	age at onset
EFO:0008361	environmental tobacco smoke exposure measurement
EFO:0003959	cleft lip
EFO:0005939	parental genotype effect measurement
EFO:0009116	vitamin supplement exposure measurement
EFO:0005260	response to antimicrotubule agent
EFO:0010822	stenosing tenosynovitis

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

11 total (human), top 11 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	decreases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation, decreases methylation	2
sodium arsenite	affects methylation	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
entinostat	decreases expression	1
Vorinostat	decreases expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation	1
Lipopolysaccharides	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Antirheumatic Agents	increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.