KLHL25

Summary

KLHL25 (kelch like family member 25, HGNC:25732) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 15q25.3, encoding Kelch-like protein 25 (Q9H0H3). Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex involved in various processes, such as translation homeostasis and lipid synthesis.

Enables ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity. Involved in several processes, including positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation; regulation of fatty acid metabolic process; and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process. Located in cytoplasm. Part of Cul3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex.

Source: NCBI Gene 64410 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): schizophrenia (No Known Disease Relationship, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 11
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 133 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_022480

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:25732
Approved symbol	KLHL25
Name	kelch like family member 25
Location	15q25.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ12587, ENC2, ENC-2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000183655
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	619893
Entrez	64410

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 10 — 8 protein_coding, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000337975, ENST00000536947, ENST00000559131, ENST00000853251, ENST00000853252, ENST00000930077, ENST00000930078, ENST00000956138, ENST00000956139, ENST00000956140

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_022480 NM_022480

CCDS: CCDS10339

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000337975 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001312448	85759326	85761011
ENSE00001352300	85768017	85769820
ENSE00001352303	85794766	85794925

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 182 present calls, max score 89.93.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 7.7129 / max 114.2033, expressed in 1582 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
151362	4.2145	1460
151361	3.4985	969

Top tissues by expression

275 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	89.93	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	89.06	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	85.64	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	82.62	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	81.98	silver quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	80.49	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	80.12	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	79.80	silver quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	79.67	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	79.37	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	77.60	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	77.57	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	77.29	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	77.26	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	77.24	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	76.96	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	76.90	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	76.76	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	76.26	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	76.14	silver quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	76.11	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	75.61	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	75.60	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	75.45	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	75.42	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	75.39	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	75.34	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	75.31	silver quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	75.18	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	75.17	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	2.83

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

76 targeting KLHL25, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-29A-3P	100.00	73.11	1835
HSA-MIR-29B-3P	100.00	73.18	1833
HSA-MIR-29C-3P	100.00	73.15	1833
HSA-MIR-6851-5P	100.00	65.63	1294
HSA-MIR-3689D	100.00	66.14	1181
HSA-MIR-6870-5P	99.99	68.55	2115
HSA-MIR-4723-5P	99.97	68.70	2034
HSA-MIR-5698	99.97	68.49	2029
HSA-MIR-7111-5P	99.97	68.48	2062
HSA-MIR-218-5P	99.93	72.22	2103
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981
HSA-MIR-498-3P	99.91	71.27	1114
HSA-MIR-548E-5P	99.89	72.73	4486
HSA-MIR-6780A-5P	99.88	66.69	2776
HSA-MIR-4779	99.86	66.50	1583
HSA-MIR-4728-5P	99.85	69.39	4718
HSA-MIR-548AR-3P	99.85	71.26	3889
HSA-MIR-6785-5P	99.82	68.68	4428
HSA-MIR-548AZ-3P	99.82	70.56	3549
HSA-MIR-548BC	99.82	70.61	3524
HSA-MIR-548E-3P	99.82	70.59	3514
HSA-MIR-548F-3P	99.82	70.59	3540
HSA-MIR-1273H-5P	99.77	66.32	2471
HSA-MIR-4319	99.76	69.83	2586
HSA-MIR-548A-3P	99.76	70.58	3524
HSA-MIR-6764-5P	99.75	67.89	2304
HSA-MIR-6752-3P	99.72	66.71	1587
HSA-MIR-149-3P	99.72	68.22	3963
HSA-MIR-30B-3P	99.70	65.76	2325
HSA-MIR-3689A-3P	99.70	65.73	2306

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• CUL3 interacts with ACLY through its adaptor protein, KLHL25 (Kelch-like family member 25), to ubiquitinate and degrade ACLY in cells (PMID:27664236)
• ACLY ubiquitination by CUL3-KLHL25 induces the reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism to facilitate iTreg differentiation. (PMID:34491895)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	enc2	ENSDARG00000102418
mus_musculus	Klhl25	ENSMUSG00000055652
rattus_norvegicus	Klhl25	ENSRNOG00000010959
drosophila_melanogaster	gprs	FBGN0024232

Paralogs (2): ENC1 (ENSG00000171617), BTBD17 (ENSG00000204347)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Kelch-like protein 25 — Q9H0H3 (reviewed: Q9H0H3)

Alternative names: Ectoderm-neural cortex protein 2

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9H0H3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex involved in various processes, such as translation homeostasis and lipid synthesis. The BCR(KLHL25) ubiquitin ligase complex acts by mediating ubiquitination of hypophosphorylated EIF4EBP1 (4E-BP1): ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of hypophosphorylated EIF4EBP1 (4E-BP1) probably serves as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain translation and prevent eIF4E inhibition when eIF4E levels are low. The BCR(KLHL25) complex does not target EIF4EBP1 (4E-BP1) when it is hyperphosphorylated or associated with eIF4E. The BCR(KLHL25) complex also acts as a regulator of lipid synthesis by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of ACLY, thereby inhibiting lipid synthesis. BCR(KLHL25)-mediated degradation of ACLY promotes fatty acid oxidation and is required for differentiation of inducible regulatory T (iTreg) cells.

Subunit / interactions. Component of the BCR(KLHL25) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of CUL3, KLHL25 and RBX1.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_071925* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000210	BTB/POZ_dom	Domain
IPR006652	Kelch_1	Repeat
IPR011333	SKP1/BTB/POZ_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR011705	BACK	Domain
IPR015915	Kelch-typ_b-propeller	Homologous_superfamily
IPR017096	BTB-kelch_protein	Family
IPR030565	KLHL25_BTB_POZ_dom	Domain
IPR056737	Beta-prop_ATRN-MKLN-like	Domain

Pfam: PF00651, PF07707, PF24981

UniProt features (12 total): repeat 6, domain 2, sequence variant 2, chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9H0H3-F1	88.89	0.67

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

7 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-8951664	Neddylation
R-HSA-983168	Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation
R-HSA-1280218	Adaptive Immune System
R-HSA-168256	Immune System
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-597592	Post-translational protein modification
R-HSA-983169	Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation

MSigDB gene sets: 0 (showing top):

GO Biological Process (10): regulation of translational initiation (GO:0006446), ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0006511), protein ubiquitination (GO:0016567), positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation (GO:0032831), negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process (GO:0045717), positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation (GO:0046321), regulation of translation (GO:0006417), fatty acid biosynthetic process (GO:0006633), obsolete proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process (GO:0051603), regulation of primary metabolic process (GO:0080090)

GO Molecular Function (2): ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity (GO:1990756), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytosol (GO:0005829), Cul3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex (GO:0031463)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-5 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Post-translational protein modification	1
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation	1
Immune System	1
Metabolism of proteins	1
Adaptive Immune System	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
translational initiation	1
regulation of translation	1
protein ubiquitination	1
modification-dependent protein catabolic process	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation	1
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation	1
regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation	1
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	1
positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation	1
fatty acid biosynthetic process	1
regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process	1
negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	1
negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process	1
fatty acid oxidation	1
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	1
regulation of fatty acid oxidation	1
translation	1
post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression	1
regulation of protein metabolic process	1
fatty acid metabolic process	1
lipid biosynthetic process	1
monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process	1
regulation of metabolic process	1
primary metabolic process	1
enzyme-substrate adaptor activity	1
binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1
cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

670 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KLHL25	CUL3	Q13618	780
KLHL25	OR2B3	O76000	580
KLHL25	SLC35F4	A4IF30	529
KLHL25	TMEM196	Q5HYL7	506
KLHL25	OR2T34	Q8NGX1	480
KLHL25	OR10J1	P30954	476
KLHL25	BTBD7	Q9P203	458
KLHL25	TSR3	Q9UJK0	445
KLHL25	RNF152	Q8N8N0	442
KLHL25	FBXL22	Q6P050	438
KLHL25	BHLHE41	Q9C0J9	435
KLHL25	PLXDC2	Q6UX71	431
KLHL25	ACTRT2	Q8TDY3	422
KLHL25	SLCO3A1	Q9UIG8	421
KLHL25	BHLHE40	O14503	420

IntAct

36 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PCGF2	CBX4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
DNAJB4	DNAJB5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
KLHL25	ENC1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
CUL3	ENC1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
KLHL25	IGFN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CUL3	RHOBTB1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ENC1	PLIN5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CUL3	ZSWIM8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MID1IP1	ACACB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ACLY	KLHL25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
KLHL25	HSP90AB1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
KLHL25		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
KLHL25	NUDCD3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
E7	COPE	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL3	PXDNL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL3	KLHL2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PSG1	IKBKB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
EMID1	CRTAP	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ENC1	CUL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FBXL17	ZBTB5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL3	ZBTB24	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FBXL17	ENC1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RPS6KA2	DCTN6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
BACH2	ENC1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MID1IP1	MID1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (49): KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL25 (Synthetic Lethality), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-Western), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-Western), KLHL25 (Reconstituted Complex), KLHL25 (PCA), KLHL25 (PCA), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS), KLHL25 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2AAX3, A2AUC9, B3DIV9, D2HEW7, D3ZA50, D3ZZC3, E9QJ30, G3X9X1, O14682, O35709, O60662, Q08BL9, Q0D2A9, Q1LYM6, Q2TBA0, Q2WGJ6, Q3B7M1, Q4KLM4, Q53GT1, Q56A24, Q5EB39, Q5RCQ9, Q5RDY3, Q5RGB8, Q5U504, Q5U575, Q5ZJU2, Q66HD2, Q6DEL7, Q6DFF7, Q6GQU2, Q6NYM1, Q6Q7X9, Q6TFL4, Q6V595, Q8BRG6, Q8BWA5, Q8CA72, Q8IY47, Q8N4N3

Diamond homologs: A0JMG1, A1YEX3, B0WWP2, B3DIV9, B3M9V8, B3NDN0, B4GRJ2, B4HIK1, B4J045, B4L0G9, B4LIG6, B4MXW3, B4PD06, B4QLQ2, B7U179, D3Z8N4, D4A2K4, E0CZ16, E7F6F9, F1LZF0, F1MBP6, O14682, O22286, O35709, O43791, O81432, O95198, P0DMR5, P0DMR6, P24278, P28575, P34568, P58544, P58545, Q08DK3, Q08DS0, Q0D2A9, Q0IHH9, Q0VCW1, Q16RL8

SIGNOR signaling

4 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
KLHL25	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	EIF4EBP1	binding
KLHL25	“up-regulates activity”	“Cullin 3-RBX1-Skp1”	binding
KLHL25	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	ACLY	binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 35 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
protein folding	6	20.0×	1e-04
protein ubiquitination	6	8.0×	5e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

133 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	127
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

699 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
15:85769818:CAGCT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:85769822:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:85769822:T:TC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:85794764:ACTG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
15:85794765:CTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
15:85794765:CTGC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
15:85769818:CAG:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
15:85794757:GATAC:G	donor_loss	0.9900
15:85794758:ATAC:A	donor_loss	0.9900
15:85794759:TAC:T	donor_loss	0.9900
15:85794760:AC:A	donor_loss	0.9900
15:85794762:TCA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
15:85794763:CA:C	donor_loss	0.9900
15:85794764:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
15:85794764:ACTGC:A	donor_gain	0.9900
15:85794765:C:CG	donor_gain	0.9900
15:85794765:CT:C	donor_gain	0.9900
15:85794765:CTGCC:C	donor_gain	0.9900
15:85769821:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9800
15:85769824:G:C	acceptor_gain	0.9800
15:85769824:G:GC	acceptor_gain	0.9800
15:85794464:C:CA	donor_gain	0.9800
15:85768010:GACTC:G	donor_loss	0.9700
15:85768011:ACTC:A	donor_loss	0.9700
15:85768012:CTCAC:C	donor_loss	0.9700
15:85768013:TCA:T	donor_loss	0.9700
15:85768014:CAC:C	donor_loss	0.9700
15:85768016:CCTGG:C	donor_gain	0.9700
15:85761012:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9600
15:85769816:GTCAG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9600

AlphaMissense

3879 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
15:85768259:A:G	W518R	1.000
15:85768259:A:T	W518R	1.000
15:85768397:A:G	W472R	1.000
15:85768397:A:T	W472R	1.000
15:85768709:A:G	W368R	1.000
15:85768709:A:T	W368R	1.000
15:85768116:C:A	W565C	0.999
15:85768116:C:G	W565C	0.999
15:85768118:A:G	W565R	0.999
15:85768118:A:T	W565R	0.999
15:85768180:C:T	G544E	0.999
15:85768229:G:T	R528S	0.999
15:85768257:C:A	W518C	0.999
15:85768257:C:G	W518C	0.999
15:85768395:C:A	W472C	0.999
15:85768395:C:G	W472C	0.999
15:85768462:C:T	G450E	0.999
15:85768541:A:G	W424R	0.999
15:85768541:A:T	W424R	0.999
15:85768627:C:T	G395E	0.999
15:85768630:C:T	G394E	0.999
15:85768631:C:A	G394W	0.999
15:85768678:C:G	R378P	0.999
15:85768679:G:T	R378S	0.999
15:85768774:C:T	G346E	0.999
15:85768775:C:A	G346W	0.999
15:85769607:G:C	S68R	0.999
15:85769607:G:T	S68R	0.999
15:85769609:T:G	S68R	0.999
15:85769634:A:C	C59W	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000016188 (15:85765077 G>C), RS1000076838 (15:85770869 T>A,C), RS1000206012 (15:85759541 G>A), RS1000274426 (15:85779973 C>G,T), RS1000280066 (15:85766579 G>A,T), RS1000311141 (15:85766372 G>A), RS1000314380 (15:85777523 C>G,T), RS1000362873 (15:85763640 G>A), RS1000381409 (15:85793612 G>A), RS1000444414 (15:85761745 C>G,T), RS1000616461 (15:85773157 C>T), RS1000853649 (15:85780891 T>C), RS1000873477 (15:85779043 C>A,T), RS1000878603 (15:85761484 G>C,T), RS1000960356 (15:85785535 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:619893 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
schizophrenia	No Known Disease Relationship	Unknown

Mondo (1): schizophrenia (MONDO:0005090)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

11 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000096_6	Aging traits	7.000000e-06
GCST001975_1	Psychosis (methamphetamine induced)	4.000000e-06
GCST002177_1	Adverse response to chemotherapy in breast cancer (alopecia) (anti-microtubule)	3.000000e-06
GCST002180_1	Adverse response to chemotherapy in breast cancer (alopecia) (docetaxel)	7.000000e-07
GCST004986_6	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	1.000000e-09
GCST005411_6	Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor activation peptide	6.000000e-07
GCST008362_57	Birth weight	1.000000e-08
GCST008362_80	Birth weight	2.000000e-06
GCST008363_101	Offspring birth weight	3.000000e-18
GCST008363_124	Offspring birth weight	8.000000e-12
GCST90000025_229	Appendicular lean mass	3.000000e-47

EFO canonical traits (6, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0022597	aging
EFO:0005260	response to antimicrotubule agent
EFO:0000768	idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
EFO:0004344	birth weight
EFO:0005939	parental genotype effect measurement
EFO:0004980	appendicular lean mass

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

27 total (human), top 27 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation, affects methylation	2
Cadmium Chloride	increases expression, decreases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases methylation	1
trichostatin A	affects expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
licochalcone B	increases expression	1
PCI 5002	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Cisplatin	increases expression	1
Drugs, Chinese Herbal	increases expression	1
Naphthoquinones	increases expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Thiram	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Urethane	increases expression	1
Zinc	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Acrylamide	increases expression	1
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00000374	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00001656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Clozapine vs Olanzapine in Childhood-Onset Psychotic Disorders
NCT00007774	PHASE4	COMPLETED	To Determine if Olanzapine is More Cost Effective Than Haloperidol for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00014001	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CATIE- Schizophrenia Trial
NCT00018668	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia
NCT00034801	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Active Comparator in the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00034905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Seroquel vs. Risperidone in Schizophrenia
NCT00036088	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus An Active Comparator in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00044187	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Assessment of a Weight-Gain Agent for the Treatment of Olanzapine-Associated Anti-Obesity Agent in Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar I Disorder
NCT00044655	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Switching Medication to Treat Schizophrenia
NCT00048828	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Drug-Resistant Childhood Schizophrenia
NCT00053703	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS)
NCT00056498	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients Who Are Currently Taking Clozapine
NCT00061802	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Two Atypical Antipsychotics vs. Placebo in Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Either Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00080327	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Three Doses of Aripiprazole in Patients With Acute Schizophrenia
NCT00088049	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Olanzapine vs. Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00090012	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Continuing Olanzapine to Switching to Quetiapine in Overweight or Obese Patients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00100776	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of High Dose Olanzapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00103571	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Acutely Ill Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00108368	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine on Thinking
NCT00114595	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Tardive Dyskinesia
NCT00130923	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Long-acting Versus Oral Risperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorder
NCT00137020	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Effect Of Cross Titration Of Antipsychotics With Ziprasidone In Schizophrenia Or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00140166	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia With Vitamin Therapy
NCT00145847	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Abuse in Schizophrenia
NCT00148564	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Energy Homeostasis Under Treatment With Atypical Antipsychotics
NCT00156715	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Quetiapine in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia and a Comorbid Substance Use Disorder
NCT00158223	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Pimozide in Augmenting the Effects of Clozapine in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00159081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	One Year Drug Treatment in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159120	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Maintenance Treatment vs. Stepwise Drug Discontinuation in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159133	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prodrome-Based Early Intervention With Antipsychotics vs. Benzodiazepines in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159757	PHASE4	TERMINATED	12 Week Open, Non-Comparative Switch Study Of Oral Ziprazidone In Previously Treated Schizophrenic Patients
NCT00167817	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Switch to Aripiprazole on Health and Smoking Parameters in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
NCT00169026	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Alcoholism and Schizophrenia: Effects of Clozapine
NCT00169039	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Chlorpromazine for Treatment-Unresponsive Schizophrenia
NCT00169065	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Clozapine Versus Olanzapine for Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia
NCT00169091	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Haloperidol for Treating the First Episode of Schizophrenia
NCT00176423	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Galantamine for Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia
NCT00176436	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine for Treatment of Weight Gain in Olanzapine or Clozapine Patients
NCT00177008	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Schizophrenia With Co-Morbid Social Anxiety