KMO

Summary

KMO (kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, HGNC:6381) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q43, encoding Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (O15229). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (L-3OHKyn).

This gene encodes a mitochondrion outer membrane protein that catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-tryptophan metabolite, L-kynurenine, to form L-3-hydroxykynurenine. Studies in yeast identified this gene as a therapeutic target for Huntington disease.

Source: NCBI Gene 8564 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): pellagra (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 5
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 68 total
• Druggable target: yes — 1 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• MANE Select transcript: NM_003679

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6381
Approved symbol	KMO
Name	kynurenine 3-monooxygenase
Location	1q43
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000117009
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	603538
Entrez	8564

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 17 — 11 protein_coding, 6 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000366555, ENST00000366557, ENST00000366558, ENST00000366559, ENST00000431245, ENST00000477907, ENST00000480967, ENST00000481087, ENST00000484229, ENST00000484628, ENST00000881615, ENST00000881616, ENST00000881617, ENST00000881618, ENST00000881619, ENST00000970127, ENST00000970128

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_003679 NM_001410944, NM_003679

CCDS: CCDS1618, CCDS91182

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000366559 — 15 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000793712	241588748	241588830
ENSE00000793713	241590012	241590113
ENSE00000793714	241590204	241590263
ENSE00000961703	241566491	241566612
ENSE00001442030	241591953	241595642
ENSE00003474343	241586679	241586736
ENSE00003476287	241564987	241565058
ENSE00003529120	241560665	241560752
ENSE00003559479	241550955	241551044
ENSE00003616884	241555612	241555660
ENSE00003620156	241549677	241549774
ENSE00003666114	241548829	241548898
ENSE00003679153	241562167	241562332
ENSE00003680107	241568500	241568647
ENSE00003844366	241532378	241532498

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 194 present calls, max score 93.50.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 12.2996 / max 1300.0831, expressed in 338 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (8 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
9373	10.6270	305
9370	0.6905	152
9367	0.4188	97
9372	0.2682	86
9366	0.1219	41
9371	0.0801	41
9369	0.0546	24
9368	0.0385	19

Top tissues by expression

288 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	93.50	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	92.35	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	91.95	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	91.26	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	88.28	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	87.84	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	84.84	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	84.41	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	83.98	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	83.06	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	82.58	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	82.48	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	81.67	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	80.73	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	80.25	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	79.39	silver quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	79.15	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	78.95	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	78.93	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	78.69	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	77.20	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	75.25	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	74.86	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	74.18	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	74.12	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	73.51	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	73.18	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	73.12	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	72.59	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	71.81	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	15.26

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

98 targeting KMO, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-MIR-1252-5P	100.00	69.80	2774
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-8068	99.98	73.85	2376
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-302C-5P	99.97	72.56	3642
HSA-MIR-495-3P	99.96	72.81	4197
HSA-MIR-335-3P	99.93	73.36	4958
HSA-MIR-205-3P	99.92	69.92	3165
HSA-MIR-8063	99.91	69.76	3146
HSA-MIR-3671	99.90	73.04	3897
HSA-MIR-153-5P	99.89	73.86	6317
HSA-MIR-6780A-5P	99.88	66.69	2776
HSA-MIR-3919	99.87	69.45	2489
HSA-MIR-137-3P	99.87	74.74	2401
HSA-MIR-30A-3P	99.87	69.74	2928
HSA-MIR-30D-3P	99.87	69.92	2917
HSA-MIR-30E-3P	99.87	69.68	2942
HSA-MIR-579-3P	99.86	71.66	3628
HSA-MIR-4728-5P	99.85	69.39	4718
HSA-MIR-765	99.84	68.24	2442
HSA-MIR-664B-3P	99.84	71.65	3590
HSA-MIR-6844	99.82	70.69	2423
HSA-MIR-4307	99.82	70.45	3374
HSA-MIR-6785-5P	99.82	68.68	4428
HSA-MIR-3121-3P	99.82	71.96	3630
HSA-MIR-374C-5P	99.80	72.06	2910

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 23)

• the function KMO AND indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase may change from a role in immunosuppression at the maternal-fetal interface in early pregnancy, to one associated with regulation of fetoplacental blood flow or placental metabolism in late gestation (PMID:15950064)
• Results suggest that kynurenine 3-monooxygenase is unlikely to be related to the development of schizophrenia in Japanese. (PMID:16716206)
• The present analysis of the combined Scandinavian sample did not reveal any allele frequency difference between patients and healthy controls (PMID:21030213)
• analyzed association between KMO gene polymorphisms and CSF concentrations of kynurenic acid in patients with schizophrenia and controls. results suggest that the nonsynonymous KMO SNP rs1053230 influences CSF concentrations of KYNA. (PMID:21693093)
• significant and correlated reduction in gene expression and enzyme activity in the frontal eye field in schizophrenia patients; rs2275163 has modest effects on predictive pursuit and visuospatial working memory endophenotypes (PMID:21727251)
• findings from five independent cohorts suggest that genetic variation in KMO influences the risk for psychotic features in mania of bipolar disorder patients. (PMID:23459468)
• Study reporting on the first successful bacterial (Escherichia coli) expression of active FLAGtrade mark-tagged human KMO enzyme expressed in the soluble fraction and progress towards its purification. (PMID:24316190)
• Results suggest that KMO variation influences a range of cognitive domains known to predict functional outcome in schizophrenia (PMID:25464917)
• Two KMO SNPs were observed more often in schizophrenia patient group compared with healthy controls. (PMID:25715464)
• These results suggest that KMO exhibits tumor-promoting effects towards hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and it may serve as a novel prognostic marker in HCC. (PMID:26099564)
• A comprehensive review of the molecular properties of KMO, including its kinetics, reaction mechanism, and inhibitor structure-activity relationship (SAR), is not currently available and, thus, is our focus here (PMID:26589832)
• Our data establish the candidacy of KMO as a causal factor for changes in the kidney leading to proteinuria and indicate a functional role for KMO and metabolites of the tryptophan pathway in podocytes (PMID:27020856)
• SiRNA knockdown of the pathway components Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase caused cells to revert to a state of susceptibility to 3HK-mediated apoptosis. (PMID:27077813)
• There is the association between the rs1053230 polymorphism and depression. (PMID:28139632)
• results show the incidence of Postpartum Depression in the Chinese population to be 7.3%, with PDS characterized by increased serum 3-HydroxyKinurenine concentration and 3-HK/Kynurenine ratio, versus matched postpartum women without PDS. Furthermore, polymorphisms of Kynurenine Monooxygenase rs1053230 are significantly associated with the incidence of PDS. (PMID:28319697)
• Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase upregulates pluripotent genes through beta-catenin and promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression. (PMID:32268268)
• Dysregulation at multiple points of the kynurenine pathway is a ubiquitous feature of renal cancer: implications for tumour immune evasion. (PMID:32390008)
• A novel role for kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in mitochondrial dynamics. (PMID:33170836)
• Kynurenine Monooxygenase Expression and Activity in Human Astrocytomas. (PMID:34440798)
• The Kynurenine Pathway and Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Inhibitors. (PMID:35011505)
• Association Study Between Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase (KMO) Gene and Parkinson’s Disease Patients. (PMID:38040995)
• Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase limits de novo NAD[+] synthesis through dietary tryptophan in renal proximal tubule epithelial cell models. (PMID:38497113)
• Identification and experimental validation of KMO as a critical immune-associated mitochondrial gene in unstable atherosclerotic plaque. (PMID:39026250)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	kmo	ENSDARG00000009160
mus_musculus	Kmo	ENSMUSG00000039783
rattus_norvegicus	Kmo	ENSRNOG00000003709
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00011088
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00011089

Paralogs (1): COQ6 (ENSG00000119723)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase — O15229 (reviewed: O15229)

Alternative names: Kynurenine 3-hydroxylase

All UniProt accessions (2): O15229, H0Y320

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) to form 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine (L-3OHKyn). Required for synthesis of quinolinic acid, a neurotoxic NMDA receptor antagonist and potential endogenous inhibitor of NMDA receptor signaling in axonal targeting, synaptogenesis and apoptosis during brain development. Quinolinic acid may also affect NMDA receptor signaling in pancreatic beta cells, osteoblasts, myocardial cells, and the gastrointestinal tract.

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion outer membrane.

Tissue specificity. Highest levels in placenta and liver. Detectable in kidney.

Domain organisation. Transmembrane domains are required for enzymatic activity.

Pathway. Cofactor biosynthesis; NAD(+) biosynthesis; quinolinate from L-kynurenine: step 1/3.

Miscellaneous. Increased in neuroinflammatory conditions. Inhibitors are investigated as potential neuroprotective drugs since they lead to an increased level of kynurenic acid, a neuroprotective NMDA receptor agonist. Gene model based on mouse cDNA data.

Similarity. Belongs to the aromatic-ring hydroxylase family. KMO subfamily.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
O15229-1	1	yes
O15229-2	2
O15229-3	3

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001397873, NP_003670* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002938	FAD-bd	Domain
IPR027545	Kynurenine_monooxygenase	Family
IPR036188	FAD/NAD-bd_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF01494

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 1.14.13.9 — kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (BRENDA: 21 organisms, 54 substrates, 209 inhibitors, 31 Km, 8 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

8 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 8. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
NADPH	0.0068–0.82	9
L-KYNURENINE	0.0164–0.89	7
KYNURENINE	0.012–0.33	5
FAD	0.0001–0.0003	2
O2	0.034–0.071	2
5-BROMO-L-KYNURENINE	0.0045	1
5-CHLORO-L-KYNURENINE	0.002	1
NADH	5.17	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O (RHEA:20545)

UniProt features (73 total): strand 22, mutagenesis site 13, helix 13, binding site 12, turn 6, transmembrane region 2, splice variant 2, chain 1, glycosylation site 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
5X68	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O15229-F1	88.56	0.76

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (12): 172; 304; 317–318; 363; 398; 19; 37–40; 57; 85; 99; 111; 136

Glycosylation sites (1): 465

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (13):

Position	Phenotype
85	abolishes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.
99	abolishes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.
99	strongly decreases kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.
312–313	abolishes nadph oxidase activity.
312	decreases to 30% nadph oxidase activity.
313	decreases to 50% nadph oxidase activity.
363	strongly decreases kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.
363	abolishes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.
366	strongly decreases kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.
367	strongly decreases kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.
398	abolishes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.
465	not glycosylated. reduces to 80% kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-71240	Tryptophan catabolism
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-71291	Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives

MSigDB gene sets: 333 (showing top): GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_SYNAPTIC_TRANSMISSION_GLUTAMATERGIC, GOBP_GLUTAMATE_SECRETION, LU_IL4_SIGNALING, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ORGANIC_ACID_TRANSPORT, GOMF_OXIDOREDUCTASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_PAIRED_DONORS_WITH_INCORPORATION_OR_REDUCTION_OF_MOLECULAR_OXYGEN, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_PEPTIDE, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_LIPID, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_SYNAPTIC_TRANSMISSION_GLUTAMATERGIC, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_BIOTIC_STIMULUS, GOBP_ALPHA_AMINO_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, REACTOME_TRYPTOPHAN_CATABOLISM, GOBP_NEUROTRANSMITTER_TRANSPORT, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NUCLEOSIDE_PHOSPHATE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_MONOCARBOXYLIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (16): L-tryptophan catabolic process (GO:0006569), response to salt stress (GO:0009651), NAD+ metabolic process (GO:0019674), quinolinate biosynthetic process (GO:0019805), kynurenic acid biosynthetic process (GO:0034276), ‘de novo’ NAD+ biosynthetic process from L-tryptophan (GO:0034354), obsolete anthranilate metabolic process (GO:0043420), obsolete kynurenine metabolic process (GO:0070189), cellular response to lipopolysaccharide (GO:0071222), cellular response to interleukin-1 (GO:0071347), obsolete L-kynurenine metabolic process (GO:0097052), positive regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission (GO:1903296), NAD+ biosynthetic process (GO:0009435), positive regulation of glutamate secretion (GO:0014049), pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process (GO:0019363), response to lipopolysaccharide (GO:0032496)

GO Molecular Function (7): kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity (GO:0004502), NAD(P)H oxidase H2O2-forming activity (GO:0016174), flavin adenine dinucleotide binding (GO:0050660), FAD binding (GO:0071949), monooxygenase activity (GO:0004497), protein binding (GO:0005515), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491)

GO Cellular Component (6): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial outer membrane (GO:0005741), cytosol (GO:0005829), membrane (GO:0016020), mitochondrial membrane (GO:0031966)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	1
Metabolism	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
pyridine-containing compound biosynthetic process	2
cytoplasm	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
aromatic amino acid catabolic process	1
indole-containing compound catabolic process	1
L-amino acid catabolic process	1
proteinogenic amino acid catabolic process	1
response to osmotic stress	1
purine nucleotide metabolic process	1
nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process	1
dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process	1
quinolinate metabolic process	1
kynurenic acid metabolic process	1
monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process	1
aromatic amino acid metabolic process	1
NAD+ biosynthetic process	1
indole-containing compound metabolic process	1
L-amino acid metabolic process	1
proteinogenic amino acid metabolic process	1
response to lipopolysaccharide	1
cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin	1
cellular response to lipid	1
cellular response to oxygen-containing compound	1
response to interleukin-1	1
cellular response to cytokine stimulus	1
positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion	1
positive regulation of glutamate secretion	1
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	1
glutamate secretion, neurotransmission	1
regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission	1
purine nucleotide biosynthetic process	1
nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process	1
NAD+ metabolic process	1
glutamate secretion	1
regulation of glutamate secretion	1
positive regulation of organic acid transport	1
positive regulation of amino acid transport	1
positive regulation of secretion by cell	1
nucleotide biosynthetic process	1
response to molecule of bacterial origin	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

3480 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KMO	KYNU	Q16719	919
KMO	HAAO	P46952	892
KMO	TDO2	P48775	875
KMO	OPN3	Q9H1Y3	861
KMO	AADAT	Q8N5Z0	826
KMO	IDO1	P14902	815
KMO	QPRT	Q15274	814
KMO	AFMID	Q63HM1	812
KMO	IDO2	Q6ZQW0	810
KMO	KYAT1	Q16773	795
KMO	ACMSD	Q8TDX5	754
KMO	KYAT3	Q6YP21	746
KMO	A0A494C066	A0A494C066	634
KMO	GPR35	Q9HC97	585
KMO	NAPRT	Q6XQN6	581

IntAct

4 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
DISC1	AGRN	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KMO	HSPA7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KMO	PHC2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (10): HSPA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GPHN (Affinity Capture-MS), KMO (Biochemical Activity), KMO (Affinity Capture-MS), OLFML3 (Affinity Capture-MS), GPHN (Affinity Capture-MS), HSPA7 (Affinity Capture-MS), FAM207A (Affinity Capture-MS), PHC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), KMO (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0U2JT80, A0A2I2F284, A1CT23, A2APY7, A3KP37, B2GV71, B5DEQ3, D4AAT7, F1RAX8, G3FLZ7, M1BYJ7, O01884, O15229, O22854, O46504, O60028, O74351, O88867, Q17CS8, Q1JPL4, Q1RLY6, Q2GQG8, Q2KIL4, Q337B8, Q4R510, Q4V7R3, Q5JNC0, Q66L51, Q68FU7, Q6DCP1, Q6DF46, Q6DIZ8, Q6Z836, Q7Q6A7, Q7TSQ8, Q8AWD2, Q8NCN5, Q8R1S0, Q8X0Z0, Q91WN4

Diamond homologs: A0A2I2F284, A0M4X2, A1CT23, A1DMD5, A1Z746, A2Q9N7, A2QMH1, A2QPD9, A3LNF8, A4XD40, A5FMP6, A5IG23, A6H1P4, A8LVF4, A8Y432, B0RV00, B0Y7C3, B2FL98, B2SIT6, O15229, O88867, P0CO48, P0CO49, P0CU30, P38169, Q0CRI5, Q0V5K1, Q11PP7, Q1DDU6, Q1RLY6, Q21795, Q2GQG8, Q2P316, Q2UPP1, Q3BV41, Q4P0N0, Q4UT92, Q4WN75, Q54RE8, Q5A7M3

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

68 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	50
Likely benign	6
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2785 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:241562328:GAGAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:241562329:AGATG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:241562330:GAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:241562331:ATGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:241562332:TGTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:241562333:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:241562333:GT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:241562334:TAAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:241566611:GA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:241566613:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:241586737:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:241586741:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:241594692:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:241594697:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:241550954:GATT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:241555610:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:241555611:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:241555611:GT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:241555611:GTAT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:241562329:AGAT:A	donor_gain	0.9900
1:241562330:GATG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:241562331:AT:A	donor_gain	0.9900
1:241562335:AA:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:241563182:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:241566608:GGAGA:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:241566609:GAGA:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:241566609:GAGAG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:241566610:A:T	donor_gain	0.9900
1:241586677:AG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:241586678:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

3236 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:241568644:T:A	N318K	0.997
1:241568644:T:G	N318K	0.997
1:241565017:T:A	W216R	0.995
1:241565017:T:C	W216R	0.995
1:241568624:T:C	F312L	0.995
1:241568626:T:A	F312L	0.995
1:241568626:T:G	F312L	0.995
1:241568598:G:T	G303V	0.994
1:241549722:C:A	A57D	0.993
1:241549735:A:C	R61S	0.993
1:241549735:A:T	R61S	0.993
1:241568601:A:T	D304V	0.993
1:241562238:G:C	R174T	0.992
1:241562239:A:C	R174S	0.992
1:241562239:A:T	R174S	0.992
1:241568600:G:C	D304H	0.992
1:241590210:T:C	F403L	0.992
1:241590212:T:A	F403L	0.992
1:241590212:T:G	F403L	0.992
1:241555632:A:C	R111S	0.991
1:241555632:A:T	R111S	0.991
1:241568598:G:A	G303E	0.991
1:241568631:G:A	G314E	0.991
1:241549725:T:C	L58P	0.990
1:241549734:G:C	R61T	0.990
1:241555631:G:C	R111T	0.990
1:241555631:G:T	R111I	0.990
1:241555640:T:C	L114P	0.990
1:241568613:C:A	A308D	0.990
1:241568622:C:A	P311Q	0.990

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000065693 (1:241553168 C>T), RS1000087078 (1:241563328 A>G), RS1000107689 (1:241536580 A>G), RS1000145887 (1:241547770 T>C), RS1000237313 (1:241540128 C>T), RS1000268243 (1:241540371 T>C), RS1000315733 (1:241551816 T>C), RS1000320363 (1:241565589 A>C,T), RS1000337702 (1:241582556 ACT>A), RS1000376139 (1:241591370 C>T), RS1000432380 (1:241582215 A>C), RS1000468271 (1:241585510 C>A,G), RS1000549136 (1:241554816 C>A), RS1000554788 (1:241567434 C>G,T), RS1000559047 (1:241556982 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:603538 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
pellagra	Limited	Autosomal recessive

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
pellagra	No Known Disease Relationship	AR

Mondo (1): pellagra (MONDO:0019975)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001762_345	Obesity-related traits	1.000000e-06
GCST003518_79	Daytime sleep phenotypes	4.000000e-06
GCST009391_81	Metabolite levels	2.000000e-06
GCST009733_37	Urinary metabolite levels in chronic kidney disease	7.000000e-18
GCST012020_242	Serum metabolite levels	2.000000e-36

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0005116	urinary metabolite measurement
EFO:0007828	daytime rest measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D010383	Pellagra	C18.654.521.500.133.699.529

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL2145 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

1 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 8 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL4091152	GSK-065	1	8

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: enzyme — 1.14.13.9 Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase

Most potent curated ligand interactions (2 total), top 2:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
GSK065	Inhibition	10.3	pKi
GSK180	Inhibition	8.2	pIC50

ChEMBL bioactivities

310 potent at pChembl≥5 of 321 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
10.30	Ki	0.05	nM	GSK-065
10.00	Ki	0.1	nM	CHEMBL4070212
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL3407904
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL3407905
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL3903832
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL3931822
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL3407901
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL3407903
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL3894894
9.52	IC50	0.3	nM	CHEMBL3921825
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL3407865
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL3407922
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL3960765
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL4740126
9.22	IC50	0.6	nM	CHEMBL3407866
9.15	IC50	0.7	nM	CHEMBL3407913
9.15	IC50	0.7	nM	CHEMBL3949189
9.05	IC50	0.9	nM	CHEMBL3407902
9.05	IC50	0.9	nM	CHEMBL3407914
9.05	IC50	0.9	nM	CHEMBL3930333
9.05	IC50	0.9	nM	CHEMBL3922876
9.00	Ki	1	nM	CHEMBL4104310
8.92	IC50	1.2	nM	CHEMBL3407920
8.92	IC50	1.2	nM	CHEMBL3983459
8.90	IC50	1.259	nM	CHEMBL3634602
8.82	IC50	1.5	nM	CHEMBL3407924
8.80	IC50	1.585	nM	CHEMBL4062730
8.72	IC50	1.9	nM	CHEMBL4764931
8.70	IC50	2	nM	CHEMBL3407883
8.70	IC50	2	nM	CHEMBL3407926
8.70	IC50	2	nM	CHEMBL3924368
8.70	IC50	1.995	nM	CHEMBL4081917
8.70	IC50	1.995	nM	CHEMBL4084414
8.70	IC50	2	nM	CHEMBL4756311
8.68	IC50	2.1	nM	CHEMBL3407919
8.68	IC50	2.1	nM	CHEMBL3915370
8.64	IC50	2.3	nM	GSK-065
8.62	IC50	2.4	nM	CHEMBL4744083
8.60	IC50	2.512	nM	CHEMBL4070050
8.60	IC50	2.512	nM	CHEMBL4077245
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4096688
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4071379
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4092169
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4099913
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4076924
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4103315
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4075380
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4099039
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4086792
8.50	IC50	3.162	nM	CHEMBL4074106

PubChem BioAssay actives

315 with measured affinity, of 387 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
3-[5-chloro-2-oxo-6-[(1R)-1-pyridin-2-ylethoxy]-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ki	0.0001	uM
3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-pyridin-2-ylethoxy]-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482368: Competitive inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ki	0.0001	uM
4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0002	uM
4-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0002	uM
6-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0002	uM
6-(3,4-difluorophenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0002	uM
4-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0003	uM
6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0003	uM
6-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0003	uM
4-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0003	uM
4-(3-chloro-4-cyclopropyloxyphenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0005	uM
6-(3-chlorophenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0005	uM
6-(3-chloro-4-cyclopropyloxyphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0005	uM
6-(4-chloro-3-cyclopropyloxyphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1684771: Inhibition of KMO (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0005	uM
6-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0006	uM
4-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0007	uM
6-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0007	uM
4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0009	uM
4-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0009	uM
6-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0009	uM
6-(3-fluoro-4-methylphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0009	uM
3-[5-chloro-2-oxo-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ki	0.0010	uM
4-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0012	uM
6-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0012	uM
3-[5-chloro-2-oxo-6-[(1R)-1-pyridazin-3-ylethoxy]-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0013	uM
6-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0015	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(5-methyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482317: Inhibition of full length human KMO expressed in HEK293 cells using kynurenine as substrate measured after 20 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0016	uM
3-(dimethylamino)-N-[6-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylphenyl)pyridazin-3-yl]benzenesulfonamide	1684783: Inhibition of human liver mitochondrial KMO by measuring the 3-HK metabolite formation using L-kynurenine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substate addition and measured after 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0019	uM
3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(6-methylpyridazin-3-yl)ethoxy]-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0020	uM
3-[5-chloro-2-oxo-6-[(1R)-1-pyridin-2-ylethoxy]-1,3-benzothiazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0020	uM
4-[3-chloro-4-(oxetan-3-yloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0020	uM
4-methyl-N-[6-(1-methyl-2,3-dihydroindol-7-yl)pyridazin-3-yl]benzenesulfonamide	1684783: Inhibition of human liver mitochondrial KMO by measuring the 3-HK metabolite formation using L-kynurenine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substate addition and measured after 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0020	uM
4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-6-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrimidine	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0020	uM
6-[3-chloro-4-(oxetan-3-yloxy)phenyl]pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0020	uM
4-[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid	1331980: Inhibition of human KMO	ic50	0.0021	uM
6-[3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0021	uM
4-methyl-N-[6-(2-piperidin-1-ylphenyl)pyridazin-3-yl]benzenesulfonamide	1776909: Inhibition of human liver mitochondrial KMO assessed as reduction in 3-HK metabolite formation using L-kynurenine as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by substate addition and measured after 30 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0024	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-2-oxo-6-[(1R)-1-pyridin-2-ylethoxy]-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0025	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0025	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-(5-chloro-6-cyclopropyloxy-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl)propanoic acid	1444705: Inhibition of recombinant full-length human N-terminal GST tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using L-kynurenine as substrate measured after 2 hrs in presence of NADPH by RapidFire mass spectrometric method	ic50	0.0032	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-2-oxo-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(5-chloro-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[6-chloro-5-[(1R)-1-pyridin-2-ylethoxy]indazol-1-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(5-chloro-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(1,3-oxazol-2-yl)ethoxy]-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(5-methyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid;hydrochloride	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-pyridin-2-ylethoxy]-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482317: Inhibition of full length human KMO expressed in HEK293 cells using kynurenine as substrate measured after 20 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;3-[5-chloro-6-[(1R)-1-(5-methyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3-yl]propanoic acid	1482316: Inhibition of full length human GST-tagged KMO expressed in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cell membranes using kynurenine as substrate measured after 1 hr by RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM
4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid	1197023: Inhibition of human KMO assessed as conversion of kynurenine to 3-hydroxykynurenine by LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.0032	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

42 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	decreases methylation, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Nickel	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases expression, decreases methylation	2
TL8-506	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
lasiocarpine	decreases expression	1
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
tobacco tar	decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
diallyl disulfide	decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid	increases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
2-(1H-indazol-4-yl)-6-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-4-morpholin-4-ylthieno(3,2-d)pyrimidine	increases expression, increases response to substance	1
Rosiglitazone	decreases expression	1
Bosentan	affects expression	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Air Pollutants, Occupational	decreases expression	1
Allergens	decreases expression	1
Amphotericin B	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression	1
Calcitriol	decreases expression	1
Cannabidiol	increases expression	1
Chenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Cytarabine	increases response to substance	1
Deoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycocholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

41 unique, capped per target: 38 binding, 3 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1219092	Binding	Inhibition of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase in human prefrontal cortex homogenates at 100 uM	Crystal structure-based selective targeting of the pyridoxal 5’-phosphate dependent enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase II for cognitive enhancement. — J Med Chem
CHEMBL3536664	ADMET	Inhibition of human KMO assessed as 3-hydroxykynurenine formation preincubated for 5 mins using 100 uM kynurenine as substrate by LC-MS/MS analysis	Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of JM6 in mice: JM6 is not a prodrug for Ro-61-8048. — Drug Metab Dispos

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.