KPNA5

Summary

KPNA5 (karyopherin subunit alpha 5, HGNC:6398) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 6q22.1, encoding Importin subunit alpha-6 (O15131). Functions in nuclear protein import as an adapter protein for nuclear receptor KPNB1.

The transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is mediated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC) which consists of 60-100 proteins and is probably 120 million daltons in molecular size. Small molecules (up to 70 kD) can pass through the nuclear pore by nonselective diffusion; larger molecules are transported by an active process. Most nuclear proteins contain short basic amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals (NLSs). KPNA5 protein belongs to the importin alpha protein family and is thought to be involved in NLS-dependent protein import into the nucleus.

Source: NCBI Gene 3841 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 56 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001366306

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6398
Approved symbol	KPNA5
Name	karyopherin subunit alpha 5
Location	6q22.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	SRP6, IPOA6
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000196911
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	604545
Entrez	3841

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 11 — 9 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000356348, ENST00000368564, ENST00000413340, ENST00000697696, ENST00000697697, ENST00000697698, ENST00000697699, ENST00000937497, ENST00000937498, ENST00000967749, ENST00000967750

RefSeq mRNA: 8 — MANE Select: NM_001366306 NM_001366304, NM_001366305, NM_001366306, NM_001366307, NM_001366308, NM_001366309, NM_001366310, NM_002269

CCDS: CCDS5111, CCDS93992, CCDS93993

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000368564 — 14 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000762670	116702019	116702150
ENSE00000762671	116705072	116705160
ENSE00000762672	116716219	116716318
ENSE00000762673	116722126	116722289
ENSE00000762675	116725751	116725876
ENSE00000762678	116729563	116729741
ENSE00001888432	116726495	116726622
ENSE00002360340	116724297	116724375
ENSE00003609111	116689320	116689453
ENSE00003971447	116698704	116698798
ENSE00003971454	116692293	116692392
ENSE00003971456	116732136	116741867
ENSE00003971461	116692055	116692156
ENSE00003971464	116681211	116681338

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 269 present calls, max score 97.41.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 14.8806 / max 401.9012, expressed in 1725 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
69439	14.3987	1719
69440	0.2889	152
69438	0.1929	77

Top tissues by expression

291 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	97.41	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	93.87	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	93.34	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	92.75	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	92.60	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	92.22	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	90.91	gold quality
pigmented layer of retina	UBERON:0001782	90.75	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	90.42	gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	90.28	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	89.92	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	89.80	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	89.70	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	89.66	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	89.60	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	89.34	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	88.95	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	88.83	gold quality
visceral pleura	UBERON:0002401	88.63	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	88.45	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	88.33	gold quality
superior vestibular nucleus	UBERON:0007227	87.88	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	87.87	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	87.74	gold quality
entorhinal cortex	UBERON:0002728	87.64	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	87.59	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	87.18	gold quality
parietal pleura	UBERON:0002400	87.07	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	86.91	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	86.52	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 9 experiment(s), a significant marker in 4.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-122	yes	23.11
E-MTAB-9221	yes	17.78
E-ANND-3	yes	6.17
E-GEOD-137537	yes	4.55
E-GEOD-111727	no	1563.41
E-MTAB-6379	no	727.59
E-GEOD-83139	no	3.72
E-MTAB-9801	no	2.99
E-CURD-112	no	2.13

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

26 targeting KPNA5, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-1193	100.00	65.93	529
HSA-MIR-8068	99.98	73.85	2376
HSA-MIR-433-3P	99.98	69.37	1203
HSA-MIR-9983-3P	99.94	71.48	3631
HSA-MIR-589-3P	99.91	69.62	2088
HSA-MIR-6857-5P	99.87	65.32	985
HSA-MIR-1299	99.77	71.24	2389
HSA-MIR-4755-5P	99.71	70.34	2716
HSA-MIR-5006-3P	99.71	70.26	2728
HSA-MIR-3059-5P	99.70	69.93	2491
HSA-MIR-6762-3P	99.66	66.94	1188
HSA-MIR-150-3P	99.43	70.51	920
HSA-MIR-889-5P	99.41	68.75	1025
HSA-MIR-6128	99.33	67.83	1581
HSA-MIR-412-3P	98.86	66.89	712
HSA-MIR-6754-3P	98.84	66.60	889
HSA-MIR-605-5P	98.79	68.24	1161
HSA-MIR-548Q	98.71	65.35	563
HSA-MIR-3928-5P	98.50	67.48	980
HSA-MIR-6806-3P	98.50	67.31	980
HSA-MIR-4450	98.26	68.35	725
HSA-MIR-6072	98.00	66.47	804
HSA-MIR-134-5P	97.11	66.52	976
HSA-MIR-3118	97.11	66.58	984
HSA-MIR-215-3P	97.02	68.01	1209
HSA-MIR-6891-3P	95.80	65.76	683

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 4)

• Study identified the sequences KKKRR, KKKRK, and KKRKK as the optimal sequences for binding to this site for mouse importin-alpha2, human importin-alpha1, and human importin-alpha5, respectively. (PMID:20406804)
• eVP24 recognizes a unique nonclassical nuclear localization signal binding site on KPNA5 that is necessary for efficient phosphoryated STAT1 nuclear transport. (PMID:25121748)
• BIG3 may block the KPNAs (KPNA1, KPNA5, and KPNA6) binding region(s) of PHB2. (PMID:26052702)
• Data suggest that IGFBP5 nuclear import is mediated by KPNA5/KPNB1 complex; nuclear localization sequence of IGFBP5 is critical domain in this nuclear translocation. (IGFBP5 = insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5; KPNA5 = karyopherin subunit alpha-5; KPNB1 = karyopherin subunit beta-1/importin-beta) (PMID:28835592)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	kpna5	ENSDARG00000042030
rattus_norvegicus	Kpna5	ENSRNOG00000030109
drosophila_melanogaster	Kap-alpha1	FBGN0024889

Paralogs (6): KPNA6 (ENSG00000025800), KPNA3 (ENSG00000102753), KPNA1 (ENSG00000114030), KPNA2 (ENSG00000182481), KPNA7 (ENSG00000185467), KPNA4 (ENSG00000186432)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Importin subunit alpha-6 — O15131 (reviewed: O15131)

Alternative names: Karyopherin subunit alpha-5

All UniProt accessions (6): A0A8V8TL68, A0A8V8TL88, A0A8V8TLL2, A0A8V8TMV2, O15131, Q5TD90

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Functions in nuclear protein import as an adapter protein for nuclear receptor KPNB1. Binds specifically and directly to substrates containing either a simple or bipartite NLS motif. Docking of the importin/substrate complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is mediated by KPNB1 through binding to nucleoporin FxFG repeats and the complex is subsequently translocated through the pore by an energy requiring, Ran-dependent mechanism. At the nucleoplasmic side of the NPC, Ran binds to importin-beta and the three components separate and importin-alpha and -beta are re-exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where GTP hydrolysis releases Ran from importin. The directionality of nuclear import is thought to be conferred by an asymmetric distribution of the GTP- and GDP-bound forms of Ran between the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mediates nuclear import of STAT1 homodimers and STAT1/STAT2 heterodimers by recognizing non-classical NLSs of STAT1 and STAT2 through ARM repeats 8-9. Recognizes influenza A virus nucleoprotein through ARM repeat 7-9 In vitro, mediates the nuclear import of human cytomegalovirus UL84 by recognizing a non-classical NLS.

Subunit / interactions. Forms a complex with importin subunit beta-1. (Microbial infection) Interacts with ebolavirus protein VP24.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Testis.

Domain organisation. Consists of an N-terminal hydrophilic region, a hydrophobic central region composed of 10 repeats, and a short hydrophilic C-terminus. The N-terminal hydrophilic region contains the importin beta binding domain (IBB domain), which is sufficient for binding importin beta and essential for nuclear protein import. The IBB domain is thought to act as an intrasteric autoregulatory sequence by interacting with the internal autoinhibitory NLS. Binding of KPNB1 probably overlaps the internal NLS and contributes to a high affinity for cytoplasmic NLS-containing cargo substrates. After dissociation of the importin/substrate complex in the nucleus the internal autohibitory NLS contributes to a low affinity for nuclear NLS-containing proteins. The major and minor NLS binding sites are mainly involved in recognition of simple or bipartite NLS motifs. Structurally located within in a helical surface groove they contain several conserved Trp and Asn residues of the corresponding third helices (H3) of ARM repeats which mainly contribute to binding.

Similarity. Belongs to the importin alpha family.

RefSeq proteins (8): NP_001353233, NP_001353234, NP_001353235, NP_001353236, NP_001353237, NP_001353238, NP_001353239, NP_002260 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000225	Armadillo	Repeat
IPR002652	Importin-a_IBB	Domain
IPR011989	ARM-like	Homologous_superfamily
IPR016024	ARM-type_fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR024931	Importin_alpha	Family
IPR032413	Arm_3	Repeat
IPR036975	Importin-a_IBB_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00514, PF01749, PF16186

UniProt features (33 total): helix 12, repeat 10, region of interest 3, sequence variant 2, sequence conflict 2, chain 1, domain 1, short sequence motif 1, compositionally biased region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
4U2X	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.15

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O15131-F1	85.53	0.75

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

11 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1169408	ISG15 antiviral mechanism
R-HSA-168276	NS1 Mediated Effects on Host Pathways
R-HSA-9918432	Maturation of DENV proteins
R-HSA-1169410	Antimicrobial mechanism of IFN-stimulated genes
R-HSA-1280215	Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
R-HSA-1643685	Disease
R-HSA-168255	Influenza Infection
R-HSA-168256	Immune System
R-HSA-5663205	Infectious disease
R-HSA-913531	Interferon Signaling
R-HSA-9824446	Viral Infection Pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 92 (showing top): WAMUNYOKOLI_OVARIAN_CANCER_LMP_DN, YAGI_AML_WITH_INV_16_TRANSLOCATION, GOBP_INTRACELLULAR_PROTEIN_TRANSPORT, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_8HR_UP, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_16HR_UP, GOBP_ESTABLISHMENT_OF_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_ORGANELLE, GOBP_NUCLEAR_TRANSPORT, KOYAMA_SEMA3B_TARGETS_UP, DEBIASI_APOPTOSIS_BY_REOVIRUS_INFECTION_UP, DOUGLAS_BMI1_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_ORGANELLE, GOBP_NLS_BEARING_PROTEIN_IMPORT_INTO_NUCLEUS, GOBP_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_NUCLEUS, GOMF_SIGNAL_SEQUENCE_BINDING

GO Biological Process (3): protein import into nucleus (GO:0006606), NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus (GO:0006607), protein transport (GO:0015031)

GO Molecular Function (3): nuclear localization sequence binding (GO:0008139), nuclear import signal receptor activity (GO:0061608), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), cytosol (GO:0005829), NLS-dependent protein nuclear import complex (GO:0042564), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-9 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Antimicrobial mechanism of IFN-stimulated genes	1
Influenza Infection	1
Dengue Virus Genome Translation and Replication	1
Interferon Signaling	1
Immune System	1
Viral Infection Pathways	1
Disease	1
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	1
Infectious disease	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
import into nucleus	2
intracellular protein transport	1
protein localization to nucleus	1
establishment of protein localization to organelle	1
protein import into nucleus	1
transport	1
intracellular protein localization	1
establishment of protein localization	1
signal sequence receptor activity	1
nucleocytoplasmic carrier activity	1
binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
nuclear lumen	1
cytoplasm	1
nucleocytoplasmic transport complex	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2200 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KPNA5	KPNB1	Q14974	887
KPNA5	NUP153	P49790	771
KPNA5	STAT1	P42224	612
KPNA5	IPO4	Q8TEX9	540
KPNA5	TNPO1	Q92973	520
KPNA5	RCC1	P18754	516
KPNA5	TNPO2	O14787	506
KPNA5	CSE1L	P55060	480
KPNA5	IPO5	O00410	475
KPNA5	IPO11	Q9UI26	474
KPNA5	IPO7	O95373	473
KPNA5	IPO13	O94829	470
KPNA5	IPO9	Q96P70	445
KPNA5	CAPN2	P17655	441
KPNA5	XPO1	O14980	437

IntAct

118 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
KPNA5	NUP50	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.830
NUP50	KPNA5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.830
NUP50	KPNA4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.830
KPNA5	ANP32B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.780
ANP32B	KPNA5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.780
NUP50	KPNA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.780
SPOPL	KPNA5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.740
KPNA5	SPOPL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.740
CDKN1B	KPNA5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.720
CDKN1B	KPNA5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KPNA5	CDKN1B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
KPNA1	TCERG1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
ORF4b	KPNA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.620
CDKN1B	KPNA3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.580
KPNA5	POLR3C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KPNA5	NMNAT1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KPNA5	RAD52	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (116): KPNA5 (Two-hybrid), ANP32B (Two-hybrid), NUP50 (Two-hybrid), SPOPL (Two-hybrid), KPNA5 (Affinity Capture-RNA), KPNA5 (Affinity Capture-RNA), KPNA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), KPNA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), KPNA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), KPNA5 (Co-fractionation), KPNA5 (Co-fractionation), KPNA5 (Co-fractionation), KPNA5 (Co-fractionation), KPNA5 (Two-hybrid), KPNA5 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2VE08, A7Y521, E1C6Q1, O15131, O35116, O35142, O35345, O55029, O60684, O70133, O88544, O94973, P17427, P18484, P26233, P35605, P35606, P52294, P52297, P70188, P83953, Q08211, Q0V7M0, Q0VCK5, Q13098, Q28141, Q3SZA0, Q4R5E6, Q503E9, Q56R16, Q5F418, Q5R648, Q5R664, Q5R874, Q5R909, Q5RBV0, Q5ZHN3, Q5ZML1, Q60960, Q68FK8

Diamond homologs: A2VE08, A9QM74, B6HJ92, C0LLJ0, C1JZ66, C6K7I2, F4JL11, G5EB89, O00505, O00629, O04294, O14063, O15131, O22478, O35343, O35344, O35345, O60684, O80480, O94374, P52170, P52171, P52292, P52293, P52294, P52295, P83953, P91276, Q02821, Q0V7M0, Q19969, Q503E9, Q557F4, Q56R16, Q5R909, Q5RBV0, Q5ZML1, Q60960, Q71VM4, Q76P29

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 59 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
NS1 Mediated Effects on Host Pathways	6	45.1×	1e-06
ISG15 antiviral mechanism	6	23.7×	3e-05
Metabolism of RNA	6	6.6×	6e-03
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	6	6.4×	6e-03
Cell Cycle	6	5.7×	9e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
protein import into nucleus	7	21.0×	2e-05
regulation of apoptotic process	8	13.9×	2e-05
RNA splicing	7	12.9×	1e-04
mRNA processing	6	9.8×	2e-03
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	7	7.6×	2e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

56 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	45
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2334 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
6:116681337:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116681338:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116681339:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116682992:A:AG	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116689315:TTAA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:116689316:TAA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:116689317:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116689317:AAGAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116689318:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:116689318:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116689318:AGAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116689319:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116689319:GAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116689319:GATG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116689449:AACAG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116689450:ACAG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116689451:CAG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116689452:AG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116689452:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
6:116689453:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116689454:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116689454:GTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
6:116692053:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116692054:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116692054:GTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:116692154:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
6:116692286:GTTTT:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:116692287:TTTTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:116692288:TTTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:116692289:TTAGG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3567 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000015104 (6:116730286 C>T), RS1000032614 (6:116718759 A>G), RS1000075617 (6:116716392 T>C), RS1000184899 (6:116715339 T>C), RS1000217661 (6:116703118 A>G), RS1000258892 (6:116679861 A>G), RS1000323134 (6:116709567 A>G), RS1000336771 (6:116737071 T>C), RS1000360917 (6:116709551 C>A), RS1000446896 (6:116703332 G>A), RS1000480008 (6:116703424 G>A,T), RS1000652410 (6:116709807 C>T), RS1000677750 (6:116741256 G>A), RS1000679012 (6:116698068 G>A), RS1000748021 (6:116696014 T>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:604545 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001024_3	Telomere length	3.000000e-06
GCST008991_7	Early cardiac repolarization	6.000000e-07

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004885	early cardiac repolarization measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

41 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	6
bisphenol A	increases expression, affects expression, affects methylation, affects cotreatment	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	3
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	decreases expression	2
GSK-J4	increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	decreases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	decreases methylation	1
aflatoxin B2	decreases methylation	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
nutlin 3	affects cotreatment, increases secretion	1
ICG 001	decreases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
jinfukang	decreases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Temozolomide	decreases expression	1
Leflunomide	increases expression	1
Cadmium	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Cisplatin	decreases expression	1
Dactinomycin	affects cotreatment, increases secretion	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.