KRT12

Summary

KRT12 (keratin 12, HGNC:6414) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17q21.2, encoding Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 12 (Q99456). Involved in corneal epithelium organization, integrity and corneal keratin expression.

KRT12 encodes the type I intermediate filament chain keratin 12, expressed in corneal epithelia. Mutations in this gene lead to Meesmann corneal dystrophy.

Source: NCBI Gene 3859 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): corneal dystrophy, Meesmann, 1 (Definitive, GenCC) — +1 more curated relationship
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 105 total — 8 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 7
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000223

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6414
Approved symbol	KRT12
Name	keratin 12
Location	17q21.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	K12
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000187242
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	601687
Entrez	3859

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 2 protein_coding, 2 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000251643, ENST00000647902, ENST00000648126, ENST00000648535, ENST00000650597

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_000223 NM_000223

CCDS: CCDS11378

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000251643 — 8 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000395114	40863485	40863610
ENSE00000721129	40862565	40862635
ENSE00000721180	40863123	40863343
ENSE00000721185	40863703	40863864
ENSE00000721190	40864806	40864962
ENSE00000863435	40861303	40861758
ENSE00000863436	40866620	40867223
ENSE00002359500	40866155	40866237

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 83 present calls, max score 88.71.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.1483 / max 194.9977, expressed in 21 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
165842	0.1184	4
165841	0.0298	18

Top tissues by expression

105 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	88.71	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	87.59	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	82.96	gold quality
neuron projection bundle connecting eye with brain	UBERON:0004904	79.16	silver quality
eye	UBERON:0000970	73.42	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	61.96	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	60.69	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	59.65	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	58.56	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	58.28	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	58.25	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	57.43	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	55.64	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	51.56	gold quality
colon	UBERON:0001155	49.31	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	48.83	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	48.69	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	48.54	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	46.79	gold quality
uterine cervix	UBERON:0000002	46.65	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	46.33	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	44.32	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	43.48	silver quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	43.02	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	42.64	gold quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	42.48	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	42.17	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	41.89	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	41.33	gold quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	41.00	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.42

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): KLF6, PAX6

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

32 targeting KRT12, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6873-3P	100.00	71.42	2626
HSA-MIR-9-3P	99.96	70.88	2068
HSA-MIR-23A-3P	99.95	74.24	3163
HSA-MIR-23B-3P	99.95	74.24	3163
HSA-MIR-23C	99.95	73.92	3192
HSA-MIR-4694-3P	99.79	69.53	2640
HSA-MIR-548AG	99.77	69.25	1492
HSA-MIR-4766-5P	99.75	69.23	2662
HSA-MIR-556-3P	99.74	68.75	1203
HSA-MIR-548BA	99.69	69.14	1514
HSA-MIR-548AI	99.69	69.24	1494
HSA-MIR-570-5P	99.69	69.24	1494
HSA-MIR-486-3P	99.51	66.82	1901
HSA-MIR-578	99.46	68.36	1787
HSA-MIR-513A-3P	99.39	70.63	3620
HSA-MIR-513C-3P	99.39	70.63	3620
HSA-MIR-4427	99.34	70.33	1854
HSA-MIR-146A-3P	99.13	68.99	1881
HSA-MIR-3606-3P	99.11	69.84	3254
HSA-MIR-6506-5P	99.04	65.66	1386
HSA-MIR-6796-3P	98.68	65.49	689
HSA-MIR-548AO-5P	98.55	69.57	1362
HSA-MIR-548AX	98.55	69.58	1362
HSA-MIR-5089-5P	98.45	66.06	1388
HSA-MIR-12120	98.05	68.44	1768
HSA-MIR-618	97.62	67.46	861
HSA-MIR-409-5P	97.31	68.07	364
HSA-MIR-134-5P	97.11	66.52	976
HSA-MIR-3118	97.11	66.58	984
HSA-MIR-4714-5P	97.04	67.76	955

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 16)

• Heterozygous Ala137Pro mutation in keratin 12 gene found in Japanese with Meesmann’s corneal dystrophy. (PMID:12543196)
• A novel missense mutation (Y429C) in KRT12 lead to MCD in 2 unrelated Taiwanese families. (PMID:16227835)
• Mutation in the KRT12 gene is associated with Meesmann corneal dystrophy (PMID:16352477)
• Mutation associated with symptomatic phenotype of Meesmann’s corneal dystrophy. Results in substitution of proline for arginine in helix termination motif that may disrupt normal helix, leading to dramatic structural change of keratin 12 protein. (PMID:17653038)
• This is the second family recently diagnosed with Meesmann dystrophy in Denmark. The family represents its own distinct genotype, independent of previously reported ones. All patients with microcysts were asymptomatic. (PMID:18245975)
• The novel L433R mutation of the KRT12 gene found in two members of this Japanese family caused Meesmann corneal dystrophy (MECD). (PMID:18661274)
• Novel missense mutation within the highly conserved helix-initiation motif of KRT12 causing Meesmann’s corneal dystrophy in a German family. (PMID:20577595)
• The Leu132Pro missense mutation is within the helix-initiation motif of the keratin and is predicted to result in a significant structural change of the K12 protein. (PMID:23222558)
• The lead siRNA, with an IC(50) of thirty picomolar, showed no keratin off-target effects or activation of TLR3 in the concentration ranges tested. (PMID:23233254)
• Exon sequencing of KRT3 and KRT12 in six affected and eight unaffected individuals did not detect any mutations or nucleotide sequence variants in Meesmann epithelial corneal dystrophy. (PMID:23569037)
• We identified a novel missense mutation of the KRT12 gene in Meesmann corneal dystrophy. The in vivo confocal microscopy examinations revealed previously unreported depth-dependent ultrastructural changes in the living cornea. (PMID:24099278)
• Combined with an effective delivery vehicle this siRNA approach represents a viable treatment option for prevention of the MECD pathology observed in K12-Leu132Pro heterozygous individuals. (PMID:24801514)
• we show that the two PAX6 isoforms differentially and cooperatively regulate the expression of genes specific to the structure and functions of the corneal epithelium, particularly keratin 3 (KRT3) and keratin 12 (KRT12). PAX6 isoform-a induced KRT3 expression by targeting its upstream region. KLF4 enhanced this induction. A combination of PAX6 isoform-b, KLF4, and OCT4 induced KRT12 expression (PMID:26899008)
• KC can co-exist with GCD. The missense mutation (c.370G > A) in the TGFBI gene and insert mutation (c.1456-1457ins GAT) in the KRT12 gene were identified in a 23-year-old male patient with concurrent KC and GCD. (PMID:28567551)
• RT-PCR showed that K3 and K12 transcripts were absent from patient cells, but present in healthy control preparations. (PMID:29162348)
• We identified a heterozygous genetic mutation (c.394 C>G, p.L132V) in the KRT12 gene in six Japanese patients with inherited Meesmann corneal dystrophy. This is the first study to confirm this genetic mutation in Japanese Meesmann corneal dystrophy patients. This mutation has been independently reported in an American Meesmann corneal dystrophy patient, confirming its pathogenicity. (PMID:30535821)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Krt12	ENSMUSG00000020912
rattus_norvegicus	Krt12	ENSRNOG00000011986

Paralogs (68): KRT33A (ENSG00000006059), VIM (ENSG00000026025), KRT31 (ENSG00000094796), NEFM (ENSG00000104722), KRT23 (ENSG00000108244), KRT37 (ENSG00000108417), KRT32 (ENSG00000108759), KRT18 (ENSG00000111057), LMNB1 (ENSG00000113368), KRT36 (ENSG00000126337), KRT17 (ENSG00000128422), GFAP (ENSG00000131095), KRT34 (ENSG00000131737), KRT33B (ENSG00000131738), NES (ENSG00000132688), PRPH (ENSG00000135406), KRT85 (ENSG00000135443), KRT7 (ENSG00000135480), KRT71 (ENSG00000139648), INA (ENSG00000148798), LMNTD1 (ENSG00000152936), LMNA (ENSG00000160789), KRT84 (ENSG00000161849), KRT82 (ENSG00000161850), KRT80 (ENSG00000167767), KRT1 (ENSG00000167768), KRT24 (ENSG00000167916), KRT8 (ENSG00000170421), KRT78 (ENSG00000170423), KRT86 (ENSG00000170442), KRT75 (ENSG00000170454), KRT6C (ENSG00000170465), KRT4 (ENSG00000170477), KRT74 (ENSG00000170484), KRT72 (ENSG00000170486), KRT83 (ENSG00000170523), BFSP2 (ENSG00000170819), KRT19 (ENSG00000171345), KRT15 (ENSG00000171346), KRT38 (ENSG00000171360)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 12 — Q99456 (reviewed: Q99456)

Alternative names: Cytokeratin-12, Keratin-12

All UniProt accessions (2): A0A3B3ITG2, Q99456

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Involved in corneal epithelium organization, integrity and corneal keratin expression.

Subunit / interactions. Heterotetramer of two type I and two type II keratins. Keratin-3 associates with keratin-12.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in the corneal epithelium (at protein level).

Disease relevance. Corneal dystrophy, Meesmann 1 (MECD1) [MIM:122100] A form of Meesmann corneal dystrophy, a corneal disease characterized by fragility of the anterior corneal epithelium. Histological examination shows a disorganized and thickened epithelium with widespread cytoplasmic vacuolation and numerous small, round, debris-laden intraepithelial cysts. Patients are usually asymptomatic until adulthood when rupture of the corneal microcysts may cause erosions, producing clinical symptoms such as photophobia, contact lens intolerance and intermittent diminution of visual acuity. Rarely, subepithelial scarring causes irregular corneal astigmatism and permanent visual impairment. MECD1 inheritance is autosomal dominant. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Miscellaneous. There are two types of cytoskeletal and microfibrillar keratin: I (acidic; 40-55 kDa) and II (neutral to basic; 56-70 kDa).

Similarity. Belongs to the intermediate filament family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_000214* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002957	Keratin_I	Family
IPR018039	IF_conserved	Conserved_site
IPR039008	IF_rod_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00038

UniProt features (36 total): sequence variant 23, region of interest 9, compositionally biased region 2, chain 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q99456-F1	74.57	0.51

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6805567	Keratinization
R-HSA-6809371	Formation of the cornified envelope
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology

MSigDB gene sets: 109 (showing top): GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_ORGANIZATION, GGGTGGRR_PAX4_03, MARTINEZ_RB1_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_LIGHT_STIMULUS, SCHLOSSER_SERUM_RESPONSE_DN, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION, GOBP_SENSORY_ORGAN_DEVELOPMENT, MODULE_287, RASHI_RESPONSE_TO_IONIZING_RADIATION_5, MARTINEZ_RB1_AND_TP53_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_TISSUE_MORPHOGENESIS, CHESLER_BRAIN_QTL_CIS

GO Biological Process (5): morphogenesis of an epithelium (GO:0002009), visual perception (GO:0007601), epithelial cell differentiation (GO:0030855), intermediate filament organization (GO:0045109), cornea development in camera-type eye (GO:0061303)

GO Molecular Function (2): structural molecule activity (GO:0005198), structural constituent of skin epidermis (GO:0030280)

GO Cellular Component (5): cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), keratin filament (GO:0045095), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), intermediate filament (GO:0005882)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Developmental Biology	1
Keratinization	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
epithelium development	2
tissue morphogenesis	1
sensory perception of light stimulus	1
cell differentiation	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization	1
supramolecular fiber organization	1
camera-type eye development	1
anatomical structure development	1
molecular_function	1
structural molecule activity	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
intermediate filament	1
extracellular vesicle	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

854 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KRT12	PAX6	P26367	785
KRT12	KERA	O60938	680
KRT12	CRYZ	Q08257	595
KRT12	CHST6	Q9GZX3	595
KRT12	FSHB	P01225	587
KRT12	ABCG2	Q9UNQ0	575
KRT12	ALDH3A1	P30838	549
KRT12	UBIAD1	Q9Y5Z9	516
KRT12	DCDC1	P59894	497
KRT12	MPPED2	Q15777	497
KRT12	DNAJC24	Q6P3W2	497
KRT12	ELP4	Q96EB1	494
KRT12	ABCB5	Q2M3G0	491
KRT12	EMX2	Q04743	490
KRT12	MMP9	P14780	489

IntAct

0 interactions, top by confidence:

BioGRID (22): KRT12 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT12 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT12 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT12 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT84 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KRT12 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A8C0N8E3, A6QQQ9, O62654, P02540, P02541, P02542, P02543, P02544, P03995, P05784, P08552, P08670, P09654, P14136, P17661, P20152, P23239, P23729, P24789, P24790, P25030, P31000, P31001, P31393, P35617, P35900, P47819, P48616, P48670, P48673, P48674, P48675, P48676, P48677, P84198, Q04948, Q28115, Q28706, Q4R4X4, Q58EE9

Diamond homologs: A1KQY9, A1L317, A1L595, A5A6M0, A5A6M5, A5A6N2, A5A6P3, A6BLY7, A6QQQ9, A7YWM2, B0LKP1, B1AQ75, O57607, O57611, O76009, O76013, O77727, O93256, P02533, P02534, P02535, P02537, P05781, P05783, P05784, P06394, P08727, P08728, P08730, P08777, P08778, P08779, P08802, P13645, P13646, P19001, P19012, P25030, P25690, P35527

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

105 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	8
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	58
Likely benign	10
Benign	10

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (9)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
254686	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.395T>C (p.Leu132Pro)	Pathogenic
7921	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.404G>C (p.Arg135Thr)	Pathogenic
7922	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.427G>C (p.Val143Leu)	Pathogenic
7923	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.403A>G (p.Arg135Gly)	Pathogenic
7924	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.404G>T (p.Arg135Ile)	Pathogenic
7925	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.1285T>G (p.Tyr429Asp)	Pathogenic
7926	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.419T>G (p.Leu140Arg)	Pathogenic
7927	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.386T>C (p.Met129Thr)	Pathogenic
66124	NM_000223.4(KRT12):c.399T>G (p.Asn133Lys)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

630 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
17:40861759:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40862636:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863118:CTCAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40863120:CACCC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40863121:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40863121:AC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40863122:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40863122:C:CT	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40863122:CC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40863862:CTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863863:TC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863864:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863864:CCTG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:40863865:CT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:40863872:CAGCA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863873:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863875:CATG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863876:A:AC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863876:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40863878:G:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40864777:G:C	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40864791:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40864800:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40864801:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40864802:TCACA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40864803:CA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40864804:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40864804:ACAT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40864804:ACATC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40864805:C:CT	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3207 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
17:40863734:C:G	R313P	0.990
17:40863712:G:C	F320L	0.987
17:40863712:G:T	F320L	0.987
17:40863714:A:G	F320L	0.987
17:40863726:C:G	A316P	0.986
17:40866780:A:G	L136S	0.985
17:40863767:C:G	R302P	0.982
17:40863747:C:G	A309P	0.979
17:40863779:A:G	L298P	0.979
17:40864867:A:G	L249P	0.978
17:40863504:A:G	L359P	0.975
17:40864888:A:G	L242P	0.975
17:40866630:A:G	L186P	0.974
17:40866186:C:G	A207P	0.971
17:40864846:A:G	L256P	0.970
17:40866792:A:G	L132P	0.970
17:40866742:C:G	A149P	0.969
17:40863791:A:G	L294P	0.968
17:40863779:A:T	L298H	0.966
17:40866789:T:A	N133I	0.966
17:40866174:C:G	A211P	0.965
17:40863537:A:G	L348P	0.963
17:40863713:A:G	F320S	0.962
17:40863746:G:T	A309D	0.959
17:40864834:A:G	L260P	0.959
17:40866778:C:G	A137P	0.959
17:40863600:A:G	L327P	0.957
17:40866168:C:G	D213H	0.956
17:40866717:A:G	I157T	0.956
17:40863499:A:G	S361P	0.955

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000223938 (17:40867265 T>A,C), RS1000676401 (17:40864614 C>A), RS1001683072 (17:40862703 T>G), RS1002117412 (17:40862298 C>A,G,T), RS1002679296 (17:40867795 T>C), RS1002755663 (17:40866272 C>A), RS1004340387 (17:40864212 A>G), RS1004672070 (17:40866066 C>T), RS1004873071 (17:40865738 G>T), RS1005708920 (17:40865600 C>T), RS1005719550 (17:40862152 T>C), RS1006047545 (17:40867371 T>C), RS1006313872 (17:40868682 T>C), RS1006350175 (17:40867593 T>A,C), RS1006834139 (17:40861782 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601687 | disease phenotypes: MIM:122100

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
corneal dystrophy, Meesmann, 1	Definitive	Autosomal dominant
Meesmann corneal dystrophy	Supportive	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (2): corneal dystrophy, Meesmann, 1 (MONDO:0020791), Meesmann corneal dystrophy (MONDO:0007379)

Orphanet (1): Meesmann corneal dystrophy (Orphanet:98954)

HPO phenotypes

7 total (7 of 7 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000613	Photophobia
HP:0001131	Corneal dystrophy
HP:0003680	Nonprogressive
HP:0007663	Reduced visual acuity
HP:0007856	Punctate opacification of the cornea
HP:0009926	Epiphora

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D053559	Corneal Dystrophy, Juvenile Epithelial of Meesmann	C11.204.236.218; C11.270.162.218; C16.320.290.162.204

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

11 total (human), top 11 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether	affects cotreatment, affects localization, decreases expression, increases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Lipopolysaccharides	decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
Sodium Chloride	affects cotreatment, affects localization, decreases expression, increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1
Copper Sulfate	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.