KRT24

Summary

KRT24 (keratin 24, HGNC:18527) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17q21.2, encoding Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 24 (Q2M2I5).

This gene encodes a member of the type I (acidic) keratin family, which belongs to the superfamily of intermediate filament (IF) proteins. Keratins are heteropolymeric structural proteins which form the intermediate filament. These filaments, along with actin microfilaments and microtubules, compose the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells. The type I keratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

Source: NCBI Gene 192666 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 8
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 89 total
• Dosage sensitivity (ClinGen): haploinsufficiency dosage sensitivity unlikely, triplosensitivity no evidence
• MANE Select transcript: NM_019016

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:18527
Approved symbol	KRT24
Name	keratin 24
Location	17q21.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ20261, MGC138169, MGC138173
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000167916
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	607742
Entrez	192666

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000264651

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_019016 NM_019016

CCDS: CCDS11372

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000264651 — 8 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000721009	40698538	40698650
ENSE00000721011	40699998	40700123
ENSE00000721014	40700222	40700383
ENSE00000863421	40699444	40699661
ENSE00001271969	40701140	40701296
ENSE00001271992	40697991	40698340
ENSE00001272004	40703079	40703752
ENSE00001801381	40701851	40701933

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 132 present calls, max score 99.40.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 6.8655 / max 7785.7232, expressed in 63 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
165799	6.8655	63

Top tissues by expression

255 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	99.40	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	95.32	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	95.09	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	94.96	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	93.63	silver quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	90.86	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	89.98	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	86.75	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	86.67	gold quality
periodontal ligament	UBERON:0008266	85.42	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	84.54	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	84.07	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	83.04	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	82.88	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	80.25	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	79.79	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	79.72	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	78.70	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	78.50	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	76.89	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	75.24	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	73.84	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	73.19	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	72.58	gold quality
eye	UBERON:0000970	71.88	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	71.75	silver quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	71.37	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	70.78	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	70.27	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	70.20	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	3.83

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

38 targeting KRT24, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-548AW	99.99	72.57	3559
HSA-MIR-548AB	99.95	71.31	3488
HSA-MIR-559	99.95	72.28	3609
HSA-MIR-548A-5P	99.94	71.27	3482
HSA-MIR-548AD-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AE-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AK	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AM-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AP-5P	99.94	71.14	3489
HSA-MIR-548AQ-5P	99.94	71.34	3426
HSA-MIR-548AR-5P	99.94	71.28	3515
HSA-MIR-548AS-5P	99.94	71.22	3482
HSA-MIR-548AU-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AY-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548B-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548BB-5P	99.94	71.27	3509
HSA-MIR-548C-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548D-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548H-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548I	99.94	71.25	3481
HSA-MIR-548J-5P	99.94	71.14	3489
HSA-MIR-548O-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548W	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548Y	99.94	71.28	3514
HSA-MIR-10527-5P	99.91	72.28	3754
HSA-MIR-9902	99.89	69.15	2250
HSA-MIR-548AJ-5P	99.78	71.12	3085
HSA-MIR-548F-5P	99.78	71.02	3093
HSA-MIR-548G-5P	99.78	71.12	3085
HSA-MIR-548X-5P	99.78	71.12	3085

Functional genomics

ClinGen dosage: haploinsufficiency 40 (dosage sensitivity unlikely), triplosensitivity 0 (no evidence). ClinGen Gene Dosage Map

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 5)

• KRT24 encodes a new keratin protein that bears high similarity to the type I keratins and displays a unique expression profile; sequence aberrations were not found in Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome (PMID:12230514)
• K24 may be suggested as a potential differentiation marker and anti-proliferative factor in the epidermis. (PMID:28362807)
• the keratinocyte differentiation marker Keratin 24 is expressed in our dermo-epidermal skin substitutes in a normal pattern. This highlights that our bio-engineered skin analogs mature and reach homeostasis in an in vivo assay. (PMID:29039047)
• Relative gene expression analysis of human pterygium tissues and UV radiation-evoked gene expression patterns in corneal and conjunctival cells. (PMID:32822701)
• Identification of cytokeratin24 as a tumor suppressor for the management of head and neck cancer. (PMID:34450690)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Krt24	ENSMUSG00000020913
rattus_norvegicus	Krt24	ENSRNOG00000010970

Paralogs (68): KRT33A (ENSG00000006059), VIM (ENSG00000026025), KRT31 (ENSG00000094796), NEFM (ENSG00000104722), KRT23 (ENSG00000108244), KRT37 (ENSG00000108417), KRT32 (ENSG00000108759), KRT18 (ENSG00000111057), LMNB1 (ENSG00000113368), KRT36 (ENSG00000126337), KRT17 (ENSG00000128422), GFAP (ENSG00000131095), KRT34 (ENSG00000131737), KRT33B (ENSG00000131738), NES (ENSG00000132688), PRPH (ENSG00000135406), KRT85 (ENSG00000135443), KRT7 (ENSG00000135480), KRT71 (ENSG00000139648), INA (ENSG00000148798), LMNTD1 (ENSG00000152936), LMNA (ENSG00000160789), KRT84 (ENSG00000161849), KRT82 (ENSG00000161850), KRT80 (ENSG00000167767), KRT1 (ENSG00000167768), KRT8 (ENSG00000170421), KRT78 (ENSG00000170423), KRT86 (ENSG00000170442), KRT75 (ENSG00000170454), KRT6C (ENSG00000170465), KRT4 (ENSG00000170477), KRT74 (ENSG00000170484), KRT72 (ENSG00000170486), KRT83 (ENSG00000170523), BFSP2 (ENSG00000170819), KRT19 (ENSG00000171345), KRT15 (ENSG00000171346), KRT38 (ENSG00000171360), KRT13 (ENSG00000171401)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 24 — Q2M2I5 (reviewed: Q2M2I5)

Alternative names: Cytokeratin-24, Keratin-24, Type I keratin-24

All UniProt accessions (1): Q2M2I5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Subunit / interactions. Heterotetramer of two type I and two type II keratins.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in keratinocytes, placenta, colon and spleen. Expressed at lower level in thymus and testis.

Induction. Up-regulated in the mucosa of patients suffering of colorectal cancer.

Miscellaneous. There are two types of cytoskeletal and microfibrillar keratin, I (acidic) and II (neutral to basic) (40-55 and 56-70 kDa, respectively).

Similarity. Belongs to the intermediate filament family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_061889* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002957	Keratin_I	Family
IPR018039	IF_conserved	Conserved_site
IPR039008	IF_rod_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00038

UniProt features (20 total): region of interest 9, sequence variant 7, chain 1, domain 1, compositionally biased region 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q2M2I5-F1	72.95	0.47

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

5 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6805567	Keratinization
R-HSA-6809371	Formation of the cornified envelope
R-HSA-9725554	Differentiation of Keratinocytes in Interfollicular Epidermis in Mammalian Skin
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology
R-HSA-9734767	Developmental Cell Lineages

MSigDB gene sets: 56 (showing top): GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_ORGANIZATION, MODULE_151, CEBP_Q2, GOBP_TISSUE_MORPHOGENESIS, MODULE_114, GOCC_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_CYTOSKELETON, GOCC_KERATIN_FILAMENT, GSE13762_CTRL_VS_125_VITAMIND_DAY12_DC_DN, GOMF_STRUCTURAL_MOLECULE_ACTIVITY, RICKMAN_HEAD_AND_NECK_CANCER_E, GOBP_SUPRAMOLECULAR_FIBER_ORGANIZATION, GOCC_SUPRAMOLECULAR_COMPLEX

GO Biological Process (3): morphogenesis of an epithelium (GO:0002009), epithelial cell differentiation (GO:0030855), intermediate filament organization (GO:0045109)

GO Molecular Function (3): structural constituent of skin epidermis (GO:0030280), structural molecule activity (GO:0005198), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), keratin filament (GO:0045095), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), intermediate filament (GO:0005882)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Developmental Biology	2
Keratinization	1
Developmental Cell Lineages of the Integumentary System	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
epithelium development	2
tissue morphogenesis	1
cell differentiation	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization	1
supramolecular fiber organization	1
structural molecule activity	1
molecular_function	1
binding	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
intermediate filament	1
extracellular vesicle	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

874 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KRT24	MEOX1	P50221	827
KRT24	ZNF219	Q9P2Y4	430
KRT24	KRTAP13-2	Q52LG2	408
KRT24	KRTAP19-6	Q3LI70	380
KRT24	PIK3R5	Q8WYR1	377
KRT24	C11orf86	A6NJI1	375
KRT24	SPRR2F	Q96RM1	367
KRT24	SPRR2E	P22531	349
KRT24	GJA1	P17302	330
KRT24	PLEKHH3	Q7Z736	330
KRT24	HSPB9	Q9BQS6	326
KRT24	SPRR2D	P22532	321
KRT24	SMCO2	A6NFE2	320
KRT24	SPRR2A	P35326	315
KRT24	ACTC1	P04270	313

IntAct

121 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
SNAPIN	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.600
KRT24	KRT80	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT4	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	TRIML2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	C1orf216	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT8	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT5	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	CCDC146	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	KRT79	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT6C	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HGS	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT1	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	ABI3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	AIRIM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	AARD	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	RCOR3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT75	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
BFSP2	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	TSGA10IP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ODAD3	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	TCHP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT3	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	CCHCR1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PRPH	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
AMOT	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT72	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT24	ABI2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TXLNA	KRT24	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (62): KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid), KRT24 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1L317, A1L595, A5A6N2, A6BLY7, B1AQ75, E1AB55, O76013, P02533, P08730, P08779, P13646, P19012, Q0P5J4, Q0P5J6, Q0P5J7, Q148H5, Q148H6, Q148H8, Q2M2I5, Q3UV17, Q497I4, Q61414, Q61781, Q64291, Q6IFU7, Q6IFU8, Q6IFV1, Q6IFV3, Q6IFV4, Q6IFW6, Q6IFW8, Q6IFX0, Q6IFX1, Q6IFX2, Q6NXH9, Q6R649, Q6R650, Q7Z3Y7, Q7Z3Y8, Q7Z3Y9

Diamond homologs: A1KQY9, A1L317, A1L595, A5A6M0, A5A6M5, A5A6N2, A5A6P3, A6BLY7, A6QQQ9, A7YWM2, B0LKP1, B1AQ75, O57607, O57611, O76009, O76013, O77727, O93256, P02533, P02534, P02535, P02537, P05781, P05783, P05784, P06394, P08727, P08728, P08730, P08777, P08778, P08779, P08802, P13645, P13646, P19001, P19012, P25030, P25690, P35527

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 57 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Formation of the cornified envelope	12	27.0×	2e-12
Keratinization	12	17.1×	2e-10
Macroautophagy	5	14.8×	7e-04
Neddylation	11	13.4×	2e-08

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
intermediate filament organization	13	58.0×	1e-17
keratinization	10	43.3×	4e-12
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	6	39.8×	7e-07
autophagosome maturation	6	39.0×	7e-07
mitophagy	6	35.3×	1e-06
G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle	6	22.3×	1e-05
autophagosome assembly	5	20.8×	2e-04
protein ubiquitination	7	5.4×	9e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

89 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	75
Likely benign	7
Benign	5

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

969 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
17:40699442:AC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40699443:CC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40699446:T:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40699452:T:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40699489:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40699657:CTTTT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40699658:TTTT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40699659:TTT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40699660:TT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40699662:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700122:CT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700217:TCTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40700218:CTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40700219:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40700220:ACCT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40700221:C:T	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40700221:CCTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40700224:G:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:40700380:TTTC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700381:TTC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700382:TC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700383:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700384:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700384:C:CG	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:40700388:CA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700389:A:AC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700389:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40700389:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:40701136:CTACC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:40701137:TACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3411 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
17:40700253:C:G	R329P	0.987
17:40700231:G:C	F336L	0.982
17:40700231:G:T	F336L	0.982
17:40700233:A:G	F336L	0.982
17:40700285:C:A	R318S	0.982
17:40700285:C:G	R318S	0.982
17:40700017:A:G	L375P	0.979
17:40700245:C:G	A332P	0.976
17:40700298:A:G	L314P	0.975
17:40700266:C:G	A325P	0.970
17:40703242:A:G	L151S	0.968
17:40701882:C:G	A223P	0.967
17:40701296:C:A	K233N	0.966
17:40701296:C:G	K233N	0.966
17:40700286:C:G	R318T	0.965
17:40701222:A:G	L258P	0.964
17:40700044:C:G	R366P	0.960
17:40703245:C:G	R150P	0.960
17:40700012:A:G	S377P	0.955
17:40700286:C:A	R318M	0.952
17:40703240:C:G	A152P	0.952
17:40700029:A:G	L371P	0.951
17:40700050:A:G	L364P	0.951
17:40700232:A:G	F336S	0.950
17:40700310:A:G	L310P	0.950
17:40701870:C:G	A227P	0.949
17:40703204:C:G	A164P	0.947
17:40703254:A:G	L147P	0.947
17:40700268:A:G	L324P	0.941
17:40701240:C:G	R252P	0.938

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000112551 (17:40698875 A>T), RS1000575503 (17:40694228 C>G), RS1001591765 (17:40702750 C>A), RS1001738220 (17:40701811 T>A), RS1001871686 (17:40704358 T>C), RS1001925647 (17:40704070 G>A), RS1001966932 (17:40696569 C>G,T), RS1002000288 (17:40702966 G>A), RS1002216630 (17:40697307 T>A,C), RS1003522876 (17:40699179 C>T), RS1003543035 (17:40705655 A>G), RS1003596800 (17:40705364 T>A), RS1003911783 (17:40697563 G>A,T), RS1004088996 (17:40702621 T>A), RS1004272576 (17:40701753 A>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607742 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

8 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003075_26	Cognitive decline rate in late mild cognitive impairment	2.000000e-07
GCST003075_59	Cognitive decline rate in late mild cognitive impairment	2.000000e-07
GCST007563_12	Allergic disease (asthma, hay fever or eczema)	2.000000e-16
GCST007564_26	Asthma or allergic disease (pleiotropy)	1.000000e-15
GCST007798_120	Asthma	5.000000e-17
GCST008916_33	Asthma	3.000000e-10
GCST009798_41	Asthma	3.000000e-08
GCST009798_47	Asthma	3.000000e-10

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007710	cognitive decline measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

12 total (human), top 12 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether	increases expression, affects localization, decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
hydroquinone	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	increases expression	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	increases expression	1
Cytarabine	decreases expression	1
Furaldehyde	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects localization, decreases expression	1
Sodium Chloride	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects localization, increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Triclosan	increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1
Lactic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.