KRT32

Summary

KRT32 (keratin 32, HGNC:6449) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17q21.2, encoding Keratin, type I cuticular Ha2 (Q14532).

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the keratin gene family. As a type I hair keratin, it is an acidic protein which heterodimerizes with type II keratins to form hair and nails. The type I hair keratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21 and have the same direction of transcription.

Source: NCBI Gene 3882 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 74 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002278

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6449
Approved symbol	KRT32
Name	keratin 32
Location	17q21.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	Ha-2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000108759
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602760
Entrez	3882

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000225899

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_002278 NM_002278

CCDS: CCDS11393

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000225899 — 7 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000722650	41464078	41464203
ENSE00001118395	41459513	41460239
ENSE00001118396	41466858	41467386
ENSE00002347141	41466094	41466176
ENSE00002375622	41462830	41463050
ENSE00002392454	41465773	41465929
ENSE00002393970	41464282	41464443

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 48 present calls, max score 81.84.

Top tissues by expression

270 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	81.84	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	80.25	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	78.35	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	75.23	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	73.60	silver quality
sperm	CL:0000019	73.43	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	71.72	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	71.56	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	69.89	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	69.87	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	69.13	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	69.08	silver quality
periodontal ligament	UBERON:0008266	68.77	silver quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	68.50	silver quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	67.78	silver quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	66.87	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	65.50	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	65.29	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	64.95	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	63.77	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	63.65	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	63.49	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	62.20	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	62.12	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	61.27	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	60.99	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	60.90	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	60.33	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	59.52	silver quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	59.52	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	3.27

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

34 targeting KRT32, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-6793-5P	99.97	65.95	758
HSA-MIR-6079	99.84	68.54	1170
HSA-MIR-2052	99.79	69.37	2031
HSA-MIR-34B-5P	99.78	67.56	1175
HSA-MIR-449C-5P	99.78	67.63	1168
HSA-MIR-2682-5P	99.73	67.38	1055
HSA-MIR-4524A-3P	99.72	66.85	2406
HSA-MIR-1827	99.63	68.57	3265
HSA-MIR-3616-5P	99.55	67.02	989
HSA-MIR-573	99.55	67.44	955
HSA-MIR-3128	99.50	67.85	1258
HSA-MIR-6828-5P	99.31	69.21	1433
HSA-MIR-4721	99.26	66.05	818
HSA-MIR-4504	99.10	69.14	1328
HSA-MIR-6868-5P	99.06	65.69	1284
HSA-MIR-6877-3P	98.98	65.83	560
HSA-MIR-6819-3P	98.95	65.57	572
HSA-MIR-181A-2-3P	98.91	67.60	1168
HSA-MIR-629-5P	98.78	68.72	1032
HSA-MIR-331-3P	98.76	64.91	793
HSA-MIR-4275	97.96	68.42	1549
HSA-MIR-4799-3P	97.78	65.97	893
HSA-MIR-4723-3P	97.67	65.91	1017
HSA-MIR-8057	97.64	66.54	897
HSA-MIR-4720-5P	97.46	65.67	893
HSA-MIR-5588-5P	97.46	65.70	913
HSA-MIR-6769B-3P	97.41	65.53	1036
HSA-MIR-3183	97.40	65.68	978

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Krt32	ENSMUSG00000046095
rattus_norvegicus	Krt32	ENSRNOG00000013611

Paralogs (68): KRT33A (ENSG00000006059), VIM (ENSG00000026025), KRT31 (ENSG00000094796), NEFM (ENSG00000104722), KRT23 (ENSG00000108244), KRT37 (ENSG00000108417), KRT18 (ENSG00000111057), LMNB1 (ENSG00000113368), KRT36 (ENSG00000126337), KRT17 (ENSG00000128422), GFAP (ENSG00000131095), KRT34 (ENSG00000131737), KRT33B (ENSG00000131738), NES (ENSG00000132688), PRPH (ENSG00000135406), KRT85 (ENSG00000135443), KRT7 (ENSG00000135480), KRT71 (ENSG00000139648), INA (ENSG00000148798), LMNTD1 (ENSG00000152936), LMNA (ENSG00000160789), KRT84 (ENSG00000161849), KRT82 (ENSG00000161850), KRT80 (ENSG00000167767), KRT1 (ENSG00000167768), KRT24 (ENSG00000167916), KRT8 (ENSG00000170421), KRT78 (ENSG00000170423), KRT86 (ENSG00000170442), KRT75 (ENSG00000170454), KRT6C (ENSG00000170465), KRT4 (ENSG00000170477), KRT74 (ENSG00000170484), KRT72 (ENSG00000170486), KRT83 (ENSG00000170523), BFSP2 (ENSG00000170819), KRT19 (ENSG00000171345), KRT15 (ENSG00000171346), KRT38 (ENSG00000171360), KRT13 (ENSG00000171401)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Keratin, type I cuticular Ha2 — Q14532 (reviewed: Q14532)

Alternative names: Hair keratin, type I Ha2, Keratin-32

All UniProt accessions (1): Q14532

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Tissue specificity. Restricted to the hair cuticle.

Miscellaneous. There are two types of hair/microfibrillar keratin, I (acidic) and II (neutral to basic).

Similarity. Belongs to the intermediate filament family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_002269* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002957	Keratin_I	Family
IPR009030	Growth_fac_rcpt_cys_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR018039	IF_conserved	Conserved_site
IPR039008	IF_rod_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00038

UniProt features (23 total): sequence variant 11, region of interest 7, sequence conflict 2, chain 1, domain 1, site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q14532-F1	76.82	0.58

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 345 (stutter)

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6805567	Keratinization
R-HSA-6809371	Formation of the cornified envelope
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology

MSigDB gene sets: 116 (showing top): GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS, YAGI_AML_WITH_INV_16_TRANSLOCATION, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_ORGANIZATION, LHX3_01, SHEPARD_BMYB_MORPHOLINO_DN, GCM_PRKCG, TCF4_Q5, GCM_RING1, NKX62_Q2, MODULE_379, MARTINEZ_RB1_TARGETS_DN, OCT1_03, MODULE_298

GO Biological Process (4): morphogenesis of an epithelium (GO:0002009), epidermis development (GO:0008544), epithelial cell differentiation (GO:0030855), intermediate filament organization (GO:0045109)

GO Molecular Function (3): structural constituent of skin epidermis (GO:0030280), structural molecule activity (GO:0005198), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), keratin filament (GO:0045095), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), intermediate filament (GO:0005882)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Developmental Biology	1
Keratinization	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
epithelium development	2
tissue morphogenesis	1
tissue development	1
cell differentiation	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization	1
supramolecular fiber organization	1
structural molecule activity	1
molecular_function	1
binding	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
intermediate filament	1
extracellular vesicle	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

462 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KRT32	MSX2	P35548	494
KRT32	CRNN	Q9UBG3	479
KRT32	HOXC12	P31275	418
KRT32	KRTAP3-3	Q9BYR6	406
KRT32	KRTAP11-1	Q8IUC1	394
KRT32	PRORP	O15091	392
KRT32	OR8K3	Q8NH51	352
KRT32	KRTAP4-1	Q9BYQ7	352
KRT32	MSANTD4	Q8NCY6	346
KRT32	HOXC13	P31276	336
KRT32	CCDC117	Q8IWD4	332
KRT32	KRTAP3-2	Q9BYR7	331
KRT32	OVOL1	O14753	325
KRT32	ADPRM	Q3LIE5	324
KRT32	KRTAP6-2	Q3LI66	323

IntAct

42 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
KRT32	KRT80	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.600
KRT32	KRT72	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT86	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT32	TCHP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT32	GATAD2A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT32	MGC50722	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
UBASH3A	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT32	KIFC3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
NEDD9	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
rep	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PPP2R2B	DDX3X	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.460
WTAP	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
AKT3	AKT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
AKT1	S100A3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KRT32	THAP12	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SULF2	IGHA1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FHIP1A	ILVBL	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.270
CDC20	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
CDK12	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
KRT72	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
KRT86	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
TCHP	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
KIFC3	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
NEDD9	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
KRT80	KRT32	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (43): KRT32 (Synthetic Lethality), KRT32 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT32 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT32 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT32 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT32 (Proximity Label-MS), KRT32 (Affinity Capture-MS), NEDD9 (Two-hybrid), TCHP (Two-hybrid), KIFC3 (Two-hybrid), UBASH3A (Two-hybrid), GATAD2A (Two-hybrid), KRT80 (Two-hybrid), KRT86 (Two-hybrid), KRT72 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A4FUZ0, A5A6M5, A5A6P3, A6QNX5, A7YWK3, B0LKP1, B1AQ75, E1AB55, O43790, O76009, O76013, P02534, P15241, P19013, P25690, P25691, P78385, P78386, P97861, Q0P5J7, Q14525, Q14532, Q14533, Q148H4, Q148H5, Q148H7, Q148H8, Q14CN4, Q15323, Q3SY84, Q497I4, Q61765, Q61897, Q62168, Q6IG03, Q6IG04, Q6IME9, Q6IMF0, Q6NXH9, Q86Y46

Diamond homologs: A1KQY9, A1L317, A1L595, A5A6M0, A5A6M5, A5A6N2, A5A6P3, A6BLY7, A6QQQ9, A7YWM2, B0LKP1, B1AQ75, O57607, O57611, O76009, O76013, O77727, O93256, P02533, P02534, P02535, P02537, P05781, P05783, P05784, P06394, P08727, P08728, P08730, P08777, P08778, P08779, P08802, P13645, P13646, P19001, P19012, P25030, P25690, P35527

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

74 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	72
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

857 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
17:41462815:G:C	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41462828:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41462829:C:A	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41462829:C:CT	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41462829:CTTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41462836:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41463046:TCCCT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41463047:CCCT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41463047:CCCTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41463048:CCTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41463048:CCTCT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:41463049:CT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41463051:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41463057:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41463058:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41464072:TCTCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41464073:CTCAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41464074:TCACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41464075:CACC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41464076:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41464077:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41464077:CCAGG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41464204:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41464208:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:41464277:CCCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41464278:CCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41464279:CA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41464281:C:CT	donor_loss	1.0000
17:41464298:T:A	donor_gain	1.0000
17:41464307:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2942 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
17:41464097:A:G	L326P	0.994
17:41464092:C:G	A328P	0.988
17:41467009:C:G	R106P	0.988
17:41464130:A:G	L315P	0.986
17:41465855:A:G	L209P	0.986
17:41464291:G:C	F287L	0.985
17:41464291:G:T	F287L	0.985
17:41464293:A:G	F287L	0.985
17:41465834:A:G	L216P	0.984
17:41464346:C:G	R269P	0.982
17:41465813:A:G	L223P	0.982
17:41466113:C:G	A178P	0.982
17:41462869:A:G	I393T	0.981
17:41465792:A:G	L230P	0.981
17:41465801:A:G	L227P	0.981
17:41462932:A:G	L372P	0.979
17:41464079:A:G	L332P	0.978
17:41464193:A:G	L294P	0.978
17:41466125:C:G	A174P	0.976
17:41464088:T:G	Q329P	0.975
17:41466994:A:G	L111P	0.974
17:41467006:A:G	L107P	0.974
17:41462953:A:G	L365P	0.973
17:41462851:A:G	L399P	0.972
17:41462861:A:G	Y396H	0.972
17:41462869:A:C	I393S	0.972
17:41462881:A:G	L389P	0.972
17:41465906:C:G	R192P	0.971
17:41462857:C:G	R397P	0.970
17:41462861:A:C	Y396D	0.970

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000275820 (17:41461852 G>T), RS1000686036 (17:41467973 T>C), RS1000709323 (17:41462235 T>A), RS1000762442 (17:41468204 C>A,T), RS1000904388 (17:41463459 C>T), RS1000992271 (17:41460428 C>G), RS1001317471 (17:41459204 G>T), RS1001450929 (17:41468184 A>G), RS1001662815 (17:41464496 C>T), RS1002930043 (17:41465698 G>A,T), RS1003248072 (17:41461541 G>A), RS1003265649 (17:41465496 T>C), RS1003321654 (17:41461796 A>T), RS1003450810 (17:41459191 T>C), RS1004503425 (17:41469357 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602760 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

11 total (human), top 11 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
decabromobiphenyl ether	affects expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Azacitidine	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, affects methylation	1
Camptothecin	increases expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Tretinoin	decreases expression	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.