KRT6C

Summary

KRT6C (keratin 6C, HGNC:20406) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q13.13, encoding Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6C (P48668).

Keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into epithelial keratins and hair keratins. The type II keratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 12q13.

Source: NCBI Gene 286887 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): palmoplantar keratoderma, nonepidermolytic, focal or diffuse (Strong, GenCC)
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 207 total — 2 pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 5
• MANE Select transcript: NM_173086

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:20406
Approved symbol	KRT6C
Name	keratin 6C
Location	12q13.13
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000170465
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	612315
Entrez	286887

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 1 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000252250, ENST00000553087

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_173086 NM_173086

CCDS: CCDS8829

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000252250 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001622305	52470505	52470630
ENSE00001634217	52472066	52472280
ENSE00001638894	52473198	52473805
ENSE00001640411	52469411	52469445
ENSE00001666252	52471672	52471732
ENSE00001688202	52471132	52471296
ENSE00001780729	52471421	52471516
ENSE00001789345	52469670	52469890
ENSE00002381869	52468516	52469297

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 100 present calls, max score 97.87.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 7.2282 / max 2849.9052, expressed in 80 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
131038	7.1496	75
131039	0.0786	30

Top tissues by expression

128 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	97.87	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	97.41	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	96.53	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	93.41	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	91.12	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	83.62	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	73.04	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	70.04	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	66.47	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	65.88	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	64.98	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	64.24	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	63.57	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	62.69	gold quality
uterine cervix	UBERON:0000002	61.96	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	60.06	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	56.30	silver quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	55.09	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	49.62	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	48.09	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	47.23	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	46.53	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	46.07	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	45.87	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	45.50	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	45.23	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	44.78	silver quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	44.73	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	44.57	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	44.52	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 5 experiment(s), a significant marker in 4.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-1	yes	3097.34
E-MTAB-8142	yes	1267.93
E-GEOD-86618	yes	9.57
E-MTAB-10596	no	5900.06
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

40 targeting KRT6C, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-1250-3P	99.96	70.04	4038
HSA-MIR-30A-3P	99.87	69.74	2928
HSA-MIR-30D-3P	99.87	69.92	2917
HSA-MIR-30E-3P	99.87	69.68	2942
HSA-MIR-3919	99.87	69.45	2489
HSA-MIR-4677-5P	99.70	70.09	1940
HSA-MIR-3177-5P	99.65	70.38	1174
HSA-MIR-7156-5P	99.64	68.81	1369
HSA-MIR-802	99.61	67.70	1254
HSA-MIR-486-3P	99.51	66.82	1901
HSA-MIR-12117	99.50	67.57	868
HSA-MIR-4441	99.49	66.56	3216
HSA-MIR-3612	99.45	66.02	1333
HSA-MIR-650	99.45	65.77	1309
HSA-MIR-4273	99.45	67.93	1206
HSA-MIR-1276	99.36	68.18	1642
HSA-MIR-32-3P	99.36	68.20	2517
HSA-MIR-544B	99.18	67.41	1632
HSA-MIR-6510-5P	99.14	66.59	1081
HSA-MIR-4270	99.02	66.26	1987
HSA-MIR-6754-5P	98.60	65.54	1627
HSA-MIR-31-5P	98.58	68.35	1239
HSA-MIR-5581-3P	98.55	70.31	1161
HSA-MIR-3928-5P	98.50	67.48	980
HSA-MIR-6806-3P	98.50	67.31	980
HSA-MIR-12120	98.05	68.44	1768
HSA-MIR-4443	98.02	66.25	1928

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 6)

• Keratin K6c mutations cause focal palmoplantar keratoderma (PMID:19609311)
• KRT6C mutations may have a role in focal palmoplantar keratoderma [commentary] (PMID:20081885)
• mutation c.1414G>A resulting in an p.Glu472Lys substitution associated with focal plantar keratoderma (PMID:23662636)
• report on a novel mutation of KRT6C and highlight the inclusion of focal PPK secondary to KRT16 and KRT6C mutations as a milder phenotype within the spectrum of PC (PMID:26301947)
• Several missense polymorphisms in KRT6A, KRT6B and KRT6C that lead to a higher risk for dental caries. (PMID:29357356)
• KRT6C was highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. The relevance between high expression of KRT6C and poor prognosis of LUAD patients was found in this study. (PMID:31768767)

Cross-species orthologs

8 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Krt6b	ENSMUSG00000023041
mus_musculus	Krt6a	ENSMUSG00000058354
mus_musculus	Gm5414	ENSMUSG00000064232
rattus_norvegicus	AABR07001416.1	ENSRNOG00000059050
rattus_norvegicus	LOC102553726	ENSRNOG00000067545
rattus_norvegicus	LOC100365213	ENSRNOG00000068586
rattus_norvegicus	LOC120093742	ENSRNOG00000068784
rattus_norvegicus	Krt6c	ENSRNOG00000070470

Paralogs (68): KRT33A (ENSG00000006059), VIM (ENSG00000026025), KRT31 (ENSG00000094796), NEFM (ENSG00000104722), KRT23 (ENSG00000108244), KRT37 (ENSG00000108417), KRT32 (ENSG00000108759), KRT18 (ENSG00000111057), LMNB1 (ENSG00000113368), KRT36 (ENSG00000126337), KRT17 (ENSG00000128422), GFAP (ENSG00000131095), KRT34 (ENSG00000131737), KRT33B (ENSG00000131738), NES (ENSG00000132688), PRPH (ENSG00000135406), KRT85 (ENSG00000135443), KRT7 (ENSG00000135480), KRT71 (ENSG00000139648), INA (ENSG00000148798), LMNTD1 (ENSG00000152936), LMNA (ENSG00000160789), KRT84 (ENSG00000161849), KRT82 (ENSG00000161850), KRT80 (ENSG00000167767), KRT1 (ENSG00000167768), KRT24 (ENSG00000167916), KRT8 (ENSG00000170421), KRT78 (ENSG00000170423), KRT86 (ENSG00000170442), KRT75 (ENSG00000170454), KRT4 (ENSG00000170477), KRT74 (ENSG00000170484), KRT72 (ENSG00000170486), KRT83 (ENSG00000170523), BFSP2 (ENSG00000170819), KRT19 (ENSG00000171345), KRT15 (ENSG00000171346), KRT38 (ENSG00000171360), KRT13 (ENSG00000171401)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6C — P48668 (reviewed: P48668)

Alternative names: Cytokeratin-6C, Cytokeratin-6E, Keratin K6h, Keratin-6C, Type-II keratin Kb12

All UniProt accessions (1): P48668

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Subunit / interactions. Heterodimer of a type I and a type II keratin. KRT6 isomers associate with KRT16 and/or KRT17.

Tissue specificity. Constitutively expressed in distinct types of epithelia such as those in oral mucosa, esophagus, papillae of tongue and hair follicle outer root sheath.

Disease relevance. Palmoplantar keratoderma, non-epidermolytic, focal or diffuse (PPKNEFD) [MIM:615735] A dermatological disorder characterized by non-epidermolytic abnormal thickening of the skin on the palms and soles. Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma is characterized by uniform involvement of the palmoplantar surface, while the focal form consists of localized areas of hyperkeratosis located mainly on pressure points and sites of recurrent friction. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Miscellaneous. There are at least six isoforms of human type II keratin-6 (K6). There are two types of cytoskeletal and microfibrillar keratin, I (acidic) and II (neutral to basic) (40-55 and 56-70 kDa, respectively).

Similarity. Belongs to the intermediate filament family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_775109* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR003054	Keratin_II	Family
IPR018039	IF_conserved	Conserved_site
IPR032444	Keratin_2_head	Domain
IPR039008	IF_rod_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00038, PF16208

UniProt features (30 total): sequence conflict 10, region of interest 8, sequence variant 5, modified residue 2, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, compositionally biased region 1, site 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P48668-F1	69.63	0.40

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 414 (stutter)

Post-translational modifications (2): 2, 60

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6805567	Keratinization
R-HSA-6809371	Formation of the cornified envelope
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology

MSigDB gene sets: 59 (showing top): GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS, GU_PDEF_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_ORGANIZATION, GCM_PRKCG, GOBP_EPIDERMAL_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GCM_RING1, GOBP_EPIDERMIS_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_KERATINIZATION, GOBP_SKIN_DEVELOPMENT, GCM_LTK, GOCC_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_CYTOSKELETON, GOCC_KERATIN_FILAMENT, GOMF_STRUCTURAL_MOLECULE_ACTIVITY, GCM_FANCC

GO Biological Process (3): keratinization (GO:0031424), intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization (GO:0045104), intermediate filament organization (GO:0045109)

GO Molecular Function (2): structural constituent of skin epidermis (GO:0030280), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): cytosol (GO:0005829), intermediate filament (GO:0005882), keratin filament (GO:0045095), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Developmental Biology	1
Keratinization	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
keratinocyte differentiation	1
multicellular organismal process	1
cytoskeleton organization	1
intermediate filament-based process	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization	1
supramolecular fiber organization	1
structural molecule activity	1
binding	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1
intermediate filament	1
extracellular vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

118 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
HIF1AN	APBA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.850
KRT6C	KRT38	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT31	KRT6C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT6C	KRT40	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT6C	TRIM54	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT38	KRT6C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT40	KRT6C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT6C	KRT31	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.710
KRT18	KRT6C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.680
KRT6C	KRT13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT15	KRT6C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GOLGA2	KRT6C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KIFC3	KRT6C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT6C	TFIP11	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT13	KRT6C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT6C	KRT15	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT6C	GOLGA2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (99): KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT6C (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT6C (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT6C (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT6C (Two-hybrid), KRT6C (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A5A6M6, A5A6M8, O95678, P02535, P02537, P02538, P04104, P04259, P04264, P06394, P07744, P08776, P12035, P13645, P13647, P16878, P18520, P19013, P35527, P35908, P48668, P50446, Q01546, Q08D91, Q148H7, Q29426, Q2M2I5, Q3TTY5, Q3UV17, Q4FZU2, Q5XQN5, Q6EIY9, Q6EIZ0, Q6EIZ1, Q6IFW6, Q6IFZ6, Q6IG00, Q6IG01, Q6IG02, Q6IG05

Diamond homologs: A0A8C0N8E3, A5A6M8, A5A6N0, A6QQJ3, B4F721, O62654, O77788, O93532, O95678, P02538, P02540, P02541, P02542, P02543, P02544, P02547, P02548, P03995, P04259, P05786, P05787, P07196, P07197, P08551, P08552, P08553, P08670, P08729, P08776, P09654, P11679, P12035, P12036, P12839, P13647, P14136, P15331, P16053, P16878, P16884

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 70 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Formation of the cornified envelope	19	31.5×	6e-22
Differentiation of Keratinocytes in Interfollicular Epidermis in Mammalian Skin	5	26.3×	7e-05
Keratinization	18	18.9×	8e-17

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
morphogenesis of an epithelium	17	90.0×	3e-27
intermediate filament organization	18	66.7×	1e-26
epithelial cell differentiation	15	40.5×	2e-18

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

207 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	2
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	114
Likely benign	42
Benign	34

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
126525	NM_173086.5(KRT6C):c.510CAA[2] (p.Asn172del)	Pathogenic
66966	NM_173086.5(KRT6C):c.1384_1410del (p.Ile462_Glu470del)	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

595 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:52469405:ACTT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52469408:TACA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52469409:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52469409:ACAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52469410:C:CT	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52469410:CAG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52469410:CAGA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52469444:GCCT:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52469445:CCTGT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52469446:C:CA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52469446:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52469447:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52469666:CTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52469668:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52469669:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52469669:C:CT	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52469669:CCTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52469887:CACA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52469889:CA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52469891:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52470631:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52470639:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52470640:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52471128:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52471129:CACCT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52471153:AG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52471197:TG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52471292:AGCTC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52471293:GCTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52471294:CTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3690 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:52470620:A:G	L363P	0.999
12:52473216:A:C	F174L	0.999
12:52473216:A:T	F174L	0.999
12:52473217:A:C	F174C	0.999
12:52473217:A:G	F174S	0.999
12:52473218:A:G	F174L	0.999
12:52469860:C:G	A412P	0.998
12:52471155:C:G	A352P	0.998
12:52471163:C:G	R349P	0.998
12:52471176:C:G	A345P	0.998
12:52471675:C:A	K271N	0.998
12:52471675:C:G	K271N	0.998
12:52472249:A:G	L191P	0.998
12:52473225:G:C	N171K	0.998
12:52473225:G:T	N171K	0.998
12:52469827:C:G	A423P	0.997
12:52470587:A:G	L374P	0.997
12:52471250:A:G	L320P	0.997
12:52471250:A:T	L320Q	0.997
12:52472261:T:G	Q187P	0.997
12:52472270:A:G	L184P	0.997
12:52473214:G:T	A175D	0.997
12:52473226:T:A	N171I	0.997
12:52473229:A:G	L170P	0.997
12:52469721:A:G	L458P	0.996
12:52471165:G:C	S348R	0.996
12:52471165:G:T	S348R	0.996
12:52471167:T:G	S348R	0.996
12:52471175:G:T	A345D	0.996
12:52471188:A:G	Y341H	0.996

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000113268 (12:52470936 T>G), RS1001579291 (12:52470292 C>T), RS1003101883 (12:52475311 C>A,T), RS1003108179 (12:52474720 G>A,C), RS1003172279 (12:52468513 G>A), RS1003310714 (12:52468424 G>C), RS1003401956 (12:52474474 A>C,T), RS1003466850 (12:52473508 C>T), RS1004148335 (12:52473984 A>T), RS1004259875 (12:52474154 G>A), RS1004482773 (12:52472497 C>T), RS1004597273 (12:52473024 G>A,C), RS1006468056 (12:52474982 A>G), RS1007439716 (12:52471944 C>T), RS10083103 (12:52468081 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:612315 | disease phenotypes: MIM:615735

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
palmoplantar keratoderma, nonepidermolytic, focal or diffuse	Strong	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (2): focal palmoplantar keratoderma (MONDO:0017672), palmoplantar keratoderma, nonepidermolytic, focal or diffuse (MONDO:0014327)

Orphanet (2): Focal palmoplantar keratoderma (Orphanet:307837), Autosomal dominant focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with plantar blistering (Orphanet:402003)

HPO phenotypes

5 total (5 of 5 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000982	Palmoplantar keratoderma
HP:0002745	Oral leukoplakia
HP:0007556	Plantar hyperkeratosis
HP:0025092	Epidermal acanthosis

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

27 total (human), top 27 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
chloropicrin	affects expression, decreases expression	2
Potassium Dichromate	decreases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation, increases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
isobutyl alcohol	increases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
2-palmitoylglycerol	increases expression	1
Troglitazone	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression	1
Ethanol	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Cadmium	affects binding	1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	decreases expression	1
Dinitrochlorobenzene	affects binding	1
Estradiol	decreases expression	1
Gasoline	increases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Ivermectin	decreases expression	1
Lead	affects binding	1
Nickel	affects binding	1
Phenobarbital	affects expression	1
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1
1-Butanol	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
Particulate Matter	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.