KRT71

Summary

KRT71 (keratin 71, HGNC:28927) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q13.13, encoding Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 71 (Q3SY84). Plays a central role in hair formation.

Keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into epithelial keratins and hair keratins. This gene encodes a protein that is expressed in the inner root sheath of hair follicles. The type II keratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 12q13.

Source: NCBI Gene 112802 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): hypotrichosis 13 (Moderate, GenCC) — +1 more curated relationship
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 206 total — 2 pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 19
• MANE Select transcript: NM_033448

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:28927
Approved symbol	KRT71
Name	keratin 71
Location	12q13.13
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	KRT6IRS, KRT6IRS1, K6IRS1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000139648
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	608245
Entrez	112802

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000267119

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_033448 NM_033448

CCDS: CCDS8831

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000267119 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000939488	52546286	52546506
ENSE00001060904	52552637	52553145
ENSE00001060923	52548701	52548796
ENSE00001060929	52545565	52545599
ENSE00001116740	52543909	52544743
ENSE00001629562	52548152	52548316
ENSE00001643620	52549293	52549353
ENSE00001672258	52547857	52547982
ENSE00001704377	52550029	52550243

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 48 present calls, max score 97.19.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0659 / max 100.3651, expressed in 4 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
131095	0.0659	4

Top tissues by expression

229 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	97.19	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	77.53	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	67.29	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	65.17	silver quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	61.24	silver quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	59.87	silver quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	58.24	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	57.85	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	56.97	silver quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	54.80	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	54.34	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	54.23	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	53.93	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	53.66	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	50.77	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	50.25	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	47.03	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	46.94	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	45.50	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	45.40	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	44.40	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	43.55	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	43.37	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	42.95	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	42.57	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	42.19	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	41.79	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	41.77	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	41.33	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	41.10	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	1.63

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

38 targeting KRT71, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4713-3P	100.00	65.92	505
HSA-MIR-4481	100.00	66.42	1669
HSA-MIR-4455	100.00	65.48	1587
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379
HSA-MIR-651-3P	99.94	73.48	5177
HSA-MIR-4493	99.90	66.48	977
HSA-MIR-4492	99.87	68.25	3611
HSA-MIR-221-5P	99.86	65.45	1052
HSA-MIR-8073	99.86	65.21	1118
HSA-MIR-4447	99.85	67.81	2900
HSA-MIR-4739	99.84	65.25	1832
HSA-MIR-4516	99.61	67.78	3390
HSA-MIR-762	99.58	66.61	1994
HSA-MIR-4441	99.49	66.56	3216
HSA-MIR-4498	99.47	67.42	2360
HSA-MIR-302A-5P	99.39	68.21	1913
HSA-MIR-940	99.37	66.14	2064
HSA-MIR-6507-5P	99.36	70.46	2524
HSA-MIR-6808-5P	99.31	66.23	2150
HSA-MIR-6893-5P	99.31	66.25	2119
HSA-MIR-4505	99.27	67.81	2678
HSA-MIR-5787	99.22	67.86	2628
HSA-MIR-5001-5P	99.05	66.76	1972
HSA-MIR-4270	99.02	66.26	1987
HSA-MIR-6840-3P	98.68	65.95	1923
HSA-MIR-6728-3P	98.63	67.63	1534
HSA-MIR-6754-5P	98.60	65.54	1627
HSA-MIR-6776-5P	98.54	67.43	1304
HSA-MIR-6878-5P	98.49	67.91	2142
HSA-MIR-3665	97.73	65.08	975

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• A novel epithelial keratin, hK6irs1, is expressed differentially in all layers of the inner root sheath, including specialized huxley cells (Flugelzellen) of the human hair follicle.(HK6IRS1) (PMID:11982755)
• Demonstration of the heterozygous mutation c.422T>G (p.Phe141Cys) within the helix initiation motif of the inner root sheath-specific keratin K71 (KRT71) gene in affected family members with autosomal dominant woolly hair/hypotrichosis. (PMID:22592156)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Krt71	ENSMUSG00000051879
rattus_norvegicus	Krt71	ENSRNOG00000049495

Paralogs (68): KRT33A (ENSG00000006059), VIM (ENSG00000026025), KRT31 (ENSG00000094796), NEFM (ENSG00000104722), KRT23 (ENSG00000108244), KRT37 (ENSG00000108417), KRT32 (ENSG00000108759), KRT18 (ENSG00000111057), LMNB1 (ENSG00000113368), KRT36 (ENSG00000126337), KRT17 (ENSG00000128422), GFAP (ENSG00000131095), KRT34 (ENSG00000131737), KRT33B (ENSG00000131738), NES (ENSG00000132688), PRPH (ENSG00000135406), KRT85 (ENSG00000135443), KRT7 (ENSG00000135480), INA (ENSG00000148798), LMNTD1 (ENSG00000152936), LMNA (ENSG00000160789), KRT84 (ENSG00000161849), KRT82 (ENSG00000161850), KRT80 (ENSG00000167767), KRT1 (ENSG00000167768), KRT24 (ENSG00000167916), KRT8 (ENSG00000170421), KRT78 (ENSG00000170423), KRT86 (ENSG00000170442), KRT75 (ENSG00000170454), KRT6C (ENSG00000170465), KRT4 (ENSG00000170477), KRT74 (ENSG00000170484), KRT72 (ENSG00000170486), KRT83 (ENSG00000170523), BFSP2 (ENSG00000170819), KRT19 (ENSG00000171345), KRT15 (ENSG00000171346), KRT38 (ENSG00000171360), KRT13 (ENSG00000171401)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 71 — Q3SY84 (reviewed: Q3SY84)

Alternative names: Cytokeratin-71, Keratin-71, Type II inner root sheath-specific keratin-K6irs1, Type-II keratin Kb34

All UniProt accessions (1): Q3SY84

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Plays a central role in hair formation. Essential component of keratin intermediate filaments in the inner root sheath (IRS) of the hair follicle.

Subunit / interactions. Heterodimer of a type I and a type II keratin. Associates with KRT16 and/or KRT17.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in hair follicles from scalp. Specifically expressed in the inner root sheath (IRS) of the hair follicle. Present in the all 3 IRS layers: the cuticle, the Henle and the Huxley layers. Also detected in the pseudopods of specialized Huxley cells, termed Fluegelzellen, along the area of differentiated Henle cells (at protein level).

Disease relevance. Hypotrichosis 13 (HYPT13) [MIM:615896] A form of hypotrichosis, a condition characterized by the presence of less than the normal amount of hair and abnormal hair follicles and shafts, which are thin and atrophic. The extent of scalp and body hair involvement can be very variable, within as well as between families. HYPT13 is an autosomal dominant form characterized by sparse woolly hair. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Miscellaneous. There are two types of cytoskeletal and microfibrillar keratin, I (acidic) and II (neutral to basic) (40-55 and 56-70 kDa, respectively).

Similarity. Belongs to the intermediate filament family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_258259* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR003054	Keratin_II	Family
IPR018039	IF_conserved	Conserved_site
IPR032444	Keratin_2_head	Domain
IPR039008	IF_rod_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00038, PF16208

UniProt features (20 total): region of interest 8, sequence variant 6, compositionally biased region 2, chain 1, domain 1, site 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q3SY84-F1	72.66	0.52

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 381 (stutter)

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6805567	Keratinization
R-HSA-6809371	Formation of the cornified envelope
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology

MSigDB gene sets: 89 (showing top): GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_EPIDERMIS_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_EPIDERMAL_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, MARTINEZ_RB1_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_MOLTING_CYCLE, GOZGIT_ESR1_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_EPIDERMIS_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_KERATINIZATION, GOBP_SKIN_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_TISSUE_MORPHOGENESIS, GOCC_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_CYTOSKELETON, GOCC_KERATIN_FILAMENT

GO Biological Process (3): hair follicle morphogenesis (GO:0031069), keratinization (GO:0031424), intermediate filament organization (GO:0045109)

GO Molecular Function (2): structural constituent of skin epidermis (GO:0030280), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): cytosol (GO:0005829), keratin filament (GO:0045095), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), intermediate filament (GO:0005882)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Developmental Biology	1
Keratinization	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
hair follicle development	1
anatomical structure morphogenesis	1
hair cycle process	1
epidermis morphogenesis	1
keratinocyte differentiation	1
multicellular organismal process	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization	1
supramolecular fiber organization	1
structural molecule activity	1
binding	1
cytoplasm	1
intermediate filament	1
extracellular vesicle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

560 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KRT71	RSPO2	Q6UXX9	910
KRT71	FGF5	P12034	882
KRT71	PDIK1L	Q8N165	547
KRT71	GORAB	Q5T7V8	521
KRT71	MAP3K21	Q5TCX8	508
KRT71	HOXC13	P31276	503
KRT71	PTPRK	Q15262	480
KRT71	FOXI3	A8MTJ6	457
KRT71	RSPO3	Q9BXY4	448
KRT71	GUCY2F	P51841	445
KRT71	KRTAP9-1	A8MXZ3	421
KRT71	FOXN1	O15353	418
KRT71	TCHH	Q07283	416
KRT71	KRTAP4-16	G5E9R7	413
KRT71	MYLK2	Q9H1R3	411

IntAct

87 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
KRT71	KRT38	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT15	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT31	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT40	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT38	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT71	KRT40	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
KRT71	KRT13	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT13	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT16	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT33B	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT37	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT71	KRT26	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT18	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT19	KRT71	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT71	USHBP1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT71	KRT27	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT71	KRT35	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT71	WASHC3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT71	KRT28	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (53): KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT40 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT71 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT71 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid), KRT71 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0JND2, A3KN27, A6BLY7, A6H712, A6QNX5, A6QQJ3, A7YWK3, D3ZER2, E1AB55, O76014, O76015, P08552, P15331, P21807, P35617, P41219, P46660, P48670, Q0VBK2, Q13515, Q148H5, Q148H6, Q148H8, Q14CN4, Q28177, Q3SY84, Q3TRJ4, Q6A162, Q6IFW3, Q6IFW8, Q6IFX0, Q6IFX4, Q6IFZ9, Q6IG04, Q6IME9, Q6IMF1, Q6KB66, Q6NVD9, Q6NXH9, Q7RTS7

Diamond homologs: A0A8C0N8E3, A0JND2, A3KN27, A4FUZ0, A5A6M6, A5A6M8, A5A6N0, A6QNX5, A6QQJ3, A7YWK3, E1AB55, O43790, O93532, O95678, P02538, P04104, P04259, P04264, P04265, P04266, P05786, P05787, P07744, P08670, P08729, P08776, P11679, P12035, P13647, P15241, P15331, P16878, P18520, P19013, P21807, P25691, P35908, P41219, P48616, P48668

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 37 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Formation of the cornified envelope	17	49.8×	3e-24
Keratinization	17	31.6×	6e-21

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
morphogenesis of an epithelium	16	166.8×	4e-31
intermediate filament organization	16	116.7×	1e-28
epithelial cell differentiation	15	79.8×	5e-24

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

206 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	2
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	129
Likely benign	27
Benign	43

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
140460	NM_033448.3(KRT71):c.422T>G (p.Phe141Cys)	Pathogenic
152062	GRCh38/hg38 12q13.12-13.13(chr12:50633888-52851909)x1	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

1358 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:52546308:G:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52546502:GAAGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52546504:AGC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52546505:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52546506:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52546506:CCTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52546507:C:CA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52546507:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52547851:TCTCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52547852:CTCAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52547853:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52547854:CACC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52547855:A:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52547856:C:A	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52547856:CCTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52547983:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52547993:C:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52548147:CTCAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52548150:A:AG	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52548151:C:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52548185:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52548186:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52548186:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52548263:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52548263:C:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52548312:ATCTC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52548314:CTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52548315:TC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52548316:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52548317:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3446 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:52549296:C:A	K238N	0.999
12:52549296:C:G	K238N	0.999
12:52546476:C:G	A379P	0.998
12:52549308:A:C	F234L	0.998
12:52549308:A:T	F234L	0.998
12:52549310:A:G	F234L	0.998
12:52547909:A:G	L351P	0.997
12:52552655:G:C	F141L	0.997
12:52552655:G:T	F141L	0.997
12:52552657:A:G	F141L	0.997
12:52546488:C:G	A375P	0.996
12:52549322:C:G	A230P	0.996
12:52549330:C:G	R227P	0.996
12:52552656:A:G	F141S	0.995
12:52548175:C:G	A319P	0.994
12:52552656:A:C	F141C	0.994
12:52547939:A:G	L341P	0.993
12:52549300:A:G	L237P	0.993
12:52552665:T:A	N138I	0.993
12:52547903:C:G	R353P	0.992
12:52549298:T:C	K238E	0.992
12:52552664:G:C	N138K	0.992
12:52552664:G:T	N138K	0.992
12:52552668:A:G	L137P	0.992
12:52547900:A:G	L354P	0.991
12:52550122:A:G	L188P	0.991
12:52546307:A:G	L435P	0.990
12:52546496:A:G	L372P	0.990
12:52549297:T:G	K238T	0.990
12:52549309:A:G	F234S	0.990

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000114873 (12:52547781 T>C,G), RS1000124215 (12:52549492 G>A,C,T), RS1000333428 (12:52553077 T>A,C), RS1000520681 (12:52552198 A>G), RS1001389864 (12:52553381 G>A), RS1001588374 (12:52545318 G>A), RS1002280368 (12:52554561 C>T), RS1002367025 (12:52544224 G>A,T), RS1003044768 (12:52546594 A>G), RS1003109793 (12:52551896 C>A,G), RS1003142489 (12:52551667 G>A,T), RS1003388757 (12:52545012 T>C), RS1003402323 (12:52550889 T>G), RS1003435443 (12:52550583 C>T), RS1003469538 (12:52552107 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:608245 | disease phenotypes: MIM:615896

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
hypotrichosis 13	Moderate	Autosomal dominant
isolated familial wooly hair disorder	Supportive	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (2): hypotrichosis 13 (MONDO:0014390), isolated familial wooly hair disorder (MONDO:0008686)

Orphanet (1): Woolly hair (Orphanet:170)

HPO phenotypes

19 total (19 of 19 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000479	Abnormal retinal morphology
HP:0000486	Strabismus
HP:0000518	Cataract
HP:0000615	Abnormal pupil morphology
HP:0000653	Sparse eyelashes
HP:0000971	Abnormal sweat gland morphology
HP:0002213	Fine hair
HP:0002217	Slow-growing hair
HP:0002224	Woolly hair
HP:0002231	Sparse body hair
HP:0002299	Brittle hair
HP:0003577	Congenital onset
HP:0005338	Sparse lateral eyebrow
HP:0005599	Hypopigmentation of hair
HP:0006482	Abnormal dental morphology
HP:0008070	Sparse hair
HP:0010719	Abnormality of hair texture
HP:0011121	Abnormal skin morphology

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C536745	Woolly hair, congenital (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

10 total (human), top 10 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
aflatoxin B2	increases methylation	1
K 7174	increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Methotrexate	decreases expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.