KRT78

Summary

KRT78 (keratin 78, HGNC:28926) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q13.13, encoding Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 78 (Q8N1N4).

This gene is a member of the type II keratin gene family and encodes a protein with an intermediate filament domain. Keratins are the major structural proteins in epithelial cells, forming a cytoplasmic network of 10 to 12 nm wide intermediate filaments and creating a scaffold that gives cells the ability to withstand mechanical and non-mechanical stresses. The genes of the type II keratin family are located as a gene cluster at 12p13.13. Four pseudogenes of this gene family have been identified.

Source: NCBI Gene 196374 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 117 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_173352

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:28926
Approved symbol	KRT78
Name	keratin 78
Location	12q13.13
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	K5B
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000170423
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	611159
Entrez	196374

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 3 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000304620, ENST00000359499, ENST00000547110, ENST00000547920, ENST00000551581

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_173352 NM_001300814, NM_173352

CCDS: CCDS73473, CCDS8840

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000304620 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001153072	52839453	52839487
ENSE00001266158	52848547	52848994
ENSE00001298123	52844093	52844218
ENSE00001312872	52837807	52839372
ENSE00001659005	52839764	52839984
ENSE00001799770	52844559	52844723
ENSE00003553193	52847907	52848121
ENSE00003643478	52846764	52846824
ENSE00003684840	52846197	52846292

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 154 present calls, max score 99.88.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 1.5914 / max 662.1607, expressed in 51 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (6 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
131168	1.4904	44
131170	0.0437	13
131166	0.0200	10
131169	0.0190	7
131167	0.0100	8
131165	0.0083	3

Top tissues by expression

229 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	99.88	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	99.48	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	98.75	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	98.45	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	98.44	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	97.94	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	97.85	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	96.01	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	95.22	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	95.12	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	94.64	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	93.87	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	93.69	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	91.30	gold quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	90.89	gold quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	86.48	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	86.04	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	84.12	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	82.89	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	82.23	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	81.29	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	80.55	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	78.78	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	78.65	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	78.33	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	75.55	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	73.40	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	70.83	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	69.79	gold quality
eye	UBERON:0000970	68.07	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-8221	yes	8579.13
E-ANND-3	no	2.70

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

62 targeting KRT78, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-126-5P	100.00	72.71	3180
HSA-MIR-432-3P	100.00	67.86	705
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-12118	100.00	65.88	1270
HSA-MIR-4476	100.00	68.18	2030
HSA-MIR-6876-5P	100.00	67.68	2126
HSA-MIR-4692	100.00	67.32	2066
HSA-MIR-4713-3P	100.00	65.92	505
HSA-MIR-4500	99.99	72.72	2367
HSA-MIR-4514	99.99	67.10	1870
HSA-MIR-3173-3P	99.98	66.49	1217
HSA-MIR-6891-5P	99.98	66.53	1372
HSA-LET-7A-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7B-5P	99.98	72.31	1790
HSA-LET-7C-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7E-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7F-5P	99.98	72.56	1784
HSA-LET-7G-5P	99.98	72.37	1784
HSA-LET-7I-5P	99.98	72.37	1788
HSA-MIR-98-5P	99.98	72.33	1787
HSA-MIR-4458	99.96	71.64	1650
HSA-MIR-589-3P	99.91	69.62	2088
HSA-MIR-4731-5P	99.89	67.23	2537
HSA-MIR-4492	99.87	68.25	3611
HSA-MIR-12119	99.87	68.35	1653
HSA-MIR-623	99.76	68.16	1170
HSA-MIR-4428	99.73	66.41	1733
HSA-MIR-6512-3P	99.65	66.07	1468
HSA-MIR-6720-5P	99.65	66.22	1459
HSA-MIR-4498	99.47	67.42	2360

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 1)

• K78 is strongly expressed in the basal and parabasal cell layers with decreasing intensity in the lower suprabasal cells of keratinising and non-keratinising squamous epithelia and keratinocyte cultures. (PMID:26340985)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Krt78	ENSMUSG00000050463
rattus_norvegicus	Krt78	ENSRNOG00000059790

Paralogs (68): KRT33A (ENSG00000006059), VIM (ENSG00000026025), KRT31 (ENSG00000094796), NEFM (ENSG00000104722), KRT23 (ENSG00000108244), KRT37 (ENSG00000108417), KRT32 (ENSG00000108759), KRT18 (ENSG00000111057), LMNB1 (ENSG00000113368), KRT36 (ENSG00000126337), KRT17 (ENSG00000128422), GFAP (ENSG00000131095), KRT34 (ENSG00000131737), KRT33B (ENSG00000131738), NES (ENSG00000132688), PRPH (ENSG00000135406), KRT85 (ENSG00000135443), KRT7 (ENSG00000135480), KRT71 (ENSG00000139648), INA (ENSG00000148798), LMNTD1 (ENSG00000152936), LMNA (ENSG00000160789), KRT84 (ENSG00000161849), KRT82 (ENSG00000161850), KRT80 (ENSG00000167767), KRT1 (ENSG00000167768), KRT24 (ENSG00000167916), KRT8 (ENSG00000170421), KRT86 (ENSG00000170442), KRT75 (ENSG00000170454), KRT6C (ENSG00000170465), KRT4 (ENSG00000170477), KRT74 (ENSG00000170484), KRT72 (ENSG00000170486), KRT83 (ENSG00000170523), BFSP2 (ENSG00000170819), KRT19 (ENSG00000171345), KRT15 (ENSG00000171346), KRT38 (ENSG00000171360), KRT13 (ENSG00000171401)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 78 — Q8N1N4 (reviewed: Q8N1N4)

Alternative names: Cytokeratin-78, Keratin-5b, Keratin-78, Type-II keratin Kb40

All UniProt accessions (2): Q8N1N4, H0YI54

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Subunit / interactions. Heterotetramer of two type I and two type II keratins.

Tissue specificity. In non-keratinising esophageal and vaginal epithelium, strongly expressed in the basal and parabasal/lower suprabasal cell layers with considerably decreased expression in the mid/upper suprabasal layers (at protein level). A similar gradient from basal to lower suprabasal layers is seen in the partially keratinised dorsal tongue epithelium, in the scalp and in the plantar epidermis (at protein level). Extension of expression into the suprabasal compartments is distinctly more pronounced in non-keratinising epithelia than in keratinising epithelia and epidermis (at protein level). In scalp sections, present in the interfollicular epidermis and infundibulum including the entire outer root sheath of the hair follicles and also in the sebocytes (at protein level). In sweat glands, expressed in peripheral and luminal cells of the lower duct and in peripheral cells of the middle/upper duct with no expression observed in luminal cells (at protein level). In embryos at the 14th week of pregnancy, detected in basal and parabasal layers but is absent from the uppermost epidermal layer (at protein level). Expressed in tongue epithelium.

Miscellaneous. There are two types of cytoskeletal and microfibrillar keratin, I (acidic) and II (neutral to basic) (40-55 and 56-70 kDa, respectively).

Similarity. Belongs to the intermediate filament family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q8N1N4-1	1	yes
Q8N1N4-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001287743, NP_775487* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR003054	Keratin_II	Family
IPR018039	IF_conserved	Conserved_site
IPR032444	Keratin_2_head	Domain
IPR039008	IF_rod_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00038, PF16208

UniProt features (18 total): region of interest 7, sequence variant 4, splice variant 2, sequence conflict 2, chain 1, domain 1, site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8N1N4-F1	71.93	0.48

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 362 (stutter)

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

5 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6805567	Keratinization
R-HSA-6809371	Formation of the cornified envelope
R-HSA-9725554	Differentiation of Keratinocytes in Interfollicular Epidermis in Mammalian Skin
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology
R-HSA-9734767	Developmental Cell Lineages

MSigDB gene sets: 64 (showing top): GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS, GOBP_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_EPIDERMAL_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, SCHAEFFER_PROSTATE_DEVELOPMENT_48HR_UP, TGANTCA_AP1_C, GOBP_EPIDERMIS_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_KERATINIZATION, GOBP_SKIN_DEVELOPMENT, CP2_01, GOCC_INTERMEDIATE_FILAMENT_CYTOSKELETON, GOCC_KERATIN_FILAMENT, DODD_NASOPHARYNGEAL_CARCINOMA_DN, GOMF_STRUCTURAL_MOLECULE_ACTIVITY, LIN_SILENCED_BY_TUMOR_MICROENVIRONMENT

GO Biological Process (2): keratinization (GO:0031424), intermediate filament organization (GO:0045109)

GO Molecular Function (2): structural constituent of skin epidermis (GO:0030280), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytosol (GO:0005829), keratin filament (GO:0045095), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), intermediate filament (GO:0005882)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Developmental Biology	2
Keratinization	1
Developmental Cell Lineages of the Integumentary System	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
keratinocyte differentiation	1
multicellular organismal process	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization	1
supramolecular fiber organization	1
structural molecule activity	1
binding	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intermediate filament	1
extracellular vesicle	1
intermediate filament cytoskeleton	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1011 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
KRT78	PDPN	Q86YL7	476
KRT78	CYSRT1	A8MQ03	449
KRT78	RRM1	P23921	441
KRT78	POLE	Q07864	441
KRT78	TYMS	P04818	439
KRT78	KRT72	Q14CN4	426
KRT78	C20orf204	A0A1B0GTL2	399
KRT78	SMIM5	Q71RC9	396
KRT78	CRNN	Q9UBG3	388
KRT78	NDUFV2	P19404	381
KRT78	PRMT1	Q99873	371
KRT78	SPRR2E	P22531	370
KRT78	SPRR3	Q9UBC9	370
KRT78	SCEL	O95171	358
KRT78	KRTAP3-1	Q9BYR8	351

IntAct

81 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.710
KRT33B	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.630
KRT78	KRT35	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.630
YWHAH	BLTP3B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.570
KRT27	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT36	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT31	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT25	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT15	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT78	TRIM54	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT14	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT19	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT16	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT34	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT39	KRT78	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KRT78	C14orf119	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PPP2R2B	DDX3X	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.460
	ABL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
WTAP	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
METTL14	HMGB1P1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
COPS5	FBLL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL2	ANXA2P2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL3	PXDNL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LRRK2		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (102): KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Biochemical Activity), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Affinity Capture-MS), KRT78 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0JND2, A3KN27, A6BLY7, A6H712, A6QNX5, A6QQJ3, A7YWK3, D3ZER2, E1AB55, O76014, O76015, P08552, P15331, P21807, P35617, P41219, P46660, P48670, Q0VBK2, Q13515, Q148H5, Q148H6, Q148H8, Q14CN4, Q28177, Q3SY84, Q3TRJ4, Q6A162, Q6IFW3, Q6IFW8, Q6IFX0, Q6IFX4, Q6IFZ9, Q6IG04, Q6IME9, Q6IMF1, Q6KB66, Q6NVD9, Q6NXH9, Q7RTS7

Diamond homologs: A0A8C0N8E3, A0JND2, A3KN27, A4FUZ0, A5A6M6, A5A6M8, A5A6N0, A6QNX5, A6QQJ3, A7YWK3, E1AB55, O43790, O93532, O95678, P02538, P04104, P04259, P04264, P04265, P04266, P05786, P05787, P07744, P08670, P08729, P08776, P11679, P12035, P13647, P15241, P15331, P16878, P18520, P19013, P21807, P25691, P35908, P41219, P48616, P48668

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 61 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Formation of the cornified envelope	12	26.4×	4e-12
Keratinization	12	16.7×	4e-10

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
morphogenesis of an epithelium	12	79.4×	9e-18
intermediate filament organization	12	55.6×	5e-16
epithelial cell differentiation	10	33.8×	5e-11
autophagy	5	10.6×	8e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

117 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	91
Likely benign	13
Benign	7

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1273 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:52839758:CCTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52839759:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52839760:TCAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52839761:CAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52839762:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52839762:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:52839763:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52839980:GCGTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52839981:CGTT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52839981:CGTTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52839983:TT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52839985:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52839986:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52839992:CGGGG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52839993:G:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52839996:G:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52839996:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52844219:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52844580:AG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52844581:G:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52844586:AG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52844719:AGCTC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52844721:CTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52844722:TC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52844723:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52844723:CCTG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52844724:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:52844725:T:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:52846107:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000
12:52846178:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3396 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:52846767:C:A	K219N	0.953
12:52846767:C:G	K219N	0.953
12:52848565:A:C	F122L	0.949
12:52848565:A:T	F122L	0.949
12:52848567:A:G	F122L	0.949
12:52844582:C:G	A300P	0.930
12:52844124:A:G	L339P	0.919
12:52848566:A:G	F122S	0.879
12:52848587:A:G	I115T	0.877
12:52844145:A:G	L332P	0.874
12:52844208:A:G	L311P	0.865
12:52848566:A:C	F122C	0.864
12:52848895:G:C	F12L	0.864
12:52848895:G:T	F12L	0.864
12:52848897:A:G	F12L	0.864
12:52848102:T:G	Q135P	0.863
12:52848556:G:C	F125L	0.862
12:52848556:G:T	F125L	0.862
12:52848558:A:G	F125L	0.862
12:52846275:G:C	F226L	0.861
12:52846275:G:T	F226L	0.861
12:52846277:A:G	F226L	0.861
12:52846218:G:C	F245L	0.859
12:52846218:G:T	F245L	0.859
12:52846220:A:G	F245L	0.859
12:52844103:A:G	L346P	0.855
12:52839823:C:A	K403N	0.846
12:52839823:C:G	K403N	0.846
12:52846779:A:C	F215L	0.846
12:52846779:A:T	F215L	0.846

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000796199 (12:52839704 G>A,C), RS1001068331 (12:52844126 C>T), RS1001113238 (12:52837746 G>A), RS1001373091 (12:52850118 C>A), RS1001397543 (12:52845490 C>T), RS1001732508 (12:52840441 G>A,T), RS1001741924 (12:52846714 T>G), RS1002025733 (12:52846535 G>A,C), RS1002070489 (12:52845305 C>T), RS1002173907 (12:52844957 C>T), RS1002299132 (12:52850962 G>A), RS1002520075 (12:52839267 C>A,T), RS1002555292 (12:52843611 A>T), RS1002624009 (12:52847776 G>A,T), RS1002912973 (12:52843918 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:611159 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006019_37	Gamma glutamyl transferase levels	7.000000e-09
GCST90011899_17	Aspartate aminotransferase levels	2.000000e-10

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004532	serum gamma-glutamyl transferase measurement
EFO:0004736	aspartate aminotransferase measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

28 total (human), top 28 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, decreases methylation	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
sodium arsenate	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether	affects cotreatment, affects localization, decreases expression, increases expression	1
terbufos	increases methylation	1
arsenite	increases methylation	1
hydroquinone	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
abrine	increases expression	1
bisphenol S	affects expression	1
Allergens	increases expression	1
Arsenic	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Cadmium	affects binding	1
Diazinon	increases methylation	1
Dinitrochlorobenzene	affects binding	1
Fonofos	increases methylation	1
Furaldehyde	affects cotreatment, affects localization, decreases expression, increases expression	1
Parathion	increases methylation	1
Sodium Chloride	increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects localization	1
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
beta-Naphthoflavone	increases expression	1
Lactic Acid	decreases expression	1
Genistein	increases reaction, affects binding	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.