LARS1

Summary

LARS1 (leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1, HGNC:6512) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q32, encoding Leucine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic (Q9P2J5). Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the specific attachment of leucine to its cognate tRNA (tRNA(Leu)). It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 99.5% of cancer cell lines).

This gene encodes a cytosolic leucine-tRNA synthetase, a member of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The encoded enzyme catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of L-leucine to tRNA(Leu). It is found in the cytoplasm as part of a multisynthetase complex and interacts with the arginine tRNA synthetase through its C-terminal domain. A mutation in this gene was found in affected individuals with infantile liver failure syndrome 1. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been observed.

Source: NCBI Gene 51520 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): infantile liver failure syndrome 1 (Strong, GenCC)
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 605 total — 14 pathogenic, 14 likely-pathogenic (top 6% of genes corpus-wide)
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 49 tissues, sQTL in 47 (q < 0.05)
• Phenotypes (HPO): 21
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 99.5% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 0.00 (LoF-tolerant), LOEUF 0.79 (unconstrained)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_020117
• Interaction hub: 2,395 STRING partners (top 5% of genes corpus-wide)

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6512
Approved symbol	LARS1
Name	leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1
Location	5q32
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	HSPC192, FLJ10595, FLJ21788, LEUS, RNTLS
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000133706
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	151350
Entrez	51520

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 64 — 31 protein_coding, 17 nonsense_mediated_decay, 13 retained_intron, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

MANE Select: ENST00000394434

Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 1, TSL 2: 2, TSL 3: 4, TSL 5: 4

ENST00000394434, ENST00000504323, ENST00000505223, ENST00000506231, ENST00000507095, ENST00000508667, ENST00000508709, ENST00000510191, ENST00000511505, ENST00000512412, ENST00000618084, ENST00000674158, ENST00000674170, ENST00000674174, ENST00000674181, ENST00000674191, ENST00000674218, ENST00000674270, ENST00000674277, ENST00000674290, ENST00000674309, ENST00000674310, ENST00000674383, ENST00000674398, ENST00000674412, ENST00000674417, ENST00000674447, ENST00000674450, ENST00000674467, ENST00000674471, ENST00000674479, ENST00000907998, ENST00000907999, ENST00000908000, ENST00000908001, ENST00000908002, ENST00000908003, ENST00000908004, ENST00000923242, ENST00000923243, ENST00000923244, ENST00000923245, ENST00000923246, ENST00000923247, ENST00000923248, ENST00000923249, ENST00000970933, ENST00000970934, ENST00001003405, ENST00001003406, ENST00001003407, ENST00001043438, ENST00001043441, ENST00001043442, ENST00001080414, ENST00001080415, ENST00001080416, ENST00001080417, ENST00001080420, ENST00001080421, ENST00001103876, ENST00001107682, ENST00001130428, ENST00001139101

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_020117 NM_001317964, NM_001317965, NM_016460, NM_020117

CCDS: CCDS34265, CCDS83029, CCDS93797, CCDS93798

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000394434 — 32 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001026660	146153893	146153980
ENSE00001026662	146157403	146157628
ENSE00001026664	146131019	146131109
ENSE00001026669	146153174	146153227
ENSE00001026689	146151862	146152002
ENSE00001026692	146153734	146153810
ENSE00001156449	146132898	146133081
ENSE00001752781	146182488	146182650
ENSE00002465699	146130018	146130158
ENSE00002505955	146113034	146114311
ENSE00003471443	146128672	146128782
ENSE00003488127	146126435	146126545
ENSE00003492300	146123982	146124086
ENSE00003509120	146177547	146177665
ENSE00003509134	146120371	146120503
ENSE00003512870	146144624	146144709
ENSE00003536965	146157728	146157795
ENSE00003544811	146168128	146168265
ENSE00003548361	146135601	146135664
ENSE00003566597	146164310	146164471
ENSE00003567194	146159407	146159470
ENSE00003568827	146143412	146143550
ENSE00003569000	146144267	146144349
ENSE00003589329	146149622	146149699
ENSE00003609043	146171910	146171990
ENSE00003611362	146142872	146143084
ENSE00003618671	146128978	146129118
ENSE00003639628	146160374	146160486
ENSE00003643699	146144472	146144537
ENSE00003643724	146140204	146140261
ENSE00003656293	146172687	146172774
ENSE00003666274	146122492	146122587

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 292 present calls, max score 97.76.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 82.7100 / max 2081.2741, expressed in 1819 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): Brodmann (1909) area 23, endothelial cell, ventricular zone, adrenal tissue, middle temporal gyrus.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

LARS1 is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 49 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 47 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

showing 20 of 96 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Thyroid	eqtl	1.1e-118	+0.85	5:146092836:G:A
Nerve Tibial	eqtl	6.8e-101	+0.53	5:146153364:T:C
Artery Tibial	eqtl	8.1e-77	+0.48	5:146135783:C:T
Adipose Subcutaneous	eqtl	9.5e-73	+0.42	5:146100495:C:CATT
Breast Mammary Tissue	eqtl	1.4e-64	+0.52	5:146094254:G:A
Esophagus Muscularis	eqtl	1.3e-62	+0.47	5:146126685:C:T
Cells Cultured fibroblasts	eqtl	3.7e-62	+0.32	5:146177423:G:A
Adipose Visceral Omentum	eqtl	5.4e-62	+0.43	5:146165203:A:G
Artery Aorta	eqtl	2.1e-60	+0.67	5:146125921:T:G
Lung	eqtl	2.6e-56	+0.36	5:146092836:G:A
Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg	eqtl	3.2e-53	+0.40	5:146135783:C:T
Esophagus Mucosa	eqtl	3.9e-53	+0.34	5:146176249:C:T
Colon Transverse	eqtl	8.6e-51	+0.71	5:146126196:A:G
Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic	eqtl	1.8e-50	+0.47	5:146126196:A:G
Esophagus Gastroesophageal Junction	eqtl	6.0e-47	+0.52	5:146127039:G:A
Muscle Skeletal	sqtl	1.8e-46	+1.03	5:146084032:T:C
Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg	sqtl	2.7e-46	+1.03	5:146135783:C:T
Adipose Subcutaneous	sqtl	9.5e-44	-1.04	5:146173839:G:C
Pancreas	eqtl	1.8e-43	+0.68	5:146153364:T:C
Brain Cerebellum	eqtl	5.9e-41	+0.84	5:146135783:C:T

FANTOM5 promoters

4 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
63988	77.6466	1819
63986	2.9721	1141
63987	1.2529	632
63985	0.8383	311

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 296 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	97.76	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	97.43	silver quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	97.33	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	96.92	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	96.86	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	96.76	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	96.52	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	96.49	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	96.21	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	96.14	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	96.03	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	95.85	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	95.85	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	95.80	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	95.68	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	95.65	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	95.65	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	95.51	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	95.46	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	95.39	gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	95.36	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	95.36	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	95.30	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	95.24	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	95.23	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	95.20	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	95.08	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	95.08	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	94.98	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	94.97	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	94.94	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	94.92	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	94.90	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	94.84	gold quality
skeletal muscle organ	UBERON:0014892	94.78	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	94.77	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	94.76	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	94.75	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	94.74	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	94.66	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	94.63	gold quality
occipital lobe	UBERON:0002021	94.61	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	94.58	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	94.56	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	94.53	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	94.53	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	94.51	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	94.50	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	94.49	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	94.48	gold quality
entorhinal cortex	UBERON:0002728	94.45	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	94.44	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	94.41	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	94.38	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	94.37	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	94.37	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	94.36	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	94.36	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	94.36	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	94.35	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	94.34	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	94.30	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	94.30	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	94.28	gold quality
uterus	UBERON:0000995	94.28	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	94.23	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	94.20	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	94.19	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	94.19	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	94.17	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	94.14	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	94.12	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	94.12	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	94.10	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	94.04	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	94.03	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	94.02	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	94.01	silver quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	94.00	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	93.99	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	93.95	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	93.94	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	93.93	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	93.93	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	93.90	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	93.87	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	93.85	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	93.82	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	93.82	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	93.80	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	93.80	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	93.76	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	93.76	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	93.75	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	93.75	gold quality
telencephalon	UBERON:0001893	93.74	gold quality
female reproductive system	UBERON:0000474	93.73	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	93.73	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	93.73	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	93.71	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	9.62
E-GEOD-124858	no	676.35
E-MTAB-9689	no	389.19

HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: Low tissue specificity

showing 60 of 78 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

Tissue / cell	Axis	nTPM	Protein (IHC)
Tongue	tissue	54.9
Skeletal muscle	tissue	51.4	medium
Breast	tissue	43.3	high
Cerebral cortex	tissue	41.5	high
Somatosensory cortex	tissue	41.5
Occipital cortex	tissue	40.9
Putamen	tissue	39.8
Cerebellum	tissue	39.8	medium
Retrosplenial and cingulate cortex	tissue	39.7
Hippocampal formation	tissue	39.0
Entorhinal cortex	tissue	39.0
Motor cortex	tissue	38.3
Temporal cortex	tissue	38.2
Retrosplenial cortex	tissue	37.8
Salivary gland	tissue	37.7	high
Prefrontal cortex	tissue	37.5
Pons	tissue	37.0
Thalamus	tissue	36.5
Midbrain	tissue	36.3
Superior colliculi	tissue	36.3
Insular cortex	tissue	36.1
Basal ganglia	tissue	35.7	medium
Ventral forebrain	tissue	35.6
Corpus callosum	tissue	35.4
Periaqueductal gray	tissue	35.3
Olfactory bulb	tissue	34.9
Septum	tissue	34.7
Hypothalamus	tissue	34.6
Substantia nigra	tissue	34.5
Medulla oblongata	tissue	34.3
Amygdala	tissue	33.8
Epididymis	tissue	33.4	high
Rectum	tissue	32.7	medium
Parathyroid gland	tissue	32.7	medium
Tonsil	tissue	32.6	medium
Thyroid gland	tissue	32.5	medium
Spinal cord	tissue	32.5
Retina	tissue	32.2
Pituitary gland	tissue	31.5
Smooth muscle	tissue	31.2	medium
Thymus	tissue	30.5
Kidney	tissue	30.1	high
Ovary	tissue	29.5	not detected
Endometrium 1	tissue	29.3	high
Pancreas	tissue	29.2	medium
Colon	tissue	28.7	medium
Prostate	tissue	28.7	high
Lymph node	tissue	27.8	not detected
Urinary bladder	tissue	27.8	high
Fallopian tube	tissue	27.8	high
Choroid plexus	tissue	27.5
Vagina	tissue	26.9	medium
Cervix	tissue	26.8	medium
Heart muscle	tissue	26.8	medium
Seminal vesicle	tissue	26.6	high
Adrenal gland	tissue	26.6	not detected
Appendix	tissue	25.1	medium
Adipose tissue	tissue	25.0	not detected
Spleen	tissue	24.4	low
Stomach 1	tissue	23.3	medium

Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 191; highest nTPM — Dorsal hippocampus (38.7), Ventral hippocampus (37.3), Subiculum (36.4), White matter (35.4), Dorsal spinal cord (32.5).

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ATF4

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting LARS1 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

showing 30 of 63 miRNAs:

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-432-3P	100.00	67.86	705
HSA-MIR-1193	100.00	65.93	529
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-3134	100.00	66.43	777
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-4534	99.99	66.58	1907
HSA-MIR-150-5P	99.99	66.69	1976
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-9-3P	99.96	70.88	2068
HSA-MIR-5680	99.91	69.83	3421
HSA-MIR-548D-3P	99.87	70.67	4362
HSA-MIR-10395-5P	99.86	67.35	676
HSA-MIR-548BB-3P	99.86	70.58	4354
HSA-MIR-5003-3P	99.85	69.29	2517
HSA-MIR-659-3P	99.85	70.69	1620
HSA-MIR-548AC	99.84	70.77	4351
HSA-MIR-548H-3P	99.84	70.80	4349
HSA-MIR-548Z	99.84	70.80	4349
HSA-MIR-6515-3P	99.82	68.19	1933
HSA-MIR-4668-5P	99.79	70.58	3782
HSA-MIR-320A-3P	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320B	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320C	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320D	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-4429	99.77	69.62	2111

Functional genomics

gnomAD constraint: pLI 1.15e-13, LOEUF 0.787, missense Z 1.62 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD

Regional missense constraint (gnomAD RMC): no regional variation along ENST00000394434 — one region, missense o/e 0.89. DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 99.5% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Most-dependent cell lines (DepMap gene-effect, lower = stronger; ≤ −0.5 shown): HCC38 (-2.229), HCC1187 (-2.202), MFE-280 (-2.068), Caov-4 (-2.03), KU812 (-2.029), UACC-62 (-1.959), Saos-2 (-1.934), S-117 (-1.825), HT-144 (-1.815), T24 (-1.758), JH-EsoAd1 (-1.753), TALL-1 (-1.749), SKM-1 (-1.749), RT4 (-1.734), MPP 89 (-1.733).

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 22)

• leucyl-tRNA synthetase requires its C-terminal domain for its interaction with arginyl-tRNA synthetase in the multi-tRNA synthetase complex (PMID:16055448)
• We identified a novel G3283A transition in the mitochondrial DNA tRNA(Leu (UUR)) gene in a patient with ptosis, ophthalmoparesis and hyporeflexia. (PMID:17363246)
• Results show that K600 in human leucyl-tRNA synthetase affects amino acid specificity and tRNA aminoacylation. (PMID:17378584)
• findings suggest that LARS1 may play roles in migration and growth of lung cancer cells, which suggest its potential implication in lung tumorigenesis (PMID:18446061)
• Study of crystal structures of the editing domain from 2 eukaryotic cytosolic LeuRS; shows a conserved structural core containing the active site for hydrolysis, with distinct bacterial, archeal, or eukaryotic peripheral insertions. (PMID:19426743)
• the introduction of bulky residues into the amino acid binding pocket failed to block deacylation of tRNA, indicating that the architecture of the amino acid binding pocket is different compared to that of other characterized LeuRSs (PMID:19702327)
• hcLeuRS can charge RNALeu with non-cognate amino acids and exclude the incorrect products by multiple editing pathways. (PMID:20805241)
• This work demonstrates that LRS is a key mediator for amino acid signaling to mTORC1. (PMID:22424946)
• Identification of a mutation in LARS as a novel cause of infantile hepatopathy (PMID:22607940)
• the carboxy-terminal domain of human mitochondrial (mt) leucyl-tRNA synthetase can be used to correct mt dysfunctions caused by mt-tRNA mutations. (PMID:24413190)
• Lack of a CP1 hairpin in LeuRS led to complete loss of aminoacylation, amino acid activation, and tRNA binding; however, the mutants retained post-transfer editing. (PMID:25051973)
• the KMSKS catalytic loop affects the aminoacylation and editing capacities of leucyl-tRNA synthetase (PMID:25817995)
• The results showed a decrease in autophagy on addition of leucine, demonstrating crosstalk between leucine sensing, LRS translocation, RagD interaction, and mTORC1 activation. (PMID:28882589)
• Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS) is a leucine sensor of the mTORC1 pathway. (PMID:28963468)
• this study provides evidence for a role of leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (LARS1) in glucose-dependent control of leucine usage. (PMID:31780625)
• Molecular basis of the multifaceted functions of human leucyl-tRNA synthetase in protein synthesis and beyond. (PMID:32232361)
• Genotypic diversity and phenotypic spectrum of infantile liver failure syndrome type 1 due to variants in LARS1. (PMID:32699352)
• Severe course with lethal hepatocellular injury and skeletal muscular dysgenesis in a neonate with infantile liver failure syndrome type 1 caused by novel LARS1 mutations. (PMID:33300650)
• Infantile Liver Failure Syndrome 1 associated with a novel variant of the LARS1 gene: Clinical, genetic, and functional characterization. (PMID:33314043)
• Leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1 is required for proliferation of TSC-null cells. (PMID:34325132)
• O-GlcNAc modification of leucyl-tRNA synthetase 1 integrates leucine and glucose availability to regulate mTORC1 and the metabolic fate of leucine. (PMID:35614056)
• Identification of LARS as an essential gene for osteosarcoma proliferation through large-Scale CRISPR-Cas9 screening database and experimental verification. (PMID:35962451)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lars1b	ENSDARG00000019280
danio_rerio	lars1a	ENSDARG00000090988
mus_musculus	Lars1	ENSMUSG00000024493
rattus_norvegicus	Lars1	ENSRNOG00000018304
drosophila_melanogaster	LeuRS	FBGN0284253
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00003073

Paralogs (7): LARS2 (ENSG00000011376), IARS2 (ENSG00000067704), VARS2 (ENSG00000137411), MARS1 (ENSG00000166986), IARS1 (ENSG00000196305), VARS1 (ENSG00000204394), MARS2 (ENSG00000247626)

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:1913808) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 1 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
preweaning lethality, complete penetrance	1

Additional cross-species homologs

Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara’s model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions’ gene symbols aren’t in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.

Organism	UniProt	Identity	Method
Pongo abelii	Q5R614	98.6%	Diamond
Methanococcus maripaludis C5	A4FYA3	96.2%	Diamond
Methanococcus maripaludis S2	Q6LZD2	95.4%	Diamond
Thermococcus onnurineus NA1	B6YST9	93.1%	Diamond
Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1	Q8NKR7	93.1%	Diamond
Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3	O58698	91.2%	Diamond
Pyrococcus abyssi GE5	Q9V0B9	91.2%	Diamond
Pyrococcus furiosus DSM 3638	Q8U2E6	91.0%	Diamond
Pyrobaculum islandicum DSM 4184	A1RTX9	86.8%	Diamond
Pyrobaculum neutrophilum V24Sta	B1YAS9	86.8%	Diamond
Pyrobaculum arsenaticum DSM 13514	A4WHK6	82.8%	Diamond
Pyrobaculum aerophilum str. IM2	Q8ZXT6	82.8%	Diamond
Sulfurisphaera tokodaii str. 7	Q970Z6	69.2%	Diamond
Methanocaldococcus jannaschii DSM 2661	Q58050	66.0%	Diamond
Methanothrix thermoacetophila PT	A0B7B7	61.5%	Diamond
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	P26637	54.3%	Diamond
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-	Q10490	54.3%	Diamond
Neurospora crassa OR74A	P10857	53.3%	Diamond
Archaeoglobus fulgidus DSM 4304	O30250	53.0%	Diamond
Vairimorpha ceranae BRL01	C4V8L1	52.7%	Diamond
Encephalitozoon cuniculi GB-M1	Q8SRS8	52.7%	Diamond
Dictyostelium discoideum	Q54N83	51.2%	Diamond
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus str. Delta H	O27552	49.6%	Diamond
Methanopyrus kandleri AV19	Q8TVM4	49.6%	Diamond
Ignicoccus hospitalis KIN4/I	A8A8T2	49.4%	Diamond
Arabidopsis thaliana	F4I116	48.5%	Diamond
Enterocytozoon bieneusi H348	B7XHP6	44.2%	Diamond
Aeropyrum pernix K1	Q9YD97	43.9%	Diamond
Staphylothermus marinus F1	A3DKS1	41.2%	Diamond

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
RBM27-POU4F3	protein-coding	127814297
SH3RF2	protein-coding	153769
PLAC8L1	protein-coding	153770
RBM27	protein-coding	54439
POU4F3	protein-coding	5459
PRELID2	protein-coding	153768
GRXCR2	protein-coding	643226
TCERG1	protein-coding	10915

Protein

Protein identifiers

Leucine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic — Q9P2J5 (reviewed: Q9P2J5)

Alternative names: Leucyl-tRNA synthetase

All UniProt accessions (13): A0A6I8PIP7, A0A6I8PIT3, A0A6I8PIV1, A0A6I8PL42, A0A6I8PLB3, A0A6I8PLB8, A0A6I8PRP1, A0A6I8PRS0, A0A6I8PRU9, A0A6I8PS05, A0A6I8PTV8, B4DER1, Q9P2J5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyzes the specific attachment of leucine to its cognate tRNA (tRNA(Leu)). It performs tRNA aminoacylation in a two-step reaction: Leu is initially activated by ATP to form a leucyl-adenylate (Leu-AMP) intermediate; then the leucyl moiety is transferred to the acceptor 3’ end of the tRNA to yield leucyl-tRNA. To improve the fidelity of catalytic reactions, it is also able to hydrolyze misactivated aminoacyl-adenylate intermediates (pre-transfer editing) and mischarged aminoacyl-tRNAs (post-transfer editing).

Subunit / interactions. Part of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex, also known as multisynthetase complex (MSC), that is composed of the aminoacyl-tRNA ligases for Arg (RARS1), Asp (DARS1), Gln (QARS1), Ile (IARS1), Leu (LARS1), Lys (KARS1), Met (MARS1) the bifunctional ligase for Glu and Pro (EPRS1) and the auxiliary subunits AIMP1/p43, AIMP2/p38 and EEF1E1/p18.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Disease relevance. Infantile liver failure syndrome 1 (ILFS1) [MIM:615438] A life-threatening disorder of hepatic function that manifests with acute liver failure in the first few months of life. Clinical features include anemia, renal tubulopathy, developmental delay, seizures, failure to thrive, and liver steatosis and fibrosis. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Activity regulation. 5-fluoro-1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-1,2-benzoxaborole inhibits LARS1 by forming a covalent adduct with the 3’ adenosine of tRNA(Leu) at the editing site, thus locking the enzyme in an inactive conformation.

Domain organisation. The structure of cytoplasmic leucine-tRNA ligase includes four main functional domains: the Rossmann-fold aminoacylation domain, the editing domain known as connective peptide 1 (CP1), the anticodon binding domain for tRNA recognition, and the vertebrate C-terminal (VC) domain for tRNA binding.

Similarity. Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9P2J5-1	1	yes
Q9P2J5-2	2
Q9P2J5-3	3

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001304893, NP_001304894, NP_057544, NP_064502* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001412	aa-tRNA-synth_I_CS	Conserved_site
IPR002300	aa-tRNA-synth_Ia	Domain
IPR004493	Leu-tRNA-synth_Ia_arc/euk	Family
IPR009008	Val/Leu/Ile-tRNA-synth_edit	Homologous_superfamily
IPR009080	tRNAsynth_Ia_anticodon-bd	Homologous_superfamily
IPR013155	M/V/L/I-tRNA-synth_anticd-bd	Domain
IPR014729	Rossmann-like_a/b/a_fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR054509	LARS1_ULD	Domain
IPR055416	RBD_LARS1	Domain

Pfam: PF00133, PF08264, PF22947, PF24810

Enzyme classification (BRENDA)

• EC 6.1.1.4 — leucine-tRNA ligase (BRENDA: 40 organisms, 173 substrates, 199 inhibitors, 375 Km, 348 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

40 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 15. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
L-LEUCINE	0.0011–0.9	91
TRNALEU	0.0001–0.0273	81
ATP	0.08–5.8	68
TRNAGAGLEU	0.0001–0.0058	21
TRNALEU(UAA)	0.0013–0.0044	10
L-ISOLEUCINE	0.25–14	8
TRNALEUCUN	0.0002–0.025	7
TRNALEUUUR	—	7
TRNAUAALEU	0.0015–0.0025	6
L-LEU	0.008–0.05	5
ILE-TRNALEU	0.002–0.0025	4
L-ISOLEUCYL-TRNALEU	0.0092–0.0173	4
L-METHIONINE	0.983–7.5	3
TRNALEU FROM AQUIFEX AEOLICUS	0.0003–0.0014	3
TRNALEU FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI	0.0008–0.0015	3

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea)

• tRNA(Leu) + L-leucine + ATP = L-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) + AMP + diphosphate (RHEA:11688)
• L-methionyl-tRNA(Leu) + H2O = tRNA(Leu) + L-methionine + H(+) (RHEA:77535)

UniProt features (147 total): helix 57, strand 43, mutagenesis site 15, turn 11, binding site 5, modified residue 4, sequence variant 3, sequence conflict 3, splice variant 2, short sequence motif 2, chain 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

8 structures by resolution:

PDB	Title	Method	Resolution (Å)
6LPF	The crystal structure of human cytoplasmic LRS	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.49
6LR6	The crystal structure of human cytoplasmic LRS	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.01
6KID	Crystal structure of human leucyl-tRNA synthetase, ATP-bound form	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.15
6KIE	Crystal structure of human leucyl-tRNA synthetase, Leu-AMS-bound form	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.15
9W01	Cryo-EM structure of LARS1:IARS1 complex	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.16
2WFD	Structure of the human cytosolic leucyl-tRNA synthetase editing domain	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.25
6KQY	Crystal structure of human leucyl-tRNA synthetase, Leucine-bound form	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.3
6KR7	Crystal structure of methylated human leucyl-tRNA synthetase, Leu-AMS-bound form	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	4

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9P2J5-F1	90.78	0.74

Human Protein Atlas

Protein class: Enzymes, ENZYME proteins, Ligase, Metabolic proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins, Plasma proteins, Disease related genes, Potential drug targets, Human disease related genes, Congenital disorders of metabolism, Essential proteins

Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level

Subcellular location (HPA, imaging): cytosol; nuclear bodies

Antibody reliability (HPA): IH supported · IF approved

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (5)

Position	Role
52	L-leucine
54	L-leucine
594	L-leucine
597	L-leucine
719	ATP

Post-translational modifications (4)

Type	Positions
Phosphoserine	720, 167
N6-acetyllysine	970, 1047

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (15)

Position	Phenotype
236–256	loss of leucyl-trna ligase activity. decreased activity in post-transfer editing of trna(leu) mischarged with methionine.
242	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity.
245	no effect on leucyl-trna ligase activity.
245	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity.
245	loss of leucyl-trna ligase activity.
247	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity.
250	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity. decreased activity in pre-transfer editing and no effect on post-transfer editing of trna(leu) …
250	no effect on leucyl-trna ligase activity.
250	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity.
250	loss of leucyl-trna ligase activity.
514–534	loss of leucyl-trna ligase activity. decreased activity in post-transfer editing of trna(leu) mischarged with methionine.
519	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity.
523	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity.
525	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity.
527	reduced leucyl-trna ligase activity.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 curated (TAS) of 10; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

10 pathways:

ID	Pathway	Evidence
R-HSA-379716	Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation	curated
R-HSA-9856649	Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of MITF-M expression and activity	curated
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology	—
R-HSA-9730414	MITF-M-regulated melanocyte development	—
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism	—
R-HSA-71291	Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	—
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins	—
R-HSA-2408522	Selenoamino acid metabolism	electronic
R-HSA-72766	Translation	—
R-HSA-379724	tRNA Aminoacylation	—

MSigDB gene sets: 268 (showing top): GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_ANAPLASTIC_UP, GOBP_AMINO_ACID_ACTIVATION, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_ACID_CHEMICAL, GOBP_TRNA_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_TOR_SIGNALING, MEF2_02, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_ACID_CHEMICAL, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_OXYGEN_CONTAINING_COMPOUND, AACWWCAANK_UNKNOWN, GOBP_TRANSLATION, WANG_LMO4_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_OXYGEN_CONTAINING_COMPOUND, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRACELLULAR_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION

GO Biological Process (10): tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation (GO:0006418), glutaminyl-tRNA aminoacylation (GO:0006425), leucyl-tRNA aminoacylation (GO:0006429), cellular response to amino acid starvation (GO:0034198), cellular response to amino acid stimulus (GO:0071230), cellular response to L-leucine (GO:0071233), positive regulation of TORC1 signaling (GO:1904263), cellular response to leucine starvation (GO:1990253), translation (GO:0006412), aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity (GO:0106074)

GO Molecular Function (9): aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase activity (GO:0002161), glutamine-tRNA ligase activity (GO:0004819), leucine-tRNA ligase activity (GO:0004823), GTPase activator activity (GO:0005096), ATP binding (GO:0005524), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity (GO:0004812), protein binding (GO:0005515), ligase activity (GO:0016874)

GO Cellular Component (6): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), lysosome (GO:0005764), endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783), cytosol (GO:0005829), endomembrane system (GO:0012505), aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex (GO:0017101)

Reactome top-level categories

7 top-level categories:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	1
tRNA Aminoacylation	1
MITF-M-regulated melanocyte development	1
Translation	1
Metabolism	1
Metabolism of proteins	1
Developmental Biology	1

GO top-level categories

50 GO namespaces:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation	2
catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA	2
aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity	2
cytoplasm	2
translation	1
tRNA aminoacylation	1
cellular response to starvation	1
response to amino acid starvation	1
response to amino acid	1
cellular response to acid chemical	1
response to L-leucine	1
cellular response to amino acid stimulus	1
cellular response to nitrogen compound	1
cellular response to oxygen-containing compound	1
positive regulation of TOR signaling	1
TORC1 signaling	1
regulation of TORC1 signaling	1
cellular response to amino acid starvation	1
peptidyltransferase activity	1
translational initiation	1
translational elongation	1
translational termination	1
macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
protein metabolic process	1
protein biosynthetic process	1
tRNA metabolic process	1
regulation of translational fidelity	1
carboxylic ester hydrolase activity	1
aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity	1
deacylase activity	1
GTPase activity	1
enzyme activator activity	1
GTPase regulator activity	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
anion binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
ligase activity, forming carbon-oxygen bonds	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
lytic vacuole	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
vacuole	1
plasma membrane	1
intracellular protein-containing complex	1
catalytic complex	1

Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 17 of 25 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

17 experimentally-supported GO terms:

GO term	NS	Evidence
cellular response to L-leucine	BP	mutant phenotype
cellular response to amino acid starvation	BP	mutant phenotype
cellular response to amino acid stimulus	BP	mutant phenotype
cellular response to leucine starvation	BP	mutant phenotype
glutaminyl-tRNA aminoacylation	BP	direct assay
leucyl-tRNA aminoacylation	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of TORC1 signaling	BP	mutant phenotype
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase multienzyme complex	CC	direct assay
cytoplasm	CC	direct assay
cytosol	CC	direct assay
endomembrane system	CC	direct assay
endoplasmic reticulum	CC	direct assay
lysosome	CC	mutant phenotype
GTPase activator activity	MF	mutant phenotype
aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase activity	MF	direct assay
glutamine-tRNA ligase activity	MF	direct assay
leucine-tRNA ligase activity	MF	direct assay

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

showing 15 of 2,395 interactions by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LARS1	TARS3	A2RTX5	952
LARS1	TARS2	Q9BW92	951
LARS1	TARS1	P26639	950
LARS1	IARS1	P41252	932
LARS1	IARS2	Q9NSE4	905
LARS1	RPS14	P06366	880
LARS1	AARS1	P49588	871
LARS1	MARS1	P56192	848
LARS1	VARS2	Q5ST30	848
LARS1	YARS2	Q9Y2Z4	841
LARS1	YARS1	P54577	839
LARS1	MARS2	Q96GW9	838
LARS1	PARS2	Q7L3T8	837
LARS1	QARS1	P47897	836
LARS1	SARS1	P49591	833

IntAct

Human interaction partners of LARS1 in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

17 partners by confidence:

Partner	Interaction type	MIscore	Records
RARS1	physical association	0.760	3
RRAGD	physical association	0.600	6
RPTOR	association	0.510	1
MTOR	association	0.460	1
ATP5ME	physical association	0.400	1
RPS10	physical association	0.400	1
VIM	physical association	0.400	1
YWHAZ	physical association	0.400	1
TARS3	association	0.350	2
TARSL2	association	0.350	1
DISC1	physical association	0.000	1
DSCAM	physical association	0.000	1
ERG	physical association	0.000	1
IKBKG	physical association	0.000	1
OFD1	physical association	0.000	1
RELA	physical association	0.000	1
TANK	physical association	0.000	1

SIGNOR signaling

3 signaling interactions:

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
ATF4	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	LARS1	“transcriptional regulation”
LARS1	“form complex”	“Multiaminoacyl-tRNA synthetase”	binding
LRRK2	“down-regulates activity”	LARS1	phosphorylation

Protein complexes (CORUM) (1)

Experimentally-characterized complexes this protein is a subunit of (★ = the complex contains a known drug target).

1 complexes by size:

Complex	Subunits	Members
Multisynthetase complex	11	IARS1, KARS1, QARS1, EPRS1, LARS1, MARS1, RARS1, AIMP1, AIMP2, DARS1, EEF1E1

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 17 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Cellular responses to stimuli	6	14.5×	1e-04
Cellular responses to stress	5	14.2×	4e-04

Disease & clinical

Genetic variants

Variant evidence for LARS1: 605 ClinVar records (28 pathogenic / likely pathogenic). Per-variant detail is on Sugi Variant.

ClinVar

605 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	14
Likely pathogenic	14
Uncertain significance	208
Likely benign	177
Benign	124

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (15)

Showing the 15 best-reviewed of 28 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic ClinVar records, ranked by ClinVar review status (expert panel → multiple submitters → single submitter), then by number of submitting labs.

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification	Review	Submitters
1939971	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.727A>T (p.Lys243Ter)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts	2
2533694	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.1237C>T (p.Arg413Ter)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts	2
214578	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.137_141del (p.Tyr46fs)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
214579	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.84_85del (p.Arg28fs)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
1048520	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.2504A>G (p.Tyr835Cys)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
2803844	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.11_12del (p.Arg4fs)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
3117894	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.2500A>T (p.Lys834Ter)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
3699253	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.2383dup (p.Arg795fs)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
4688932	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.1812del (p.Phe603_Tyr604insTer)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
4712611	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.900del (p.Phe300fs)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
4734755	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.904C>T (p.Gln302Ter)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
4736046	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.2342G>A (p.Trp781Ter)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
4738075	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.1621A>T (p.Lys541Ter)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
388496	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.1306G>A (p.Gly436Ser)	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
388497	NM_020117.11(LARS1):c.3064G>C (p.Glu1022Gln)	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1

Per-variant reference — Sugi Variant

Explore LARS1’s pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants individually — each with its ClinVar classification and conditions, applied ACMG criteria (ClinGen expert panel, where curated), the calibrated in-silico predictors (AlphaMissense, REVEL, SaProt, conservation), gnomAD frequency, and the predictor-disagreement QC signal — on Sugi Variant.

SpliceAI

Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 25 predictions of 2,244):

Position(s)	Effect	Δscore	Sites
5:146114313	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:146120369–146120370	donor_loss	1.0000	4
5:146120504–146120505	acceptor_loss	1.0000	6
5:146122536	donor_gain	1.0000
5:146123980–146123981	donor_loss	1.0000	5
5:146124087	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:146124096	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:146124099	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:146124102–146124104	acceptor_gain	1.0000	2
5:146126433–146126434	donor_loss	1.0000	3

AlphaMissense

2,842 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 7,803 scored), across 728 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:

Residue	Likely-pathogenic substitutions	Mean am_pathogenicity	Max am_pathogenicity
M717	9	0.980	0.999
M990	9	0.866	0.992
H251	8	0.997	0.999
D596	8	0.993	0.998
D676	8	0.993	0.999
D752	8	0.993	0.999
D250	8	0.992	0.998
H681	8	0.989	0.998
H60	8	0.988	0.999
D399	8	0.988	0.994
H63	8	0.986	0.997
D748	8	0.981	0.998
D252	8	0.979	0.997
N56	8	0.975	0.999
H91	8	0.975	0.997
H689	8	0.964	0.989
D200	8	0.960	0.983
D405	8	0.946	0.986
F184	8	0.936	0.988
D794	8	0.932	0.971

HPA cancer prognostics

RNA cancer specificity: Low cancer specificity

Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.

4 prognostic cancer types:

Cancer	Prognostic	p-value
Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA)	unfavorable	3.06e-05
Kidney Chromophobe (TCGA)	unfavorable	9.75e-05
Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA)	favorable	0.000188
Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TCGA)	favorable	0.000893

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:151350 | disease phenotypes: MIM:615438, MIM:613070

GenCC curated gene-disease

1 curated gene-disease records:

Disease	Classification	Inheritance	Records
infantile liver failure syndrome 1	Strong	Autosomal recessive	3

Genomics England panels (PanelApp)

Clinical diagnostic gene panels including this gene (8 panels, 8 green/diagnostic-grade). Confidence: green = diagnostic, amber = moderate.

8 panels:

Panel	Rating
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy	green
Hypotonic infant	green
Intellectual disability	green
Leukodystrophy, childhood onset	green
Likely inborn error of metabolism	green
Paediatric disorders	green
Undiagnosed metabolic disorders	green
Unexplained death in infancy and sudden unexplained death in childhood	green

Mondo (2): infantile liver failure syndrome 1 (MONDO:0024568), acute infantile liver failure due to synthesis defect of mtDNA-encoded proteins (MONDO:0013111)

Orphanet (2): Acute infantile liver failure-multisystemic involvement syndrome (Orphanet:370088), Acute infantile liver failure due to synthesis defect of mtDNA-encoded proteins (Orphanet:217371)

HPO phenotypes

21 phenotypes (HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000252	Microcephaly
HP:0000293	Full cheeks
HP:0000407	Sensorineural hearing impairment
HP:0001250	Seizure
HP:0001252	Hypotonia
HP:0001263	Global developmental delay
HP:0001290	Generalized hypotonia
HP:0001397	Hepatic steatosis
HP:0001508	Failure to thrive
HP:0001903	Anemia
HP:0001972	Macrocytic anemia
HP:0002007	Frontal bossing
HP:0002194	Delayed gross motor development
HP:0002240	Hepatomegaly
HP:0002910	Elevated circulating hepatic transaminase concentration
HP:0003128	Lactic acidosis
HP:0003256	Abnormality of the coagulation cascade
HP:0006554	Acute hepatic failure
HP:0010511	Long toe
HP:0100807	Long fingers

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3258 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

10 measured of 17 human assays (46 total across all organisms); most potent 10 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
CHEMBL4558130	IC50	70 nM
CHEMBL4104169	IC50	337 nM
CHEMBL5653589	KD	1440 nM
CHEMBL3764310	IC50	18700 nM
CHEMBL4061292	IC50	26400 nM
CHEMBL3764493	IC50	27600 nM
CHEMBL4074495	IC50	44900 nM
CHEMBL3765025	IC50	45800 nM
CHEMBL3763921	IC50	116000 nM
CHEMBL2436531	IC50	116000 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

28 potent at pChembl≥5 of 42 total, top 28 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.80	IC50	1.6	nM	CHEMBL340082
8.22	IC50	6	nM	CHEMBL341331
7.80	IC50	16	nM	CHEMBL421500
7.65	IC50	22.34	nM	LEUSA
7.48	IC50	33	nM	CHEMBL4174152
7.16	IC50	70.04	nM	CHEMBL4558130
6.80	IC50	160	nM	CHEMBL4163450
6.66	IC50	220	nM	CHEMBL4171458
6.58	Kd	264.8	nM	CHEMBL5653589
6.58	ED50	264.8	nM	CHEMBL5653589
6.47	IC50	337.1	nM	CHEMBL4104169
6.31	IC50	490	nM	CHEMBL4172643
6.22	IC50	600	nM	CHEMBL340082
6.14	IC50	730	nM	CHEMBL332104
6.07	IC50	850	nM	CHEMBL4159778
6.00	IC50	1000	nM	CHEMBL264002
5.96	IC50	1100	nM	CHEMBL4160841
5.94	IC50	1150	nM	CHEMBL341331
5.92	IC50	1200	nM	CHEMBL4163140
5.88	IC50	1310	nM	CHEMBL45426
5.81	IC50	1550	nM	CHEMBL74395
5.70	IC50	2000	nM	CHEMBL4167692
5.64	IC50	2300	nM	CHEMBL74755
5.47	IC50	3400	nM	CHEMBL4171058
5.41	IC50	3900	nM	CHEMBL4161986
5.35	IC50	4500	nM	CHEMBL4174897
5.33	Kd	4627	nM	CHEMBL3752910
5.33	ED50	4627	nM	CHEMBL3752910

PubChem BioAssay actives

27 with measured affinity, of 177 total; 24 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[4-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]oxolan-2-yl]methyl N-[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]sulfamate	101350: Compound tested for the inhibition of Escherichia coli Leucyl-tRNA synthetase	ic50	0.0016	uM
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]oxolan-2-yl]methyl N-[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]sulfamate	101350: Compound tested for the inhibition of Escherichia coli Leucyl-tRNA synthetase	ic50	0.0020	uM
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[4-[2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]oxolan-2-yl]methyl N-[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]sulfamate	101350: Compound tested for the inhibition of Escherichia coli Leucyl-tRNA synthetase	ic50	0.0060	uM
(4aR,6S,7R,7aS)-7-[[2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]sulfamoyl]acetyl]amino]-4-carbamoyl-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid	101353: Compound was evaluated for its inhibitory activity against Leucyl-tRNA synthetase from staphylococcus aureus WCUH29	ic50	0.0160	uM
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl N-[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]sulfamate	1686658: Inhibition of catalytic activity of LRS (unknown origin) by aminoleucylation assay	ic50	0.0223	uM
(2S)-2-amino-N-[3-(2-amino-6-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl]sulfonyl-4-methylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	0.0330	uM
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl N-[(2S,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-4-methylpentanoyl]sulfamate	1686658: Inhibition of catalytic activity of LRS (unknown origin) by aminoleucylation assay	ic50	0.0700	uM
(2S)-2-amino-N-[3-(2-amino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl]sulfonyl-4-methylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	0.1600	uM
(2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-N-naphthalen-2-ylsulfonylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	0.2200	uM
4-methyl-3-[(2-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2148639: Binding affinity to human LARS incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	0.2648	uM
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-iodopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl N-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoyl]sulfamate	1686658: Inhibition of catalytic activity of LRS (unknown origin) by aminoleucylation assay	ic50	0.3371	uM
(2S)-2-amino-N-[3-(2-amino-4-pyridinyl)phenyl]sulfonyl-4-methylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	0.4900	uM
(2S)-2-amino-N-[3-(6-amino-2-pyridinyl)phenyl]sulfonyl-4-methylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	0.8500	uM
[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl N-[(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoyl]sulfamate	101350: Compound tested for the inhibition of Escherichia coli Leucyl-tRNA synthetase	ic50	1.0000	uM
(2S)-2-amino-N-(benzenesulfonyl)-4-methylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	1.1000	uM
(2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-N-(3-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)sulfonylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	1.2000	uM
1-[5-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)phenoxy]pentyl]-3-pyridin-4-ylimidazolidin-2-one	255776: Inhibitory activity against Echovirus 9 using plaque reduction assay	ic50	1.3100	uM
(4aR,6S,7R,7aS)-7-[[2-[[(2S,3S)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoyl]sulfamoyl]acetyl]amino]-4-carbamoyl-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid	101353: Compound was evaluated for its inhibitory activity against Leucyl-tRNA synthetase from staphylococcus aureus WCUH29	ic50	1.5500	uM
(2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-N-[3-(6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl]sulfonylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	2.0000	uM
(4aR,6S,7R,7aS)-7-[[2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoyl]sulfamoyl]acetyl]amino]-4-carbamoyl-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid	101353: Compound was evaluated for its inhibitory activity against Leucyl-tRNA synthetase from staphylococcus aureus WCUH29	ic50	2.3000	uM
(2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-N-(3-phenylphenyl)sulfonylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	3.4000	uM
(2S)-2-amino-N-[3-(2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl]sulfonyl-4-methylpentanamide	1350198: Inhibition of human LeuRS assessed as reduction in ATP consumption	ic50	3.9000	uM
(2S)-2-amino-N-[3-[[2-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]carbamothioylamino]phenyl]sulfonyl-4-methylpentanamide	1350210: Inhibition of human cytoplasmic LeuRS assessed as reduction in protein synthesis measured after 10 mins in presence of [3H]Leu by scintillation counting method	ic50	4.5000	uM
4-methyl-3-[(1-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2148639: Binding affinity to human LARS incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	4.6274	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

55 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression	4
Cyclosporine	increases expression	4
bisphenol A	affects expression, decreases expression	3
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	decreases expression	2
Tretinoin	decreases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	increases abundance, increases palmitoylation, increases expression, decreases reaction	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
bisphenol F	increases expression	1
TAK-243	increases sumoylation	1
geldanamycin	increases expression	1
chloroacetaldehyde	decreases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether	increases expression, affects cotreatment, affects localization, decreases expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
2-bromopalmitate	decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases palmitoylation	1
ochratoxin A	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
nutlin 3	affects cotreatment, increases secretion	1
torcetrapib	increases expression	1
ICG 001	increases expression	1
bisphenol B	increases expression	1
2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
LDN 193189	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
bisphenol AF	increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

35 unique, capped per target: 32 binding, 2 admet, 1 functional

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL3769291	Binding	Inhibition of human leucyl-tRNA synthetase assessed as reduction of [14C]-L-leucine ligation to tRNA incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting method in presence of ATP	Discovery of potent anti-tuberculosis agents targeting leucyl-tRNA synthetase. — *Bioorg Med Chem*
CHEMBL4020313	ADMET	Inhibition of human N-terminal 6His-tagged cytoplasmic LeuRS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as L-[14C]leucine incorporation in to Escherichia coli tRNA after 20 mins by liquid scintillation counting analysis	Discovery of a Potent and Specific M. tuberculosis Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor: (S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-4-chloro-7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-1(3H)-ol (GSK656). — *J Med Chem*
CHEMBL885012	Functional	Inhibitory activity against Echovirus 9 using plaque reduction assay	Synthesis and antipicornavirus activity of (R)- and (S)-1-[5-(4’-chlorobiphenyl-4-yloxy)-3-methylpentyl]-3-pyridin-4-yl-imidazolidin-2-one. — *Bioorg Med Chem Lett*

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

showing 60 of 98 trials:

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT01655212	Phase 3	TERMINATED	Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Efficacy of Antiviral Treatment in a Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT02005822	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Efficacy of Antiviral Treatment
NCT03374514	Phase 3	UNKNOWN	Cochlear Electrical Impedance and the Effect of Topical Dexamethasone on Cochlear Implant Surgery
NCT02497690	Phase 2	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Therapy Via Telemedicine Following Cochlear Implants
NCT03107871	Phase 2	TERMINATED	Randomized Controlled Trial of Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Infected Hearing Impaired Infants
NCT04120116	Phase 2	COMPLETED	FX-322 in Adults With Stable Sensorineural Hearing Loss
NCT05061758	Phase 2	WITHDRAWN	A Trial of LY3056480 in Patients With SNLH
NCT07364747	Phase 2	RECRUITING	Protective Effect of Acetylcysteine Against Cisplatinum-Induced Ototoxicity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT02038972	Phase 1	COMPLETED	Safety of Autologous Stem Cell Infusion for Children With Acquired Hearing Loss
NCT02259595	Phase 1	COMPLETED	Study to Determine the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profile of HPN-07 and HPN-07 Plus NAC
NCT05514470	Not specified	WITHDRAWN	Impact of Mutations in Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases on Protein Translation and Cellular Stress
NCT06566066	Not specified	RECRUITING	Register for Patients With Thyroid Hormone Resistance.
NCT02693704	Phase 2/3	COMPLETED	Evaluation of a Binaural Spatialization Method for Hearing Aids
NCT02882477	Phase 2/3	UNKNOWN	Treatment of Wolfram Syndrome Type 2 With the Chelator Deferiprone and Incretin Based Therapy
NCT01267994	Phase 1/2	COMPLETED	A Clinical Trial of Anakinra for Steroid-Resistant Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease
NCT01902914	Phase 1/2	UNKNOWN	Effectiveness of P02 Digital Hearing Aids
NCT02616172	Phase 1/2	SUSPENDED	Autologous Bone Marrow Harvest and Transplant for Sensorineural Hearing Loss
NCT03616223	Phase 1/2	COMPLETED	FX-322 in Sensorineural Hearing Loss
NCT04129775	Phase 1/2	COMPLETED	OTO-413 in Subjects With Speech-in-Noise Hearing Impairment
NCT04462198	Phase 1/2	COMPLETED	Phase I/IIa Study Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of an Intratympanic Dose of PIPE-505 in Subjects With Hearing Loss
NCT07032038	Phase 1/2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	First In Human Randomised Trial of Rincell-1 in Adults With a Cochlear Implant
NCT06025097	Early Phase 1	COMPLETED	Intra-Tympanic Steroid With PRP Combination in Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Tinnitus.
NCT06707389	Early Phase 1	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Autologous Blood Monocyte Vesicles for the Treatment of Sudden Deafness
NCT07472023	Early Phase 1	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell-Based Interventions for Inner Ear Trauma, Tinnitus, and Sensorineural Hearing Loss
NCT00023036	Not specified	COMPLETED	Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Enlarged Vestibular Aqueducts
NCT00023049	Not specified	COMPLETED	Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Disorders of Hearing and Balance
NCT00261768	Not specified	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Digital Noise Reduction Strategies: A Hearing Aid Trial
NCT00589511	Not specified	COMPLETED	Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant System Pediatric Post-approval Study
NCT00678899	Not specified	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Nucleus Hybrid™ L24 Cochlear Implant System
NCT00787189	Not specified	COMPLETED	Study of Low Level Laser Therapy and Word Recognition in Hearing Impaired Individuals
NCT01184248	Not specified	COMPLETED	The Effect of Sound Stimulation on Pure-tone Hearing Threshold
NCT01434446	Not specified	COMPLETED	The Effect of Sound Stimulation on Hearing Ability
NCT01749592	Not specified	COMPLETED	Single-sided Deafness and Cochlear Implants
NCT01781039	Not specified	COMPLETED	Investigation of Anatomical Correlates of Speech Discrimination
NCT02082431	Not specified	COMPLETED	Determine the Incidence of Long QT Amongst a Large Cohort of Subjects Diagnosed With Unilateral or Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss.
NCT02093806	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Clinical Applications of Round Window Imaging Anatomy in Cochlear Implant Surgery
NCT02252601	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of the High Frequency Digit Triplet Test in Cystic Fibrosis
NCT02584361	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Cochlear Implant and Vestibular Function.
NCT02638883	Not specified	COMPLETED	Implantation of the Cochlear™ Nucleus® Hybrid S Round Window (S-RW) in Adults
NCT02689349	Not specified	COMPLETED	Esteem New Subject Enrollment Post Approval Study
NCT02698787	Not specified	COMPLETED	Fundamental Asynchronous Stimulus Timing Sound Coding Study
NCT02798783	Not specified	COMPLETED	Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct Registry
NCT03212924	Not specified	COMPLETED	Listening Effort in Cochlear Implant Users
NCT03260374	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Objective Measures in Cochlear Implant
NCT03288753	Not specified	COMPLETED	Comparison Between Neuro 1 and Neuro 2 Cochlear Implant Speech Processors
NCT03467399	Not specified	COMPLETED	Clinical Evaluation of a Cochlear Implant System
NCT03718975	Not specified	COMPLETED	Quality Control of CE-Certified Phonak Hearing Aids - 2018_28
NCT03746613	Not specified	COMPLETED	Clinal Evaluation of Navigation Based Functional Ear Surgery Using Image Guided and Robotically Assisted Techniques
NCT03858647	Not specified	TERMINATED	Electrode Placement and Audiologic Outcomes With the Advanced Bionics HiFocus L23 Electrode
NCT03938753	Not specified	COMPLETED	Quality Control of CE-Certified Phonak Hearing Aids - 2018_42
NCT03992989	Not specified	COMPLETED	Quality Control of CE-Certified Phonak Hearing Aids - 2019_19
NCT04102215	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The Efficacy of a Minimally Invasive Direct Cochlear Access Via the HEARO Procedure
NCT04108598	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The SeaSHeL National Prospective Cohort Study
NCT04183361	Not specified	UNKNOWN	ABR Characteristics and Salivary Cortisone Concentration in Noise-exposed Workers
NCT04241679	Not specified	COMPLETED	Auditory Nerve Test System During Vestibular Schwannoma Resection
NCT04331015	Not specified	COMPLETED	Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosis of DFNA9
NCT04450290	Not specified	COMPLETED	Dexamethasone-Eluting Cochlear Implant Electrode
NCT04610450	Not specified	COMPLETED	The Performance of a Robot-assisted Minimally Invasive Direct Cochlear Access for Cochlear Implantation
NCT04733950	Not specified	RECRUITING	Cochlear Implanted Listening Effort and Hearing Attention
NCT04741009	Not specified	COMPLETED	Perimodiolar Implant Performance in Adults With Low-Frequency Residual Hearing

Predicted chemistry — Sugi Predict

The predicted patent-compound landscape for LARS1 across ~30M SureChEMBL compounds — explore on Sugi Predict.