LCN1

Summary

LCN1 (lipocalin 1, HGNC:6525) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 9q34.3, encoding Lipocalin-1 (P31025). Could play a role in taste reception.

This gene encodes a member of the lipocalin family of small secretory proteins. Lipocalins are extracellular transport proteins that bind to a variety of hydrophobic ligands. The encoded protein is the primary lipid binding protein in tears and is overproduced in response to multiple stimuli including infection and stress. The encoded protein may be a marker for chromosome aneuploidy as well as an autoantigen in Sjogren’s syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene, and two pseudogenes of this gene are also located on the long arm of chromosome 9.

Source: NCBI Gene 3933 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 46 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002297

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6525
Approved symbol	LCN1
Name	lipocalin 1
Location	9q34.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	VEGP, TP, PMFA, MGC71975, TLC
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000160349
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	151675
Entrez	3933

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000263598, ENST00000371781

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_002297 NM_001252617, NM_001252618, NM_001252619, NM_002297

CCDS: CCDS6991

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000371781 — 7 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000828353	135525132	135525158
ENSE00000828356	135523232	135523302
ENSE00001347956	135526344	135526540
ENSE00001456083	135521440	135521587
ENSE00002339178	135524830	135524931
ENSE00002369877	135522047	135522177
ENSE00002380392	135523880	135523990

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 90 present calls, max score 96.88.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 34.3130 / max 54044.1745, expressed in 39 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
99446	34.3130	39

Top tissues by expression

263 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
lacrimal gland	UBERON:0001817	96.88	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	90.54	silver quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	79.49	silver quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	77.41	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	77.08	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	75.15	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	72.87	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	72.79	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	72.51	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	72.42	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	71.89	silver quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	69.69	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	67.65	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	65.28	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	65.24	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	62.37	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	62.37	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	62.17	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	61.92	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	61.37	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	60.89	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	60.46	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	60.15	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	59.00	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	59.00	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	58.94	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	58.24	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	58.03	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	57.95	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	56.45	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

23 targeting LCN1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4492	99.87	68.25	3611
HSA-MIR-4516	99.61	67.78	3390
HSA-MIR-6132	99.60	65.83	1554
HSA-MIR-762	99.58	66.61	1994
HSA-MIR-4498	99.47	67.42	2360
HSA-MIR-6722-3P	99.45	67.62	1919
HSA-MIR-7160-5P	99.11	67.17	2207
HSA-MIR-4651	99.06	67.57	2002
HSA-MIR-5001-5P	99.05	66.76	1972
HSA-MIR-1909-3P	99.03	66.56	1662
HSA-MIR-1257	98.97	68.02	1133
HSA-MIR-608	98.93	67.83	2013
HSA-MIR-6829-5P	98.86	65.12	1480
HSA-MIR-4656	98.79	66.22	1306
HSA-MIR-3928-5P	98.50	67.48	980
HSA-MIR-6806-3P	98.50	67.31	980
HSA-MIR-93-3P	98.15	66.65	1309
HSA-MIR-146B-3P	97.83	65.29	782
HSA-MIR-4675	97.69	64.82	774
HSA-MIR-4741	97.69	64.14	883
HSA-MIR-939-5P	97.10	65.80	1579
HSA-MIR-1343-5P	96.48	66.06	1506
HSA-MIR-4471	95.11	66.84	755

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 26)

• The N-terminal part of recombinant human tear lipocalin/von Ebner’s gland protein confers cysteine proteinase inhibition depending on the presence of the entire cystatin-like sequence motifs. (PMID:11727836)
• Lcn-1 is specifically produced by corticotrophs (PMID:11850445)
• LIMR mediating internalization of lipocalin-1 (Lcn-1) in NT2 cells, leading to its degradation. (PMID:12591932)
• structure, function, and mechanism of action [review] (PMID:12613960)
• Tear lipocalin is probable protein carrier for vitamin E tears and is candidate to specifically deliver vitamin E as antioxidant to corneal epithelium. (PMID:12613961)
• Tear surface tension depends partly on presence of tear lipocalin/lipid complex. Tear proteins and lipid-free tear lipocalin lower surface tension. (PMID:12613963)
• pH-driven ligand release involves ionization changes in several titratable residues associated with CD and EF loop apposition and occlusion of the calyx (PMID:15461462)
• structural analysis sheds new light on the ligand binding activity of this functionally obscure but abundant human lipocalin (PMID:15489503)
• Lipocalin is a novel autoantigen target in Sjogren’s syndrome. (PMID:16249071)
• Hydrodynamic and solution properties of lipocalin from human tears show that the protein size and topology are the major determinants of rotational correlation time and a reason for deviation from the Stokes-Einstein relationship. (PMID:17869594)
• Selective displacement of ANS molecules from the ANS-apoTL complex by stearic acid discriminates the internal and external binding sites. (PMID:17945179)
• Tear lipocalin is the principal endonuclease in human tear fluid. (PMID:18334931)
• Results suggest that the excited protein states in tear lipocalin are not unique but consist of many substates. (PMID:19586017)
• Tear lipocalin with the bound artificial ligand 1,4-butanediol has been crystallized in space group P2(1) with four protein molecules in the asymmetric unit and its X-ray structure has been solved at 2.6 A resolution. (PMID:19770509)
• Study has identified the first protein, lipocalin-1, in the secretome of human blastocysts that is associated with chromosome aneuploidy. (PMID:21324447)
• The conserved disulfide bond of human tear lipocalin modulates conformation and lipid binding in a ligand selective manner.( (PMID:21466861)
• Tear lipocalin (TLC) is a major protein in tears and has a large ligand-binding cavity that allows the lipocalin to bind an extensive and diverse set of lipophilic molecules. (PMID:21791187)
• Serum concentrations of LCN1 and LCN2 were both elevated in patients with COPD. (PMID:24920892)
• Tear lysozyme, lactoferrin and lipocalin concentrations were determined via electrophoresis and the results for patients with or without eyelid tumors were compared. (PMID:25914748)
• Human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) concentrations in serum or whole blood activated by formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) were shown to distinguish acute infections of bacterial or viral cause with high accuracy. (PMID:26135974)
• the crosstalk of dendritic cells with lipocalins alone has the potential to direct the type of immune response to these particular antigens. (PMID:26218644)
• the possible relationship between ocular symptomatology, tear volume and tear break-up time (TBUT) and lipocalin, lactoferrin and lysozyme concentrations in the tear film were explored in a group of symptomatic dry-eyed postmenopausal (PM) women. (PMID:26366224)
• At the relatively small concentrations in tears, all ceramides were complexed to tear lipocalin. (PMID:29331331)
• The expression of LCN1 increased gradually from stage 1 to stage 4 in breast cancer patients. (PMID:31424267)
• Lipocalin-1 is the acceptor protein for phospholipid transfer protein in tears. (PMID:33631671)
• Targeted proteomics using parallel reaction monitoring confirms salivary proteins indicative of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. (PMID:35995384)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
rattus_norvegicus		ENSRNOG00000074004
rattus_norvegicus		ENSRNOG00000085594

Paralogs (12): PTGDS (ENSG00000107317), PAEP (ENSG00000122133), OBP2A (ENSG00000122136), LCN2 (ENSG00000148346), LCN9 (ENSG00000148386), OBP2B (ENSG00000171102), LCN15 (ENSG00000177984), LCN12 (ENSG00000184925), LCN10 (ENSG00000187922), LCN8 (ENSG00000204001), LCNL1 (ENSG00000214402), LCN6 (ENSG00000267206)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Lipocalin-1 — P31025 (reviewed: P31025)

Alternative names: Tear lipocalin, Tear prealbumin, von Ebner gland protein

All UniProt accessions (1): P31025

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Could play a role in taste reception. Could be necessary for the concentration and delivery of sapid molecules in the gustatory system. Can bind various ligands, with chemical structures ranging from lipids and retinoids to the macrocyclic antibiotic rifampicin and even to microbial siderophores. Exhibits an extremely wide ligand pocket.

Subunit / interactions. Predominantly monomer. May form homodimer. Interacts with LMBR1L; this interaction mediates the endocytosis of LCN1.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Mainly expressed in lachrymal and salivary glands. Also expressed in the prostate.

Similarity. Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001239546, NP_001239547, NP_001239548, NP_002288* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000566	Lipocln_cytosolic_FA-bd_dom	Domain
IPR002345	Lipocalin	Family
IPR002450	von_Ebner_gland	Family
IPR012674	Calycin	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00061

UniProt features (20 total): strand 14, helix 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, disulfide bond 1, turn 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

4 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1XKI	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
4QAF	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
3EYC	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
5T43	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P31025-F1	88.76	0.72

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (1): 79–171

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-804914	Transport of fatty acids
R-HSA-382551	Transport of small molecules
R-HSA-425397	Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules
R-HSA-425407	SLC-mediated transmembrane transport

MSigDB gene sets: 46 (showing top): GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_CHEMICAL_STIMULUS, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_TASTE, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION, GOMF_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_BINDING, ACEVEDO_METHYLATED_IN_LIVER_CANCER_DN, GOBP_PROTEOLYSIS, GOMF_PEPTIDASE_REGULATOR_ACTIVITY, GOMF_ENZYME_INHIBITOR_ACTIVITY, GOMF_ENZYME_REGULATOR_ACTIVITY, GOMF_CYSTEINE_TYPE_ENDOPEPTIDASE_INHIBITOR_ACTIVITY, GOMF_CHLORIDE_ION_BINDING, GOMF_ENDOPEPTIDASE_REGULATOR_ACTIVITY, REACTOME_TRANSPORT_OF_SMALL_MOLECULES, CTIP_DN.V1_DN, REACTOME_TRANSPORT_OF_FATTY_ACIDS

GO Biological Process (2): proteolysis (GO:0006508), sensory perception of taste (GO:0050909)

GO Molecular Function (6): cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity (GO:0004869), signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), chloride ion binding (GO:0031404), protein binding (GO:0005515), small molecule binding (GO:0036094)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules	1
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport	1
Transport of small molecules	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
binding	2
protein metabolic process	1
sensory perception of chemical stimulus	1
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	1
endopeptidase inhibitor activity	1
protein binding	1
transition metal ion binding	1
anion binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

738 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LCN1	LMBR1L	Q6UX01	946
LCN1	LTF	P02788	922
LCN1	CST4	P01036	891
LCN1	LCN2	P30150	858
LCN1	LACRT	Q9GZZ8	851
LCN1	APOD	P05090	851
LCN1	PAEP	P09466	839
LCN1	C8G	P07360	794
LCN1	WNT8B	Q93098	794
LCN1	LYZL1	Q6UWQ5	787
LCN1	KIF22	Q14807	780
LCN1	PTGDS	P41222	764
LCN1	LYZ	P00695	715
LCN1	RBP4	P02753	692
LCN1	ORM1	P02763	668

IntAct

78 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
Cdca5	RAD21	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
NKAP	NOS1AP	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.660
KLHL22	METTL15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
NPHP4	BAG2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.610
LCN1	PDYN	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.590
RECK	LCN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LCN1	UBQLN2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
FAM25C	LCN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ALOX5	LCN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LCN1	RECK	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
DARS2	GAPDHS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.560
DDX31	IGLL5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
HBM	SCGB2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
DNAJB8	SCGB2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PECR	LCN1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ARMC6	SLC27A2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
KISS1R	ERLIN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
SPATA4	LCN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ALKBH2	LCN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
STK4	ANXA2P2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
UBE3A	TXNL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
UBE3A	IGLC7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SNX27	IGLL5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TDRKH	GGCT	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (117): LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PDYN (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PDYN (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: B3EY83, B5X0G2, H2B3G5, O02853, O09114, O18873, O97921, P02758, P02761, P04119, P07380, P09466, P11588, P11672, P13613, P19647, P20289, P22057, P30152, P31025, P33685, P33686, P33687, P33688, P41222, P41244, P53715, P62502, P62503, P80188, Q28388, Q29095, Q29487, Q29562, Q5VSP4, Q6JVE6, Q6JVL5, Q6UWW0, Q810Z1, Q8K1H9

Diamond homologs: O18873, P20289, P20462, P31025, P41244, P53715, Q29144, Q5VSP4, Q62471, Q62472, Q8K1H9, Q8SQ30, Q9NPH6, Q9NY56, P02755, P02756, Q8WX39, P07380

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

46 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	38
Likely benign	3
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1199 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
9:135521584:GGAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135521585:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135521585:GAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135521588:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135521603:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135521603:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135522158:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135522174:TGCT:T	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135522175:GCT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135522175:GCTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135522176:CTG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135522177:TGT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135522178:G:C	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135522178:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135522179:TGAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135523298:GGCCG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135523299:GCCG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135523299:GCCGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135523300:CCGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135523301:CGGTG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135523302:GGTGA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135523303:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
9:135523303:G:T	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135523304:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
9:135523878:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:135523878:AGAC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:135523879:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:135523879:GAC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:135523879:GACG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:135523962:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

1142 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
9:135522071:G:C	A39P	0.913
9:135522059:T:A	W35R	0.909
9:135522059:T:C	W35R	0.909
9:135524868:T:C	F148L	0.897
9:135524870:T:A	F148L	0.897
9:135524870:T:G	F148L	0.897
9:135523293:T:G	Y95D	0.883
9:135522061:G:C	W35C	0.882
9:135522061:G:T	W35C	0.882
9:135523294:A:C	Y95S	0.871
9:135523990:G:C	G135R	0.869
9:135523985:T:A	L133H	0.855
9:135522156:T:C	L67P	0.829
9:135523245:T:A	C79S	0.829
9:135523246:G:C	C79S	0.829
9:135524830:G:A	G135D	0.824
9:135523985:T:C	L133P	0.822
9:135523293:T:C	Y95H	0.818
9:135522161:G:C	A69P	0.813
9:135524830:G:T	G135V	0.803
9:135521522:A:C	S9R	0.799
9:135521524:C:A	S9R	0.799
9:135521524:C:G	S9R	0.799
9:135522070:G:C	K38N	0.798
9:135522070:G:T	K38N	0.798
9:135522132:T:C	L59P	0.790
9:135524869:T:G	F148C	0.790
9:135523245:T:C	C79R	0.788
9:135525139:C:G	C171W	0.782
9:135524869:T:C	F148S	0.772

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000097919 (9:133317280 C>T), RS1000349069 (9:135526261 C>T), RS1000403103 (9:135525813 C>G,T), RS1001531238 (9:135525567 G>C), RS1002532162 (9:135524705 G>A,T), RS1002722501 (9:133317531 G>A), RS1003106095 (9:135519975 A>G), RS1003523105 (9:133316883 G>A), RS1003852504 (9:135521432 A>G), RS1004247127 (9:135519887 A>G,T), RS1004439353 (9:135524020 A>C), RS1004505833 (9:135526931 G>C,T), RS1004614769 (9:135521048 G>C,T), RS1004845289 (9:133318402 C>T), RS1005388323 (9:135523384 C>A,G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:151675 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST005091_4	Subcutaneous adipose tissue	1.000000e-06
GCST005092_1	Subcutaneous adipose tissue (sex interaction)	1.000000e-07

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0008343	sex interaction measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

22 total (human), top 22 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression	2
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
deoxynivalenol	increases expression	1
potassium persulfate	increases expression	1
terbufos	increases methylation	1
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate	affects binding	1
11-(dansylamino)undecanoic acid	affects binding	1
tebuconazole	decreases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Cadmium	increases expression	1
Clozapine	decreases expression	1
Fonofos	increases methylation	1
Parathion	increases methylation	1
Tretinoin	affects binding	1
Triclosan	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.