LGALS1

Summary

LGALS1 (galectin 1, HGNC:6561) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 22q13.1, encoding Galectin-1 (P09382). Lectin that binds beta-galactoside and a wide array of complex carbohydrates.

The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. This gene product may act as an autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation.

Source: NCBI Gene 3956 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 32 total
• Druggable target: yes — 4 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002305

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6561
Approved symbol	LGALS1
Name	galectin 1
Location	22q13.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	GBP
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000100097
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	150570
Entrez	3956

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 3 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay, 2 retained_intron, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000215909, ENST00000425542, ENST00000454173, ENST00000464120, ENST00000472321, ENST00000480207, ENST00000489315, ENST00000895125, ENST00000895126

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_002305 NM_002305

CCDS: CCDS13954

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000215909 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001045616	37675636	37675711
ENSE00001173615	37679603	37679802
ENSE00003471643	37676986	37677065
ENSE00003491979	37678483	37678654

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 292 present calls, max score 99.95.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 1572.4238 / max 10109.8671, expressed in 1821 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (6 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
192170	1564.4324	1817
192175	3.5834	1055
192172	1.8501	834
192171	1.5053	587
192177	0.9654	519
192176	0.0873	31

Top tissues by expression

295 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	99.95	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	99.93	gold quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	99.88	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	99.88	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	99.88	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	99.88	gold quality
periodontal ligament	UBERON:0008266	99.88	gold quality
myometrium	UBERON:0001296	99.86	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	99.86	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	99.84	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	99.84	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	99.83	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	99.82	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	99.82	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	99.81	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	99.81	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	99.80	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	99.80	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	99.80	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	99.80	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	99.80	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	99.79	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	99.79	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	99.78	gold quality
connective tissue	UBERON:0002384	99.77	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	99.76	gold quality
saphenous vein	UBERON:0007318	99.76	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	99.76	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	99.75	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	99.74	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 81 experiment(s), a significant marker in 70.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-13	yes	12101.89
E-HCAD-24	yes	11744.32
E-MTAB-6701	yes	11385.75
E-MTAB-6308	yes	9875.87
E-MTAB-10287	yes	9516.80
E-MTAB-8410	yes	8514.37
E-MTAB-8142	yes	8098.63
E-CURD-46	yes	8040.06
E-GEOD-124472	yes	7517.08
E-MTAB-9435	yes	7392.71
E-GEOD-124263	yes	7315.27
E-MTAB-8205	yes	6311.77
E-MTAB-8207	yes	6067.96
E-MTAB-7407	yes	6009.82
E-HCAD-4	yes	5966.01

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ARNT, CEBPA, E2F4, FOSB, FOXC1, HIF1A, ID2, JDP2, NFKB1, NFKB, NRG1, PTTG1, SMARCA1, SP1, TBP, TP53, TP63

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Galectin-1 possesses a cell growth-inhibitory site which is not part of the beta-galactoside binding site: a surface loop, comprising amino acid residues 25-30 and joining two internal beta-strands, forms part of the growth-inhibitory site. (PMID:11846886)
• overexpressed in nasal polyps exposed to budesonide (PMID:11850528)
• Galectin-1 has the ability to activate NADPH oxidase in neutrophils that have been exposed to inflammatory mediators and stress during extravasation in vivo. (PMID:11937561)
• Receptor tyrosine phosphatase, CD45 binds galectin-1 but does not mediate its apoptotic signal in Jurkat cells (PMID:12008046)
• Galectin-1 expression of human glioblastoma xenografts from the brains of nude mice revealed a higher level of galectin-1 in invasive areas. Galectin-1 enhances migration of tumor astrocytes and, therefore, their biological aggressiveness. (PMID:12125737)
• Galectin-1 plays a role in binding to the pre-B cell receptor and forms a synapse (PMID:12271131)
• galectin-1 is likely to be involved in the extracellular matrix assembly affecting incorporation of some components important for smooth muscle cell behavior (PMID:12527107)
• galectin-1 induces surface exposure of phosphatidylserine and phagocytic recognition of leukocytes without inducing apoptosis (PMID:12853445)
• Endogenous Gal-1 may be part of novel anti-inflammatory loop in which endothelium is the source of protein and migrating neutrophils the target for its anti-inflammatory action. (PMID:14507657)
• Galectin-1 interacts with beta-1 subunit of integrin (PMID:14550305)
• Galectin-1 activation in human hepatocellular carcinoma involves methylation-sensitive complex formations at the transcriptional upstream and downstream elements (PMID:14612929)
• examined ability of stromal cells secreting galectin-1 to kill T cells. Although the stromal cells synthesized abundant galectin-1, the most of the galectin-1 remained bound to the cell surface, and stromal cell-associated galectin-1 killed bound T cells. (PMID:14617626)
• galectin-1 induces astrocyte differentiation and strongly inhibits astrocyte proliferation, and then the differentiated astrocytes greatly enhance their production of BDNF which may be a new mechanism for preventing neuronal loss after injury (PMID:14693917)
• Galectin-1 plays a role in both cell-matrix interactions and the inhibition of Colo201 tumor cell proliferation in vitro; galectin-1 expressed in cells may be associated with apoptosis. (PMID:14769876)
• Gal-1 signaling in activated T cells constitutes an important mechanism of tumor-immune escape (PMID:15050916)
• Galectin-1-induced cell death proceeds via a caspase-independent pathway that involves a unique pattern of mitochondrial events. (PMID:15297883)
• dGal-1 functions as a dimer to recognize terminal N-acetyllactosamine units on extended poly-N-acetyllactosamines on cell surfaces (PMID:15556936)
• Gal-1 induces mitochondrial coalescence, budding, and fission accompanied by an increase and/or redistribution of fission-associated molecules (PMID:15556941)
• Regulated expression of galectin-1 during T-cell activation involves Lck and Fyn kinases and signaling through MEK1/ERK, p38 MAP kinase and p70 S6 kinase. (PMID:15663199)
• map of polymorphic sites within an 11-kb region containing the gene, including 14 SNPs and two genetic variations of other types detected in a Japanese population sample (PMID:15690107)
• galectin-1 can cross-link HIV-1 and target cells and promote a firmer adhesion of the virus to the cell surface (PMID:15778371)
• findings suggest a possible role for galectin-1 in anchoring microbial and cancer cells known to be rich in T antigen, in high serum IgA1 turn over and in tissue sequestering of IgA1 immune complexes (PMID:15862866)
• galectin 1 may have a role in immunological functions of human mesenchymal stem cells (PMID:15910247)
• Transient Ca(2+) fluxes contribute to a sustained redistribution of phosphatidylserines on neutrophils activated with fMLP and dimeric galecstin-1. (PMID:15929990)
• gal-1 binds to specific N-glycans on Nipah virus (NiV) glycoproteins and aberrantly oligomerizes NiV-F and NiV-G, indicating a mechanism for fusion inhibition. (PMID:15972675)
• galectin-1 shows apoptotic potential in both the epithelial tumour cell lines examined only with additional stress stimuli (PMID:16033063)
• stable inhibition of galectin-1 expression alters the expression of a number of genes that either directly or indirectly influence adhesion, motility and invasion of human glioblastoma cells. (PMID:16051185)
• data indicate that IL-12 down-regulates the expression of both gal-1 and CD7 in the microsomal fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cord blood CD4(+) cells (PMID:16247730)
• HSV-1 may use galectin-1 as a weapon to kill activated T cells and evade specific immune responses (PMID:16388708)
• ANXA1 and Gal-3 changed in their content and localization when neutrophils adhere to endothelia. In contrast, a decrease in the total amounts of Gal-1 was detected in migrated compared to non-migrated neutrophils. (PMID:16530434)
• Results demonstrate that Galectin-1 is an endogenous factor that promotes the proliferation of neural stem cells in the (PMID:16636291)
• Murine dendritic cells engineered to express transgenic galectin-1 in vivo represent a novel tool for differential control of the afferent and efferent arms of the T cell response. (PMID:16751364)
• Galectin-1 binds to and activates monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) to become phenotypically and functionally mature DCs capable of enhanced chemotactic migration in an in vitro extracellular matrix model. (PMID:16785517)
• Galectin 1 binds to VLA-5 integrins on bone marrow stromal cells and to VLA-4, VLA-5, and alpha4beta7 integrins on pre-B cells, forming a homogeneous lattice at the contact area between bone marrow pre-B and stromal cells. (PMID:16818733)
• Galectin 1 induces surface phosphatidylserine exposure in a carbohydrate-dependent fashion in activated, but not resting, human neutrophils and in several leukocyte cell lines. (PMID:16940423)
• galectin-1 regulates tumor angiogenesis and is a target for angiostatic cancer therapy (PMID:17043243)
• galectin-1, is overexpressed in regulatory T cells, and that expression is increased after activation (PMID:17110462)
• galectin-1 expression on stromal cells increases with the histopathologic grade of cervical tissues (PMID:17177840)
• Our results provide evidence of a novel unrecognized role for galectin-1 in the control of monocyte/macrophage physiology with potential implications at the crossroad of innate and adaptive immunity. (PMID:17182582)
• Galectin-1 was found to be negatively regulated by transfection with TP53 in a glioblastoma cell line. (PMID:17269744)

Cross-species orthologs

24 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lgals3b	ENSDARG00000044001
danio_rerio	si:dkey-95h12.2	ENSDARG00000092923
mus_musculus	Lgals1	ENSMUSG00000068220
rattus_norvegicus	Lgals1	ENSRNOG00000009884
drosophila_melanogaster	galectin	FBGN0031213
drosophila_melanogaster	CG11374	FBGN0031214
drosophila_melanogaster	CG13950	FBGN0031289
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002264
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002266
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002269
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002270
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002271
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00004165
caenorhabditis_elegans	C27C7.5	WBGENE00007768
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.3	WBGENE00009746
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.4	WBGENE00009747
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.5	WBGENE00009748
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.8	WBGENE00009751
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00017080
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018255
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018649
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018650
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018651
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00235368

Paralogs (16): LGALS14 (ENSG00000006659), LGALS2 (ENSG00000100079), LGALS13 (ENSG00000105198), CLC (ENSG00000105205), LGALS8 (ENSG00000116977), LGALSL (ENSG00000119862), LGALS3 (ENSG00000131981), LGALS12 (ENSG00000133317), LGALS9 (ENSG00000168961), LGALS9B (ENSG00000170298), LGALS4 (ENSG00000171747), LGALS9C (ENSG00000171916), LGALS7B (ENSG00000178934), LGALS7 (ENSG00000205076), LGALS16 (ENSG00000249861), GRIFIN (ENSG00000275572)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Galectin-1 — P09382 (reviewed: P09382)

Alternative names: 14 kDa laminin-binding protein, 14 kDa lectin, Beta-galactoside-binding lectin L-14-I, Galaptin, HBL, HPL, Lactose-binding lectin 1, Lectin galactoside-binding soluble 1, Putative MAPK-activating protein PM12, S-Lac lectin 1

All UniProt accessions (4): P09382, A0A384MR27, F8WCQ5, F8WEI7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Lectin that binds beta-galactoside and a wide array of complex carbohydrates. Plays a role in regulating apoptosis, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Inhibits CD45 protein phosphatase activity and therefore the dephosphorylation of Lyn kinase. Strong inducer of T-cell apoptosis. Plays a negative role in Th17 cell differentiation via activation of the receptor CD69.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer. Binds LGALS3BP. Interacts with CD2, CD3, CD4, CD6, CD7, CD43, ALCAM and CD45. Interacts with laminin (via poly-N-acetyllactosamine). Interacts with SUSD2. Interacts with cargo receptor TMED10; the interaction mediates the translocation from the cytoplasm into the ERGIC (endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment) and thereby secretion. Interacts with CD69.

Subcellular location. Secreted. Extracellular space. Extracellular matrix. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in placenta, maternal decidua and fetal membranes. Within placenta, expressed in trophoblasts, stromal cells, villous endothelium, syncytiotrophoblast apical membrane and villous stroma. Within fetal membranes, expressed in amnion, chorioamniotic mesenchyma and chorion (at protein level). Expressed in cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle, neurons, thymus, kidney and hematopoietic cells.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_002296* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001079	Galectin_CRD	Domain
IPR013320	ConA-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR044156	Galectin-like	Family

Pfam: PF00337

UniProt features (25 total): strand 10, modified residue 7, binding site 4, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, domain 1, helix 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

41 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
4Q27	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.2
8B0Z	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.23
5MWX	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.29
6M5Y	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.38
4Q26	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.4
4Q2F	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.4
9I4L	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.43
7NML	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.43
4Q1P	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.46
4Q1R	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.47
7LTA	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.53
8B0W	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.53
8R74	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.54
3W58	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.58
9I4K	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.63
1W6N	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.65
1GZW	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
8RDC	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
8OJP	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.71
5MWT	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.71
4Y1U	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.76
1W6P	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
6B94	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
2ZKN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.86
4Y1Y	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.86
1W6O	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
3T2T	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
4XBL	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.93
1W6Q	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
3W59	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P09382-F1	96.72	0.97

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (4): 45–49; 53; 62; 69–72

Post-translational modifications (7): 30, 108, 108, 128, 2, 13, 29

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-381426	Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)
R-HSA-8957275	Post-translational protein phosphorylation
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-597592	Post-translational protein modification

MSigDB gene sets: 606 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_DENDRITIC_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ALPHA_BETA_T_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_HEMOPOIESIS, GOBP_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE, BASSO_B_LYMPHOCYTE_NETWORK, GOBP_B_CELL_ACTIVATION, XU_GH1_AUTOCRINE_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_DENDRITIC_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_T_CELL_ACTIVATION_INVOLVED_IN_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, ENK_UV_RESPONSE_KERATINOCYTE_UP, GCANCTGNY_MYOD_Q6

GO Biological Process (12): plasma cell differentiation (GO:0002317), apoptotic process (GO:0006915), T cell costimulation (GO:0031295), regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0042981), positive regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0043065), positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:0043123), myoblast differentiation (GO:0045445), positive regulation of viral entry into host cell (GO:0046598), positive regulation of inflammatory response (GO:0050729), cell-cell adhesion (GO:0098609), negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment (GO:2000329), signal transduction (GO:0007165)

GO Molecular Function (6): RNA binding (GO:0003723), lactose binding (GO:0030395), laminin binding (GO:0043236), receptor ligand activity (GO:0048018), protein binding (GO:0005515), carbohydrate binding (GO:0030246)

GO Cellular Component (9): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), endoplasmic reticulum lumen (GO:0005788), cytosol (GO:0005829), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), extracellular matrix (GO:0031012), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), galectin complex (GO:1990724)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of proteins	2
Post-translational protein modification	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
apoptotic process	2
binding	2
mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response	1
programmed cell death	1
apoptotic signaling pathway	1
execution phase of apoptosis	1
lymphocyte costimulation	1
positive regulation of T cell activation	1
regulation of programmed cell death	1
regulation of apoptotic process	1
positive regulation of programmed cell death	1
canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	1
regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
cell differentiation	1
muscle structure development	1
regulation of viral entry into host cell	1
symbiont entry into host cell	1
positive regulation by symbiont of entry into host	1
positive regulation of viral life cycle	1
inflammatory response	1
positive regulation of defense response	1
positive regulation of response to external stimulus	1
regulation of inflammatory response	1
cell adhesion	1
negative regulation of cell fate commitment	1
T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment	1
negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation	1
regulation of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
nucleic acid binding	1
disaccharide binding	1
protein binding	1
extracellular matrix binding	1
signaling receptor binding	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2190 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LGALS1	CSH1	P01243	899
LGALS1	CSH1	P01243	891
LGALS1	FN1	P02751	860
LGALS1	PTPRC	P08575	813
LGALS1	VIM	P08670	763
LGALS1	A6NFB4	A6NFB4	741
LGALS1	SLC9C1	Q4G0N8	717
LGALS1	PIBF1	Q8WXW3	712
LGALS1	LUM	P51884	665
LGALS1	LGALS3BP	Q08380	657
LGALS1	SRI	P30626	640
LGALS1	LAMC1	P11047	616
LGALS1	NEK8	Q86SG6	589
LGALS1	NEK9	Q8TD19	589
LGALS1	CD47	Q08722	576

IntAct

178 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
rep	ISG15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.910
ALCAM	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.770
ALCAM	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.770
ALCAM	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.770
LGALS1	ALCAM	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.770
ATP6V0A2	ATP6AP2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
PECAM1	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.680
LGALS1	PECAM1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.680
EFNB3	DENND11	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
CD68	TTI1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
PTPRA	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
CD68	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
LGALS1	KDR	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.600
KDR	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.600
ITGA3	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS1	APOE	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CALR	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
DLST	LGALS1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS1	NEK7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (409): HRAS (Affinity Capture-Western), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-Western), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ANXA11 (Co-fractionation), ANXA2 (Co-fractionation), CHORDC1 (Co-fractionation), HNRNPL (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: A8MUM7, C0HJQ1, C0HJR3, O00182, O00214, O08573, O44126, O54891, O54974, O55060, P05162, P07583, P09382, P11116, P11762, P16045, P23668, P36573, P38552, P47929, P47967, P48538, P56217, P56470, P61801, P81184, P97590, P97840, Q05315, Q09581, Q1ECW6, Q29058, Q3B8N2, Q3MHZ8, Q3T0D6, Q49I35, Q504A5, Q5R7M1, Q62665, Q68FJ4

Diamond homologs: A4D1Z8, C0HJQ1, C0HJR3, O00182, O88644, P08699, P09382, P11116, P16110, P47953, P47967, P97840, Q3B8N2, Q3MHZ8, Q3T0D6, Q49I35, Q6DGJ1, Q6DKI2, Q9D1U0, O00214, O44126, O54974, P05162, P07583, P08520, P11762, P16045, P23668, P26788, P38486, P47845, P47929, P48538, P56217, P81184, P82447, P97590, Q09581, Q29373, Q5R7M1

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
PTTG1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	LGALS1	“transcriptional regulation”

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 177 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Integrin cell surface interactions	8	9.3×	8e-04
Neutrophil degranulation	18	3.6×	8e-04

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	6	18.5×	5e-04
heterophilic cell-cell adhesion	6	13.3×	2e-03
T cell costimulation	5	12.3×	6e-03
positive regulation of T cell proliferation	7	11.9×	9e-04
integrin-mediated signaling pathway	10	10.6×	5e-05
T cell activation	6	10.2×	4e-03
cell-cell adhesion	9	6.0×	4e-03
positive regulation of cell migration	12	4.9×	2e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

32 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	19
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

516 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
22:37675710:GT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
22:37678481:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37678482:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37678482:GCTTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37678586:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
22:37678641:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
22:37678641:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
22:37678650:CAGAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:37678652:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
22:37678652:GAGG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
22:37678653:AGGTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
22:37678654:GGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
22:37679598:CCCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:37679599:CCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:37679600:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:37679601:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37679601:A:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:37679601:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37679602:G:GC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:37679602:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37679602:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37679602:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37679602:GGTGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37675712:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37677063:GAG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37677063:GAGGT:G	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37677066:GT:G	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37677067:T:G	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37678481:AGC:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
22:37678482:G:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900

AlphaMissense

897 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
22:37679666:T:C	F109L	0.986
22:37679668:C:A	F109L	0.986
22:37679668:C:G	F109L	0.986
22:37679637:T:A	V99D	0.985
22:37678541:T:C	F50L	0.980
22:37678543:C:A	F50L	0.980
22:37678543:C:G	F50L	0.980
22:37678484:T:C	F31L	0.979
22:37678486:C:A	F31L	0.979
22:37678486:C:G	F31L	0.979
22:37678598:T:A	W69R	0.977
22:37678598:T:C	W69R	0.977
22:37678542:T:C	F50S	0.974
22:37678580:A:C	S63R	0.972
22:37678582:C:A	S63R	0.972
22:37678582:C:G	S63R	0.972
22:37678572:T:A	V60E	0.970
22:37678632:T:C	F80S	0.970
22:37678600:G:C	W69C	0.968
22:37678600:G:T	W69C	0.968
22:37679705:G:C	A122P	0.968
22:37678538:C:A	R49S	0.967
22:37679631:T:C	L97P	0.967
22:37678569:T:A	I59N	0.966
22:37678530:T:C	F46S	0.965
22:37678539:G:C	R49P	0.965
22:37678579:C:A	N62K	0.965
22:37678579:C:G	N62K	0.965
22:37679667:T:C	F109S	0.963
22:37677041:G:A	G22D	0.961

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000146429 (22:37678740 C>T), RS1000530168 (22:37674210 G>A), RS1000598049 (22:37674997 G>A), RS1000983739 (22:37674703 G>A,C), RS1000985750 (22:37673852 C>G), RS1001030995 (22:37679482 T>G), RS1001387021 (22:37674371 G>A,C), RS1001497486 (22:37680242 G>T), RS1002384787 (22:37675539 C>A,G,T), RS1002479517 (22:37675399 A>C), RS1003397857 (22:37676793 G>A,T), RS1003425688 (22:37675572 A>T), RS1003483118 (22:37676496 G>A), RS1004499643 (22:37675896 C>G), RS1004973952 (22:37677228 C>A,G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:150570 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001343_4	Fat distribution (HIV)	5.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004341	body fat distribution

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4915 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

4 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 2,205 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL1232461	MOLIBRESIB	2	1,538
CHEMBL4297442	OLITIGALTIN	2	559
CHEMBL5182222	SELVIGALTIN	2	20
CHEMBL221186	OTX-008	1	88

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

30 measured of 35 human assays (35 total across all organisms); most potent 30 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value	Patent
(3R,4S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1R)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-thiophen-3-yltriazol-1-yl)cyclohexyl]sulfanyl-4-(4-thiophen-3-yltriazol-1-yl)oxane-3,5-diol	KD	350 nM	US-8703720: Galactoside inhibitors of galectins
(2S,4S,5R)-4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[(1R)-3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	KD	1200 nM	US-8703720: Galactoside inhibitors of galectins
1-[(3R)-3-[(2S,4S,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(propylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]-N-propyltriazole-4-carboxamide	KD	1300 nM	US-8703720: Galactoside inhibitors of galectins
(2S,4S,5R)-4-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[(1R)-3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	KD	1500 nM	US-8703720: Galactoside inhibitors of galectins
(2S,4S,5R)-4-[4-(2-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[(1R)-3-[4-(2-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	KD	1900 nM	US-8703720: Galactoside inhibitors of galectins
4-chloro-N-[(3R)-3-[(2S,4S,5R)-4-[(4-chlorobenzoyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]benzamide	KD	6300 nM	US-8703720: Galactoside inhibitors of galectins
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(butylcarbamothioyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	23000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-{[(3-hydroxypropyl)carbamothioyl]amino}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	23000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(prop-2-en-1-ylcarbamothioyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	34000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(benzylcarbamothioyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	35000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(cyclohexylcarbamothioyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	40000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-(carbamothioylamino)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	43000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-{[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)carbamothioyl]amino}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	43000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(phenylcarbamothioyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	45000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(diethylcarbamothioyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	46000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(methylcarbamothioyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	49000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamothioyl]amino}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	49000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-({[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxyoxan-3-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]carbamothioyl}amino)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	58000 nM
N-[(2R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-5-[(2S,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	65000 nM	US-8703720: Galactoside inhibitors of galectins
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	70000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(morpholin-4-ylmethanethioyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	160000 nM
CHEMBL5405103	IC50	3.2e+06 nM
CHEMBL5419579	IC50	3.9e+06 nM
CHEMBL5405941	IC50	4.1e+06 nM
CHEMBL5437392	IC50	4.8e+06 nM
CHEMBL5420362	IC50	5.9e+06 nM
CHEMBL5432796	IC50	6.1e+06 nM
CHEMBL5437997	IC50	6.1e+06 nM
CHEMBL5428615	IC50	7.3e+06 nM
CHEMBL5429650	IC50	9.7e+06 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

162 potent at pChembl≥5 of 203 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.40	Kd	4	nM	CHEMBL5512479
8.22	Kd	6	nM	CHEMBL5866001
7.92	Kd	12	nM	CHEMBL4091143
7.92	Kd	12	nM	OLITIGALTIN
7.89	Kd	13	nM	CHEMBL2313626
7.89	Kd	13	nM	CHEMBL5925466
7.72	Kd	19	nM	CHEMBL5829222
7.70	Kd	20	nM	CHEMBL5505811
7.57	Kd	27	nM	CHEMBL4065371
7.57	Kd	27	nM	CHEMBL5921738
7.55	Kd	28	nM	CHEMBL5890322
7.54	Kd	29	nM	CHEMBL5798312
7.50	Kd	32	nM	CHEMBL5790628
7.48	Kd	33	nM	CHEMBL5950915
7.47	Kd	34	nM	CHEMBL5556899
7.46	Kd	35	nM	CHEMBL5799558
7.42	Kd	38	nM	CHEMBL5809066
7.36	Kd	44	nM	CHEMBL5978139
7.34	Kd	46	nM	CHEMBL5929368
7.31	Kd	49	nM	CHEMBL2313627
7.30	Kd	50	nM	CHEMBL5772323
7.27	Kd	54	nM	CHEMBL5954468
7.25	Kd	56	nM	CHEMBL5809155
7.24	Kd	57	nM	CHEMBL5557673
7.24	Kd	58	nM	CHEMBL6011223
7.24	Kd	58	nM	CHEMBL5858997
7.22	Kd	60	nM	CHEMBL5926251
7.20	Kd	63	nM	CHEMBL4066068
7.20	Kd	63	nM	CHEMBL5966583
7.18	Kd	66	nM	CHEMBL5971640
7.17	Kd	68	nM	CHEMBL5859811
7.16	Kd	69	nM	CHEMBL4104417
7.16	Kd	70	nM	CHEMBL5925349
7.15	Kd	71	nM	CHEMBL5865693
7.11	Kd	77	nM	CHEMBL5820894
7.11	Kd	78	nM	CHEMBL5919610
7.10	Kd	80	nM	CHEMBL5557470
7.10	Kd	80	nM	CHEMBL5557673
7.10	Kd	79	nM	CHEMBL5853208
7.09	Kd	82	nM	CHEMBL5887621
7.07	Kd	85	nM	CHEMBL5746410
7.05	Kd	90	nM	CHEMBL5746404
7.02	Kd	95	nM	CHEMBL5871228
7.02	Kd	95	nM	CHEMBL5837954
7.01	Kd	98	nM	CHEMBL5549795
6.96	Kd	110	nM	CHEMBL6042998
6.96	Kd	110	nM	CHEMBL5971766
6.96	Kd	110	nM	CHEMBL5777987
6.95	Kd	112	nM	CHEMBL5505763
6.92	Kd	120	nM	CHEMBL5800472

PubChem BioAssay actives

79 with measured affinity, of 518 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
4-[1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]triazol-4-yl]-3H-1,3-thiazol-2-one	2064804: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0040	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-thiophen-3-yltriazol-1-yl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-thiophen-3-yltriazol-1-yl)oxane-3,5-diol	2004626: Binding affinity to galectin-1 (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant	kd	0.0100	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]disulfanyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1472916: Displacement of 3,3’-dideoxy-3-[4-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylaminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3’-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzamido)-1,1’-sulfanediyl-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside from human galectin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 blue by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0100	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]disulfanyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1472916: Displacement of 3,3’-dideoxy-3-[4-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylaminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3’-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzamido)-1,1’-sulfanediyl-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside from human galectin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 blue by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0120	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	2004626: Binding affinity to galectin-1 (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant	kd	0.0120	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	723494: Binding affinity to galectin-1 (unknown origin) by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0130	uM
N-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(2-oxo-3H-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-3’,6’-dihydroxy-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9’-xanthene]-5-carboxamide	2064801: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0200	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]disulfanyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1472916: Displacement of 3,3’-dideoxy-3-[4-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylaminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3’-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzamido)-1,1’-sulfanediyl-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside from human galectin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 blue by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0270	uM
4-[1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxyoxan-4-yl]triazol-4-yl]-3H-1,3-thiazol-2-one	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0340	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-phenyltriazol-1-yl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-phenyltriazol-1-yl)oxane-3,5-diol	723494: Binding affinity to galectin-1 (unknown origin) by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0490	uM
4-[1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxyoxan-4-yl]triazol-4-yl]-3H-1,3-thiazol-2-one	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0570	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]disulfanyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1472916: Displacement of 3,3’-dideoxy-3-[4-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylaminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3’-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzamido)-1,1’-sulfanediyl-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside from human galectin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 blue by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0630	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]disulfanyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	1472916: Displacement of 3,3’-dideoxy-3-[4-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylaminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3’-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzamido)-1,1’-sulfanediyl-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside from human galectin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 blue by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0690	uM
4-[1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]triazol-4-yl]-3H-1,3-thiazol-2-one	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0800	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)triazol-1-yl]-6-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-3-ol	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0980	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)triazol-1-yl]-6-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-3-ol	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1120	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-4-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-3-ol	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1450	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)triazol-1-yl]-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1910	uM
N-butyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(butylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]disulfanyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]triazole-4-carboxamide	1472916: Displacement of 3,3’-dideoxy-3-[4-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylaminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3’-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzamido)-1,1’-sulfanediyl-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside from human galectin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 blue by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.2300	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-thiophen-3-yltriazol-1-yl)oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.2800	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[(3R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-[4-(2-methoxypyrimidin-5-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-3-yl]sulfanyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-3-ol	1814266: Inhibition in human Gal-1	ic50	0.2960	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.3300	uM
4-[1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]triazol-4-yl]-3H-1,3-thiazol-2-one	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.3370	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.3500	uM
N-[[1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]disulfanyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]triazol-4-yl]methyl]-3’,6’-dihydroxy-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9’-xanthene]-5-carboxamide	1472919: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 blue in presence of BSA by direct fluorescence polarization titration assay	kd	0.3900	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.4100	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-(4-pyrimidin-5-yltriazol-1-yl)oxan-3-yl]sulfanyl-5-methoxy-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-3-ol	1814266: Inhibition in human Gal-1	ic50	0.4150	uM
N-[[1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]disulfanyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]triazol-4-yl]methyl]-3’,6’-dihydroxy-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9’-xanthene]-5-carboxamide	1472919: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 expressed in Escherichia coli XL1 blue in presence of BSA by direct fluorescence polarization titration assay	kd	0.5000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-amino-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)triazol-1-yl]-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.6200	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.6400	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(5-bromo-3-pyridinyl)sulfanyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-thiophen-3-yltriazol-1-yl)oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.6800	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[(3R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-[4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-3-yl]sulfanyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-3-ol	1814266: Inhibition in human Gal-1	ic50	0.8800	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-thiophen-2-yltriazol-1-yl)oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.9700	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-[2-(methylamino)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.3600	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-N-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-N-methyloxane-2-carboxamide	1984897: Inhibition of human Galectin-1	ic50	1.5800	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(2-methoxy-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2064770: Binding affinity to human galectin-1 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescein probe based fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.5800	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.7000	uM
N-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-3-methoxybenzamide	412877: Binding affinity to galectin 1 at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	2.0000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-6-[4-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-3-ol	2113961: Inhibition of his-tagged N-terminal human Gal-1 preincubated for 30 mins followed by Biotin-ASF addition and measured after 1 hr by HTRF assay	ic50	2.0000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	2.0000	uM
(2S,5R)-4-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[(2S,5R)-4-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1802696: Fluorescence Polarization Assay from Article 10.1002/cbic.201600673: “Lactosamine-Based Derivatives as Tools to Delineate the Biological Functions of Galectins: Application to Skin Tissue Repair.”	kd	2.2000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[(3R,4R,5S)-5-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-4-hydroxyoxan-3-yl]sulfanyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-3-ol	1814266: Inhibition in human Gal-1	ic50	2.3600	uM
5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-4-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione	2113961: Inhibition of his-tagged N-terminal human Gal-1 preincubated for 30 mins followed by Biotin-ASF addition and measured after 1 hr by HTRF assay	ic50	2.4000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3-chloro-4,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870981: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-1 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	2.4400	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[4-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	2113961: Inhibition of his-tagged N-terminal human Gal-1 preincubated for 30 mins followed by Biotin-ASF addition and measured after 1 hr by HTRF assay	ic50	2.5000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[2-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-4-[4-(4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1984897: Inhibition of human Galectin-1	ic50	2.6000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870981: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-1 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	2.6600	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(1,3-oxazol-2-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2004579: Binding affinity to human galectin 1 assessed as dissociation constant incubated for 30 mins in presence of TDGA probe by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	2.7000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[2-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-3-ol	1984897: Inhibition of human Galectin-1	ic50	2.7200	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870981: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-1 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	2.8300	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

123 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects expression, increases methylation	9
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases expression, increases methylation, affects cotreatment	8
bisphenol A	decreases expression, increases expression	4
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	4
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	3
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	3
Cisplatin	decreases expression, decreases reaction, decreases response to substance, affects expression, increases expression (+1 more)	3
Estradiol	decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression	3
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, decreases expression	3
Tretinoin	decreases expression, increases expression	3
Cyclosporine	decreases expression, increases expression	3
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	3
arsenite	decreases reaction, increases expression, affects binding, increases reaction, decreases expression	2
sulforaphane	decreases expression, affects binding	2
Resveratrol	affects secretion, decreases expression	2
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression	2
Doxorubicin	affects expression	2
Ouabain	affects expression, increases expression	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Quercetin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Smoke	decreases expression, increases abundance	2
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	increases expression	2
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
glycidyl methacrylate	increases expression	1
2,2’-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol)	affects expression, affects response to substance	1
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether	affects cotreatment, affects localization, decreases expression, increases expression	1
decabromobiphenyl ether	affects expression	1
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate	affects expression	1
monocrotaline pyrrole	affects binding, increases activity, increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

99 unique, capped per target: 99 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1005622	Binding	Binding affinity to galectin 1	Synthesis of stable and selective inhibitors of human galectins-1 and -3. — Bioorg Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

6 cell lines: 5 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_B3A5	Abcam HEK293T LGALS1 KO	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_B8JN	Abcam HCT 116 LGALS1 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_B9LX	Abcam A-549 LGALS1 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D2G4	Abcam MCF-7 LGALS1 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_SV47	HAP1 LGALS1 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_XQ14	HAP1 LGALS1 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.