LGALS12

Summary

LGALS12 (galectin 12, HGNC:15788) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 11q12.3, encoding Galectin-12 (Q96DT0). Binds lactose.

This gene encodes a member of the galectin superfamily, a group of beta-galactoside-binding proteins with conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. The related mouse protein is a primary regulator of the early stages of adipose tissue development. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.

Source: NCBI Gene 85329 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 75 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_033101

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:15788
Approved symbol	LGALS12
Name	galectin 12
Location	11q12.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	GRIP1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000133317
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	606096
Entrez	85329

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 11 — 11 protein_coding

ENST00000255684, ENST00000340246, ENST00000394618, ENST00000415491, ENST00000425950, ENST00000674247, ENST00000959021, ENST00000959022, ENST00000959023, ENST00000959024, ENST00000959025

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_033101 NM_001142535, NM_001142536, NM_001142537, NM_001142538, NM_033101

CCDS: CCDS44633, CCDS44634, CCDS44635, CCDS53648, CCDS8045

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000394618 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000908966	63508778	63508991
ENSE00000908969	63509778	63509897
ENSE00000908970	63510463	63510501
ENSE00000908973	63511079	63511105
ENSE00000908974	63511752	63511840
ENSE00000908976	63515563	63515713
ENSE00001197143	63506084	63506527
ENSE00001265943	63508553	63508641
ENSE00002266189	63516247	63516772

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 129 present calls, max score 91.10.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 11.4989 / max 1646.3435, expressed in 351 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (11 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
114795	8.2139	308
114794	1.3077	121
114796	0.5983	79
114799	0.3449	64
114798	0.2990	58
114800	0.2794	31
114801	0.1781	24
114797	0.1096	35
114803	0.0659	29
114793	0.0609	16

Top tissues by expression

232 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	91.10	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	89.79	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	89.57	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	89.30	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	89.20	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	87.42	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	86.82	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	80.37	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	79.11	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	79.11	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	76.64	gold quality
mammary gland	UBERON:0001911	76.27	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	74.78	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	72.22	silver quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	71.66	silver quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	70.90	silver quality
epithelium of mammary gland	UBERON:0003244	70.79	silver quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	70.77	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	70.12	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	68.28	gold quality
pericardium	UBERON:0002407	67.93	silver quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	67.70	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	65.59	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	65.28	gold quality
parietal pleura	UBERON:0002400	64.46	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	63.75	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	63.32	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	63.15	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	62.93	silver quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	62.56	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	2.57

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CD28

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

12 targeting LGALS12, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-1193	100.00	65.93	529
HSA-MIR-4481	100.00	66.42	1669
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-4719	99.73	72.10	3329
HSA-MIR-766-5P	99.47	67.91	2225
HSA-MIR-6507-5P	99.36	70.46	2524
HSA-MIR-138-5P	98.43	70.49	1292
HSA-MIR-6880-5P	98.08	65.59	1282
HSA-MIR-7703	97.64	67.00	965
HSA-MIR-1291	96.28	65.89	1224
HSA-MIR-6775-3P	95.76	65.91	982

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 9)

• results suggest that mouse galectin-12 is a major regulator of adipose tissue development (PMID:15131127)
• Lower LGALS12 gene expression is associated with acute myeloid leukemia. (PMID:25953264)
• Overexpression of galectin-12 contributes to a differentiation block in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells, and suppression of galectin-12 facilitates granulocytic differentiation. (PMID:27256573)
• Galectin-12 is silenced in colorectal cancer via hypermethylation of its promoter. (PMID:29098769)
• that binding of galectin-12 to SLC1A5 significantly reduced glutamine uptake (PMID:30935948)
• Ablation of Galectin-12 Inhibits Atherosclerosis through Enhancement of M2 Macrophage Polarization. (PMID:32752134)
• Galectin-12 in Pancreatic Cancer: A New Player in the Microenvironment? (PMID:34860822)
• Placental expression of inflammatory Galectin-12 is associated with gestational diabetes. (PMID:38492532)
• Expression and secretion of galectin-12 in the context of neutrophilic differentiation of human promyeloblastic HL-60 cells. (PMID:38685860)

Cross-species orthologs

24 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lgals3b	ENSDARG00000044001
danio_rerio	si:dkey-95h12.2	ENSDARG00000092923
mus_musculus	Lgals12	ENSMUSG00000024972
rattus_norvegicus	Lgals12	ENSRNOG00000021207
drosophila_melanogaster	galectin	FBGN0031213
drosophila_melanogaster	CG11374	FBGN0031214
drosophila_melanogaster	CG13950	FBGN0031289
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002264
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002266
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002269
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002270
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002271
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00004165
caenorhabditis_elegans	C27C7.5	WBGENE00007768
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.3	WBGENE00009746
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.4	WBGENE00009747
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.5	WBGENE00009748
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.8	WBGENE00009751
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00017080
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018255
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018649
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018650
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018651
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00235368

Paralogs (16): LGALS14 (ENSG00000006659), LGALS2 (ENSG00000100079), LGALS1 (ENSG00000100097), LGALS13 (ENSG00000105198), CLC (ENSG00000105205), LGALS8 (ENSG00000116977), LGALSL (ENSG00000119862), LGALS3 (ENSG00000131981), LGALS9 (ENSG00000168961), LGALS9B (ENSG00000170298), LGALS4 (ENSG00000171747), LGALS9C (ENSG00000171916), LGALS7B (ENSG00000178934), LGALS7 (ENSG00000205076), LGALS16 (ENSG00000249861), GRIFIN (ENSG00000275572)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Galectin-12 — Q96DT0 (reviewed: Q96DT0)

Alternative names: Galectin-related inhibitor of proliferation

All UniProt accessions (3): A0A140VK26, A0A6Q8JG94, Q96DT0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Binds lactose. May participate in the apoptosis of adipocytes.

Subcellular location. Nucleus.

Tissue specificity. Not widely expressed. Predominantly expressed in adipose tissue.

Domain organisation. Contains two homologous but distinct carbohydrate-binding domains.

Isoforms (7)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q96DT0-1	A	yes
Q96DT0-2	B, GRIP1a
Q96DT0-3	C
Q96DT0-4	D
Q96DT0-5	E, 1
Q96DT0-6	F, 2
Q96DT0-7	G

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001136007, NP_001136008, NP_001136009, NP_001136010, NP_149092* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001079	Galectin_CRD	Domain
IPR013320	ConA-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR044156	Galectin-like	Family

Pfam: PF00337

UniProt features (7 total): splice variant 4, domain 2, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q96DT0-F1	89.07	0.74

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 430 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_INTRACELLULAR_PROTEIN_TRANSPORT, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_UP, IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_LATE_PROGENITOR, DARWICHE_SKIN_TUMOR_PROMOTER_DN, DARWICHE_PAPILLOMA_RISK_LOW_DN, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, DARWICHE_PAPILLOMA_RISK_HIGH_DN, DARWICHE_SQUAMOUS_CELL_CARCINOMA_DN, GOBP_VESICLE_MEDIATED_TRANSPORT, GOBP_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_CELL_PERIPHERY, CEBPB_01, NKX62_Q2, MCBRYAN_PUBERTAL_BREAST_4_5WK_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_PROJECTION_ORGANIZATION

GO Biological Process (2): intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:0097193), apoptotic process (GO:0006915)

GO Molecular Function (2): lactose binding (GO:0030395), carbohydrate binding (GO:0030246)

GO Cellular Component (3): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), mitochondrion (GO:0005739)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
apoptotic signaling pathway	2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	2
intracellular signal transduction	1
programmed cell death	1
execution phase of apoptosis	1
disaccharide binding	1
binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

482 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LGALS12	LGALS13	Q9UHV8	665
LGALS12	CLC	Q05315	608
LGALS12	VSTM4	Q8IW00	477
LGALS12	GFRA2	O00451	441
LGALS12	TIMP4	Q99727	435
LGALS12	LSAMP	Q13449	420
LGALS12	TLR4	O00206	415
LGALS12	SORT1	Q99523	404
LGALS12	EGR2	P11161	401
LGALS12	GAS1	P54826	389
LGALS12	BDNF	P23560	374
LGALS12	LGALS1	P09382	370
LGALS12	NTF4	P34130	366
LGALS12	SERINC2	Q96SA4	352
LGALS12	NTF3	P20783	348

IntAct

9 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
LGALS12	EMB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
RIMS1	KIF2A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SYNGAP1	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RIMS1	PSMD12	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SYNGAP1	POM121C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LGALS12	ITGA5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (18): VPS13C (Affinity Capture-MS), LIMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), EMB (Affinity Capture-MS), VPS13C (Affinity Capture-MS), EMB (Affinity Capture-MS), LIMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), VPS13C (Affinity Capture-MS), EMB (Affinity Capture-MS), LIMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HSPA2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PTPRA (Affinity Capture-MS), ITGA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), SLC38A5 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP13A3 (Affinity Capture-MS), SLCO4A1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0R4IMY7, A4D126, A8MUM7, C0HJQ1, C0HJR3, E9PYK3, O00182, O00214, O08573, O75677, O75679, P07583, P09382, P11116, P11762, P15533, P16045, P47967, P48538, P81184, P97590, P97840, Q05315, Q0P3U3, Q1ECW6, Q1LWG4, Q3B8N2, Q3MHZ8, Q3UX83, Q49I35, Q4AC99, Q5R7M1, Q62665, Q68FJ4, Q6DDR8, Q6DKI2, Q7TPX9, Q8BVP1, Q8N9V2, Q8TCE9

Diamond homologs: A4D1Z8, A8MUM7, O00182, O00214, O08573, O44126, O54891, O54974, O88644, P07583, P08520, P08699, P16110, P17931, P23668, P38486, P38552, P47845, P47929, P47953, P47967, P56217, P56470, P97400, P97590, P97840, Q09605, Q09610, Q1ECW6, Q29058, Q29373, Q3B8N2, Q3MHZ8, Q3T0D6, Q3ZCW2, Q5R5K6, Q5ZHQ2, Q62665, Q68FJ4, Q6DDR8

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

75 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	62
Likely benign	5
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

5425 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
11:63508548:TTCAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:63508549:TCAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:63508551:AGGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:63508552:GGTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:63508642:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
11:63508643:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
11:63508983:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
11:63509773:TCCAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:63509775:CAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:63509776:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:63509776:AGGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:63509777:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:63509777:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:63509777:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:63509777:GGTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:63509777:GGTGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:63509893:TCAAT:T	donor_gain	1.0000
11:63509894:CAAT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
11:63509895:AAT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
11:63509895:AATGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:63509896:AT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
11:63509896:ATGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:63509897:TGT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
11:63509898:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:63509899:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
12:66353412:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:66353415:ACCTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
12:66353562:ACCT:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:66353564:CTG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:66353565:T:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2188 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
11:63509851:T:A	I171K	0.986
11:63508792:T:C	F80S	0.984
11:63508904:G:C	W117C	0.982
11:63508904:G:T	W117C	0.982
11:63509857:G:T	G173V	0.979
11:63508779:T:C	F76L	0.978
11:63508780:T:C	F76S	0.978
11:63508781:T:A	F76L	0.978
11:63508781:T:G	F76L	0.978
11:63508840:T:C	F96S	0.977
11:63509883:T:C	F182L	0.977
11:63509885:C:A	F182L	0.977
11:63509885:C:G	F182L	0.977
11:63508902:T:A	W117R	0.973
11:63508902:T:C	W117R	0.973
11:63508851:T:C	F100L	0.971
11:63508852:T:C	F100S	0.971
11:63508853:C:A	F100L	0.971
11:63508853:C:G	F100L	0.971
11:63509851:T:G	I171R	0.969
11:63515705:T:C	F286L	0.965
11:63515707:C:A	F286L	0.965
11:63515707:C:G	F286L	0.965
11:63508605:T:A	V63D	0.964
11:63509781:A:C	S148R	0.964
11:63509783:T:A	S148R	0.964
11:63509783:T:G	S148R	0.964
11:63511813:G:C	R229P	0.962
11:63515684:T:C	F279L	0.962
11:63515686:C:A	F279L	0.962

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000589746 (11:63510906 C>T), RS1000778653 (11:63507359 G>A), RS1000840899 (11:63506094 G>A), RS1000851004 (11:63516687 C>A), RS1001299946 (11:63506035 C>G,T), RS1001867356 (11:63512470 C>A), RS1002064444 (11:63504299 A>C,G), RS1002068499 (11:63515858 G>A), RS1002438248 (11:63504626 C>A,G), RS1002669562 (11:63514572 AAAAAT>A,AAAAATAAAAT), RS1002892977 (11:63507562 G>A,T), RS1002924009 (11:63507820 C>T), RS1003137059 (11:63514037 G>A), RS1003261130 (11:63509132 C>T), RS1003380266 (11:63514948 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:606096 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

22 total (human), top 22 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases methylation, increases expression	2
Dexamethasone	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	increases expression	1
terbufos	decreases methylation	1
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	increases expression	1
sulforaphane	increases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects response to substance, increases expression	1
clothianidin	increases expression	1
bisphenol S	increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Cisplatin	increases expression	1
Fonofos	decreases methylation	1
Flame Retardants	decreases expression	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	decreases expression, affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Parathion	decreases methylation	1
Tretinoin	increases expression	1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Particulate Matter	increases expression	1
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.