LGALS2

Summary

LGALS2 (galectin 2, HGNC:6562) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 22q13.1, encoding Galectin-2 (P05162). This protein binds beta-galactoside.

The protein encoded by this gene is a soluble beta-galactoside binding lectin. The encoded protein is found as a homodimer and can bind to lymphotoxin-alpha. A single nucleotide polymorphism in an intron of this gene can alter the transcriptional level of the protein, with a resultant increased risk of myocardial infarction.

Source: NCBI Gene 3957 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 28 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_006498

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6562
Approved symbol	LGALS2
Name	galectin 2
Location	22q13.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	HL14
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000100079
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	150571
Entrez	3957

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000215886, ENST00000416480

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_006498 NM_006498

CCDS: CCDS13950

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000215886 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000653900	37570576	37570735
ENSE00000880163	37570248	37570412
ENSE00001045564	37579900	37580087
ENSE00003785439	37571849	37571931

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 197 present calls, max score 99.10.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.2747 / max 202.0789, expressed in 204 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
194073	1.7198	179
194071	1.0151	103
194072	0.2596	108
194074	0.1222	72

Top tissues by expression

282 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	99.10	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	98.90	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	98.70	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	98.54	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	97.71	silver quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	96.88	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	96.69	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	95.87	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	95.63	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	95.48	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	94.66	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	94.54	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	94.42	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	93.54	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	92.48	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	92.41	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	91.39	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	90.41	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	90.12	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	90.09	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	88.26	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	87.92	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	87.54	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	87.47	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	87.40	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	87.38	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	87.10	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	86.69	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	85.93	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	85.84	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 19 experiment(s), a significant marker in 19.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-8495	yes	4371.46
E-HCAD-9	yes	2117.28
E-CURD-79	yes	1472.36
E-CURD-55	yes	934.19
E-GEOD-125970	yes	72.60
E-HCAD-1	yes	60.77
E-CURD-46	yes	41.08
E-HCAD-10	yes	36.53
E-MTAB-10553	yes	35.35
E-CURD-122	yes	29.34
E-MTAB-6701	yes	24.57
E-MTAB-5061	yes	21.24
E-GEOD-81547	yes	20.68
E-CURD-88	yes	13.56
E-MTAB-9467	yes	11.24

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 34)

• Our case-control association study in a Japanese population showed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in LGALS2 encoding galectin-2 is significantly associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction (PMID:15129282)
• This study classifies galectin-2 as proapoptotic effector for activated T cells, raising a therapeutic perspective. (PMID:15356130)
• Fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin were statistically significantly associated with LGALS2 (PMID:16468038)
• Galectin 2 induces surface phosphatidylserine exposure in a carbohydrate-dependent fashion in activated, but not resting, human neutrophils and in several leukocyte cell lines. (PMID:16940423)
• no significant association of allele frequency with risk of myocardial infarction (PMID:17098239)
• polymorphism of LGALS2 was not associated with the severity of coronary atherosclerosis in Japanese and Korean populations (PMID:17493152)
• Data show that galectin-2 SNPs are not associated with myocardial infarction in two different German populations. (PMID:17497114)
• Galectin-2 was present in nuclei of Geneti-cally engineered human colon carcinoma cells with stable ectopic expression. (PMID:17999373)
• Data show that genotypes for the 3279C–>T polymorphism (rs7291467) of LGALS2 was associated (P<0.05) with the prevalence of atherothrombotic cerebral infarction. (PMID:18506375)
• Galectin-2 (LGALS2) 3279C/T polymorphism may be independently associated with diastolic blood pressure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (PMID:19330599)
• Galectin-2 is strongly expressed in inflammatory skin of autoimmune-prone transgenic mice, indicating that galectin-2 is up-regulated upon experimental cutaneous inflammation. (PMID:19380789)
• the LTA gene and LGALS2-C3279T are not associated with coronary artery disease (PMID:19726041)
• These results suggested differences in the inflammatory response to malaria in children and adults with polymorphisms of the galectin-2 gene. (PMID:20500087)
• Studies developed an ultimate rule for galectin recognition of disaccharides. (PMID:21514365)
• Data indicate that Gal-1, Gal-2, Gal-4, and partly Gal-3 bound to monocytes/macrophages. (PMID:21724180)
• results identify galectin-2 as a novel inhibitor of arteriogenesis and its modulation may constitute a new therapeutic strategy for the stimulation of arteriogenesis in patients with coronary artery disease. (PMID:21831908)
• low expression of galectin-2 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and advanced clinical stage in patients with gastric cancer (PMID:22015694)
• LTA and LGALS2 polymorphisms affect the subclinical phenotype of the coronary artery, which predisposes to the incidence of myocardial infarction. (PMID:22310064)
• Cys57Met (single-site) mutant and its monoPEGylated derivative can markedly reduce binding of galectin-2 to physiological binding sites (PMID:23581621)
• The increased circulation of galectins -2, -4 and -8 in cancer patients contributes substantially to the increased circulation of G-CSF, IL-6 and MCP-1 by interaction with the blood vascular endothelium (PMID:24384681)
• Gal-1, 2, and 3 levels were high in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney transplantation improved gal-1, 2, and 3 levels. (PMID:24984218)
• Data suggest that expression of galectin 2 and galectin 2 mRNA is down-regulated in placental extravillous trophoblast and decidua in women with pre-eclampsia as compared to women with normal term pregnancy. (PMID:25707742)
• Galectin-2 binding to different circulating human monocyte subsets depends on monocyte surface expression levels of CD14. It skews human macrophages to a M1-like proinflammatory phenotype. (PMID:25884209)
• Lower LGALS2 gene expression is associated with acute myeloid leukemia. (PMID:25953264)
• PPARG rs1152002, AGTR1 rs5186, CXCL16 rs3744700 and LGALS2 rs7291467 polymorphisms may be closely related to the development of coronary heart disease (PMID:26045830)
• Galectin-1 was undetectable in normal and ulcerative colitis colonic epithelium, while galectin-2, galectin-3, and galectin-4 were strongly expressed. (PMID:26885508)
• Gal-3 was significantly downregulated only in the extravillous trophoblast of intrauterine growth restriction ( IUGR) placentas. In contrast, expressions of gal-2 and gal-13 were downregulated in both villous and extravillous trophoblast cells of IUGR placentas. (PMID:27070577)
• Data show that lactose binding to galectin-2 (Gal-2) stabilizes the lectin’s conformation. (PMID:27563008)
• Study observed decreased methylation at the DHCR24 locus in offspring of women with active pregnancy eating disorders (ED) and increased methylation at the LGALS2 locus in offspring of women with past ED compared to controls. (PMID:29093763)
• Syndecan 4, galectin 2, and death receptor 3 (DR3) as novel proteins in pathophysiology of preeclampsia. (PMID:31608721)
• Placental Galectin-2 Expression in Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic, Histological Analysis. (PMID:32244351)
• Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies LGALS2 as an oxidative stress-responsive gene with an inhibitory function on colon tumor growth. (PMID:33110234)
• Gene polymorphisms of LGALS2, LGALS3 and LGALS9 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (PMID:34371260)
• Regulatory T Cell Apoptosis during Preeclampsia May Be Prevented by Gal-2. (PMID:35163802)

Cross-species orthologs

12 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lgals2b	ENSDARG00000038153
danio_rerio	lgals2a	ENSDARG00000054942
danio_rerio	lgals1l1	ENSDARG00000088711
mus_musculus	Lgals2	ENSMUSG00000043501
rattus_norvegicus	Lgals2	ENSRNOG00000008539
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002264
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002266
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002269
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002270
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002271
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00004165
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018255

Paralogs (16): LGALS14 (ENSG00000006659), LGALS1 (ENSG00000100097), LGALS13 (ENSG00000105198), CLC (ENSG00000105205), LGALS8 (ENSG00000116977), LGALSL (ENSG00000119862), LGALS3 (ENSG00000131981), LGALS12 (ENSG00000133317), LGALS9 (ENSG00000168961), LGALS9B (ENSG00000170298), LGALS4 (ENSG00000171747), LGALS9C (ENSG00000171916), LGALS7B (ENSG00000178934), LGALS7 (ENSG00000205076), LGALS16 (ENSG00000249861), GRIFIN (ENSG00000275572)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Galectin-2 — P05162 (reviewed: P05162)

Alternative names: Beta-galactoside-binding lectin L-14-II, HL14, Lactose-binding lectin 2, S-Lac lectin 2

All UniProt accessions (2): B0QYC9, P05162

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. This protein binds beta-galactoside. Its physiological function is not yet known.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_006489* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001079	Galectin_CRD	Domain
IPR013320	ConA-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR044156	Galectin-like	Family

Pfam: PF00337

UniProt features (17 total): strand 11, sequence variant 2, chain 1, domain 1, binding site 1, turn 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

4 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
5DG2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.61
5EWS	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
1HLC	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.9
5DG1	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.2

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P05162-F1	96.70	0.96

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 65–71

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 141 (showing top): GRUETZMANN_PANCREATIC_CANCER_DN, GOBP_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE, PEREZ_TP63_TARGETS, GOBP_T_CELL_HOMEOSTASIS, GOBP_LYMPHOCYTE_HOMEOSTASIS, DARWICHE_SKIN_TUMOR_PROMOTER_DN, DARWICHE_PAPILLOMA_RISK_LOW_UP, DARWICHE_PAPILLOMA_RISK_HIGH_DN, DARWICHE_SQUAMOUS_CELL_CARCINOMA_DN, DARWICHE_PAPILLOMA_PROGRESSION_RISK, GOBP_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_EXTERNAL_STIMULUS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_STRESS, MODULE_99, TAKEDA_TARGETS_OF_NUP98_HOXA9_FUSION_10D_UP

GO Biological Process (4): T cell homeostasis (GO:0043029), positive regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0043065), positive regulation of inflammatory response (GO:0050729), cell-cell adhesion (GO:0098609)

GO Molecular Function (3): galactoside binding (GO:0016936), carbohydrate binding (GO:0030246), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (1): galectin complex (GO:1990724)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
binding	2
lymphocyte homeostasis	1
apoptotic process	1
regulation of apoptotic process	1
positive regulation of programmed cell death	1
inflammatory response	1
positive regulation of defense response	1
positive regulation of response to external stimulus	1
regulation of inflammatory response	1
cell adhesion	1
carbohydrate derivative binding	1
protein complex involved in cell-cell adhesion	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

551 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LGALS2	GAL	P22466	784
LGALS2	PAICS	P22234	767
LGALS2	LTA	P01374	739
LGALS2	CHD7	Q9P2D1	720
LGALS2	CLC	Q05315	699
LGALS2	SPX	Q9BT56	698
LGALS2	GALR2	O43603	604
LGALS2	LGALS13	Q9UHV8	599
LGALS2	GALR3	O60755	580
LGALS2	HTR1A	P08908	521
LGALS2	NPY1R	P25929	508
LGALS2	LGALS14	Q8TCE9	507
LGALS2	GALR1	P47211	506
LGALS2	CAVIN2	O95810	491
LGALS2	LGALS9	O00182	447

IntAct

28 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
LGALS2	SDCBP2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.780
SDCBP2	LGALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.780
SDCBP	LGALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
LGALS2	SDCBP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
LGALS2	NTAQ1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LTA	LGALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.520
LGALS2	LTA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.520
LGALS2	UMOD	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
LGALS2	TUBA1A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
SDCBP	LGALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
CFTR	LGALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
LGALS2	SDCBP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LGALS2	SDCBP2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
NTAQ1	LGALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
SDCBP	LGALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
IKBKG	LGALS2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.000

BioGRID (17): SDCBP (Two-hybrid), SDCBP2 (Two-hybrid), TRIM16 (Affinity Capture-Western), SDCBP2 (Two-hybrid), SDCBP (Two-hybrid), WDYHV1 (Two-hybrid), LGALS2 (PCA), LGALS2 (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS2 (Reconstituted Complex), APP (Reconstituted Complex), LGALS2 (Reconstituted Complex), LTA (Reconstituted Complex), LTA (Affinity Capture-Western), LGALS2 (Affinity Capture-Western), TUBA1B (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A8MUM7, C0HJQ1, C0HJR3, O00182, O00214, O08573, O44126, O54891, O54974, O55060, P05162, P07583, P09382, P11116, P11762, P16045, P23668, P36573, P38552, P47929, P47967, P48538, P56217, P56470, P61801, P81184, P97590, P97840, Q05315, Q09581, Q1ECW6, Q29058, Q3B8N2, Q3MHZ8, Q3T0D6, Q49I35, Q504A5, Q5R7M1, Q62665, Q68FJ4

Diamond homologs: A4D1Z8, C0HJQ1, C0HJR3, O00214, O44126, O54974, P05162, P07583, P08520, P08699, P09382, P11116, P11762, P16045, P16110, P23668, P26788, P38486, P47845, P47929, P47953, P48538, P56217, P81184, P82447, P97590, Q09581, Q29373, Q3MHZ8, Q49I35, Q5R7M1, Q62665, Q801X7, Q9CQW5, Q9Z144, O54891, P17931, P56470, Q29058, Q3T0D6

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

28 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	20
Likely benign	3
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

596 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
22:37570731:CAAAG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37570736:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:37570570:CCTCA:C	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37570571:CTCAC:C	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37570572:TCAC:T	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37570574:A:T	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37570575:C:CT	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37570577:TTG:T	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37570578:TG:T	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37570614:C:A	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37570817:CAAG:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:37570821:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:37571847:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37571847:AC:A	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37571848:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37571848:CC:C	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37571848:CCCAT:C	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37571928:CCCC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:37571929:CCCC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:37577068:AGCC:A	donor_gain	0.9900
22:37579894:CCTCA:C	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37579895:CTCA:C	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37579896:TCA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37579897:CA:C	donor_loss	0.9900
22:37570413:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9800
22:37570575:CCT:C	donor_gain	0.9800
22:37570583:TCTG:T	donor_gain	0.9800
22:37570613:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9800
22:37571843:GCT:G	donor_loss	0.9800
22:37571844:CT:C	donor_loss	0.9800

AlphaMissense

886 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
22:37570347:A:C	F105L	0.974
22:37570347:A:T	F105L	0.974
22:37570349:A:G	F105L	0.974
22:37570732:A:C	F31L	0.951
22:37570732:A:T	F31L	0.951
22:37570734:A:G	F31L	0.951
22:37570675:G:C	F50L	0.931
22:37570675:G:T	F50L	0.931
22:37570677:A:G	F50L	0.931
22:37570383:G:C	F93L	0.930
22:37570383:G:T	F93L	0.930
22:37570385:A:G	F93L	0.930
22:37570688:A:G	F46S	0.929
22:37570650:A:G	S59P	0.927
22:37570384:A:G	F93S	0.917
22:37570679:C:G	R49P	0.916
22:37571879:A:G	I20T	0.916
22:37570630:C:A	W65C	0.915
22:37570630:C:G	W65C	0.915
22:37570727:A:C	I33S	0.914
22:37570597:G:C	F76L	0.912
22:37570597:G:T	F76L	0.912
22:37570599:A:G	F76L	0.912
22:37570398:A:C	F88L	0.907
22:37570398:A:T	F88L	0.907
22:37570400:A:G	F88L	0.907
22:37570727:A:G	I33T	0.907
22:37570687:G:C	F46L	0.904
22:37570687:G:T	F46L	0.904
22:37570689:A:G	F46L	0.904

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000161059 (22:37577250 C>G,T), RS1000359445 (22:37572699 G>A), RS1000424665 (22:37581457 A>C), RS1000888932 (22:37578017 A>G), RS1000964964 (22:37573856 G>A), RS1000981786 (22:37577655 AG>A,AGG), RS1001164259 (22:37572998 G>A,T), RS1001519971 (22:37578318 C>G), RS1001572305 (22:37577937 G>T), RS1001745234 (22:37573141 C>G,T), RS1002196227 (22:37572926 G>A), RS1002517781 (22:37579939 C>A,T), RS1002792847 (22:37574275 G>A), RS1003151357 (22:37574431 G>A,T), RS1003224306 (22:37574810 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:150571 | disease phenotypes: MIM:608446

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): myocardial infarction, susceptibility to (MONDO:0012039)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001308_19	Response to anti-depressant treatment in major depressive disorder	2.000000e-06
GCST006585_739	Blood protein levels	2.000000e-20

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0006321	antidepressant-induced dizziness

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL5977 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

3 potent at pChembl≥5 of 4 total, top 3 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	GALANIN
9.19	Ki	0.64	nM	GALANIN
5.16	Kd	6900	nM	CHEMBL4446622

PubChem BioAssay actives

3 with measured affinity, of 64 total; 2 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(3S)-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid	2198778: Inhibition of GAL2 (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0005	uM
3-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2-oxochromen-3-yl)methoxy]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxymethyl]chromen-2-one	1628953: Competitive binding affinity to recombinant human galectin-2 after 5 mins in presence of fluorescent probe ,3’-dideoxy-3-[4-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylaminomethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]-3’-(3,5-dimethoxy-benzamido)-1,1’-sulfanediyl-di-beta-D-galactopyranoside by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	6.9000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

44 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects expression, affects methylation, decreases expression, increases expression	5
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	decreases expression	3
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	3
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Air Pollutants	affects expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Nickel	increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	affects expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
OTX015	decreases expression	1
mivebresib	decreases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
propionaldehyde	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	affects expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression	1
manganese chloride	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
periodate-oxidized adenosine	affects expression	1
K 7174	decreases expression	1
pinostrobin	increases expression	1
ormosil	affects binding, decreases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Bortezomib	decreases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression	1
Arsenic	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Benzene	decreases expression	1
Caffeine	decreases phosphorylation	1
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	increases expression	1
Estradiol	increases expression	1
Hydralazine	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1

ChEMBL screening assays

12 unique, capped per target: 12 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1670072	Binding	Binding affinity to human galectin-2 by surface plasmon resonance method	Synthesis and galectin-binding activities of mercaptododecyl glycosides containing a terminal β-galactosyl group. — Bioorg Med Chem Lett

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.