LGALS4

Summary

LGALS4 (galectin 4, HGNC:6565) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19q13.2, encoding Galectin-4 (P56470). Galectin that binds lactose and a related range of sugars.

The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The expression of this gene is restricted to small intestine, colon, and rectum, and it is underexpressed in colorectal cancer.

Source: NCBI Gene 3960 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 54 total
• Druggable target: yes — 1 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• MANE Select transcript: NM_006149

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6565
Approved symbol	LGALS4
Name	galectin 4
Location	19q13.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	GAL4
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000171747
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602518
Entrez	3960

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 13 — 7 protein_coding, 4 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000307751, ENST00000594209, ENST00000595278, ENST00000595291, ENST00000595342, ENST00000596628, ENST00000597153, ENST00000597803, ENST00000600070, ENST00000908463, ENST00000908464, ENST00000955358, ENST00000955359

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_006149 NM_006149

CCDS: CCDS12521

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000307751 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001142360	38803522	38803551
ENSE00001142366	38803742	38803780
ENSE00001142407	38812842	38812945
ENSE00003216080	38801674	38801910
ENSE00003491974	38802316	38802404
ENSE00003509786	38803869	38803895
ENSE00003511998	38812431	38812519
ENSE00003592559	38801992	38802157
ENSE00003598335	38806461	38806595
ENSE00003633618	38808744	38808948

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 133 present calls, max score 99.97.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 13.7399 / max 3808.1005, expressed in 72 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
180805	13.6796	71
180804	0.0550	14
180803	0.0053	3

Top tissues by expression

136 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	99.97	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	99.85	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	99.85	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	99.34	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	97.63	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	97.49	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	97.02	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	96.59	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	96.07	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	93.00	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	92.98	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	92.69	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	92.20	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	92.17	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	91.15	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	90.74	gold quality
colon	UBERON:0001155	90.44	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	88.48	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	87.79	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	85.35	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	81.35	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	79.75	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	78.90	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	75.81	gold quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	75.68	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	75.64	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	74.63	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	73.87	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	72.91	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	72.76	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 5 experiment(s), a significant marker in 5.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-9543	yes	1184.37
E-ANND-5	yes	564.95
E-MTAB-5061	yes	27.14
E-ENAD-27	yes	6.24
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CD28, NFATC2, POU2F1

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• results suggest that galectin-4 has a unique carbohydrate binding specificity and interacts with O-linked sulfoglycans (PMID:11971864)
• SB1a and CEA in the patches on the cell surface of human colon adenocarcinoma cells could be biologically important ligands for galectin-4 (PMID:15546874)
• Together, our data propose that interaction between galectin-4 and sulfatides plays a functional role in the clustering of lipid rafts for apical delivery. (PMID:15883199)
• Galectin 4 induces surface phosphatidylserine exposure in a carbohydrate-dependent fashion in activated, but not resting, human neutrophils and in several leukocyte cell lines. (PMID:16940423)
• not only sulfated glycosphingolipids but also cholesterol 3-sulfate are endogenous ligands for galectin-4 in vivo (PMID:17545668)
• chemical analysis of talose-selectivity of galectin-4 and galectin-8 (PMID:18539029)
• Data show that the pattern of N-glycosylation of glycoproteins serves as a recognition signal for endocytosed galectin-4, which drives the raft-dependent apical pathway of glycoproteins in enterocyte-like HT-29 cells. (PMID:19192249)
• microarray study in sinonasal adenocarcinoma we identified proteins, LGALS4 that is significantly differentially expressed in tumors compared to normal tissue (PMID:19903339)
• crystals of galectin-4 belonged to space group P6(1)22, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 71.25, c = 108.66 A. (PMID:20445255)
• Loss of Galectin-4 is associated with colorectal cancer. (PMID:21064109)
• Data indicate that Gal-1, Gal-2, Gal-4, and partly Gal-3 bound to monocytes/macrophages. (PMID:21724180)
• Data indicate that simultaneous determination of serum galectin-3 and -4 levels in a single assay provides a high specificity and sensitivity in distinguishing colorectal cancer patients without metastases from those with liver metastases. (PMID:23117840)
• Data indicate that galectin-4 elicits tumor promotion in vitro and in vivo through activation of IL-6/NF-kappaB/STAT3 signaling. (PMID:23378274)
• Galectin-4 plays an important role in metastatic process of lung adenocarcinoma. (PMID:24339976)
• The increased circulation of galectins -2, -4 and -8 in cancer patients contributes substantially to the increased circulation of G-CSF, IL-6 and MCP-1 by interaction with the blood vascular endothelium (PMID:24384681)
• Results suggest that galectin-3, -4, -7 and -9 could be involved in the biology of inverted papillomas. (PMID:24859692)
• role in basolateral to apical epithelial transcytosis (PMID:25179596)
• The results show galectin-4 expression closely associates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and might have potential use as a prognostic biomarker for HCC patients. (PMID:25230111)
• Structural characterization of human galectin 4 C-terminal domain in terms its ligands binding specificity has been reported. (PMID:26077389)
• some galectins, particularly galectin-3 and -4, showed the ability to drive clathrin-independent mechanisms of endocytosis. (PMID:26173257)
• The carbohydrate-binding site is composed of residues His236, Asn238, Arg240, Asn249, Trp256, Glu259 and Lys261 at the strands S4, S5 and S6. (PMID:26432949)
• The co-expression of galectin-4 and CNT3 proteins is not impaired in inflamed colon from patients with Crohn’s disease, thereby anticipating the integrity of this system for drug targeting. (PMID:26481311)
• The data suggests that arm-Gal4 has detrimental effects on Drosophila development and lifespan that are directly dependent upon parental inheritance (PMID:26505429)
• Haplotype formed from two promoter SNPs rs116896264 and rs73933062 is associated with galectin-4 overexpression in colorectal cancer. (PMID:26681582)
• Galectin-1 was undetectable in normal and ulcerative colitis colonic epithelium, while galectin-2, galectin-3, and galectin-4 were strongly expressed. (PMID:26885508)
• The integrative analysis of galectins(Gal-1, -3, -4, -9) discriminated IBD from other intestinal inflammatory conditions and could be used as potential mucosal biomarker (PMID:26891020)
• It is a beta-galactose-binding animal lectin and known to be distributed throughout the body. (PMID:27590897)
• Data show that galectin-4 expressing tumor cells interact directly with red blood cells (RBCs). (PMID:28293788)
• Together, the data demonstrated that surface-bound galectin-4 is a dual function protein-down-regulating cell proliferation and chemokine secretion in galectin-4-expressing colorectal cancer cells on one hand and inducing apoptosis in galectin-4-negative colorectal cancer cells on the other hand. (PMID:28345468)
• LGALS4 may function as a tumor suppressor gene in UC progression. Findings provide evidence that methylation-mediated LGALS4 gene repression may be involved in urothelial tumor progression. (PMID:28423602)
• These data shape the novel concept that neurons establish axon membrane domains expressing Gal-4, the first inhibitor of myelination identified in axons, whose regulated boundaries delineate myelination-incompetent axon segments along development. (PMID:28947766)
• Galectin 4 expression is a novel biomarker for early recurrence and mortality after surgical resection for pancreatic cancer. (PMID:30663442)
• The roles of galectin-3 and galectin-4 in the idiopatic Parkinson disease and its progression. (PMID:31147178)
• LGALS4 played a critical role in the progression of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and held a promise to be the biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. (PMID:31558111)
• Directing galectin-1 to the classical secretory pathway in yeast produces N-glycosylated protein that is active. It cofractionates and -localizes with calnexin in human cells, only Gal-4 is secreted. Presence of N-glycan(s) reduces affinity of cell binding and growth regulation by Gal-1. (PMID:31678146)
• SLPI facilitates cell migration by regulating lamellipodia/ruffles and desmosomes, in which Galectin4 plays an important role. (PMID:33016205)
• Evaluation of Serum and Gene Expression of Galectin-4, Interleukin-27, and Complement-7 in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Egyptian Patients. (PMID:33381596)
• Galectin-4 as a Novel Biomarker of Neonatal Intestinal Injury. (PMID:33738671)
• Galectin network in osteoarthritis: galectin-4 programs a pathogenic signature of gene and effector expression in human chondrocytes in vitro. (PMID:34846578)
• Overexpression of galectin-4 in placentas of women with gestational diabetes. (PMID:35468527)

Cross-species orthologs

10 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lgals4	ENSDARG00000104016
mus_musculus	Lgals4	ENSMUSG00000053964
rattus_norvegicus	Lgals4	ENSRNOG00000020338
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002264
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002266
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002269
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002270
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002271
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00004165
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018255

Paralogs (16): LGALS14 (ENSG00000006659), LGALS2 (ENSG00000100079), LGALS1 (ENSG00000100097), LGALS13 (ENSG00000105198), CLC (ENSG00000105205), LGALS8 (ENSG00000116977), LGALSL (ENSG00000119862), LGALS3 (ENSG00000131981), LGALS12 (ENSG00000133317), LGALS9 (ENSG00000168961), LGALS9B (ENSG00000170298), LGALS9C (ENSG00000171916), LGALS7B (ENSG00000178934), LGALS7 (ENSG00000205076), LGALS16 (ENSG00000249861), GRIFIN (ENSG00000275572)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Galectin-4 — P56470 (reviewed: P56470)

Alternative names: Antigen NY-CO-27, L-36 lactose-binding protein, Lactose-binding lectin 4

All UniProt accessions (5): P56470, M0QZ93, M0R1B2, M0R349, Q6FHZ4

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Galectin that binds lactose and a related range of sugars. May be involved in the assembly of adherens junctions.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer.

Domain organisation. Contains two homologous but distinct carbohydrate-binding domains.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_006140* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001079	Galectin_CRD	Domain
IPR013320	ConA-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR044156	Galectin-like	Family

Pfam: PF00337

UniProt features (34 total): strand 24, domain 2, helix 2, turn 2, chain 1, binding site 1, modified residue 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

13 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
4XZP	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.48
5DUW	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
5CBL	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.78
5DUX	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.85
4YM3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.89
5DUV	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
4YM1	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
5DUU	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
4YLZ	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
4YM2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
6WAB	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.28
4YM0	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
1X50	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P56470-F1	90.08	0.81

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 256–262

Post-translational modifications (1): 258

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 145 (showing top): GOBP_ANTIMICROBIAL_HUMORAL_RESPONSE, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_DN, RODRIGUES_NTN1_TARGETS_DN, COUP_01, GOBP_PEPTIDE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_DEFENSE_RESPONSE_TO_OTHER_ORGANISM, HSIAO_LIVER_SPECIFIC_GENES, HNF4_01, MODULE_410, GOBP_HUMORAL_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, MODULE_165, MODULE_88, WANG_CISPLATIN_RESPONSE_AND_XPC_DN, DELASERNA_MYOD_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_DEFENSE_RESPONSE_TO_BACTERIUM

GO Biological Process (3): antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process (GO:0002780), cell adhesion (GO:0007155), defense response to bacterium (GO:0042742)

GO Molecular Function (3): galactoside binding (GO:0016936), carbohydrate binding (GO:0030246), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytosol (GO:0005829), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), extracellular matrix (GO:0031012)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
binding	2
antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process	1
antibacterial peptide production	1
cellular process	1
defense response	1
response to bacterium	1
carbohydrate derivative binding	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
external encapsulating structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

4324 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LGALS4	TBP	P20226	962
LGALS4	GTF2B	Q00403	873
LGALS4	PHGDH	O43175	857
LGALS4	CHD7	Q9P2D1	820
LGALS4	PAICS	P22234	791
LGALS4	TP53	P04637	764
LGALS4	SLCO6A1	Q86UG4	747
LGALS4	TAF12	Q16514	713
LGALS4	LGALS3	P17931	710
LGALS4	SHKBP1	Q8TBC3	706
LGALS4	PGR	P06401	697
LGALS4	MYC	P01106	696
LGALS4	JUN	P05412	682
LGALS4	TMEM97	Q5BJF2	679
LGALS4	SPANXA1	Q9NS26	669

IntAct

50 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CFTR	XPO1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
SLC28A3	LGALS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.600
SLC28A3	LGALS4	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.600
HSF2BP	LGALS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
	LGALS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GOLGA6L9	LGALS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS4	BANP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS4	RFX6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS4	CEP55	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HOXA1	LGALS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS4	NCKIPSD	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS4	TOX2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS4	KRTAP11-1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LGALS4	TENM4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
EYA2	LGALS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MLH1	LGALS4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
CFTR		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	AGPS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SLC28A3	IGKC	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	IPO5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	MYO1C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LGALS4	HSF2BP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LGALS4		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LGALS4	GOLGA6L9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LGALS4	BANP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LGALS4	RFX6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (21): ARPC3 (Two-hybrid), LGALS4 (Two-hybrid), LGALS4 (Two-hybrid), LGALS4 (Two-hybrid), LGALS4 (Two-hybrid), LGALS4 (Two-hybrid), LGALS4 (Two-hybrid), LGALS4 (Two-hybrid), BANP (Two-hybrid), KRTAP11-1 (Two-hybrid), RFX6 (Two-hybrid), GOLGA6L9 (Two-hybrid), NCKIPSD (Two-hybrid), HOMEZ (Two-hybrid), LGALS4 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A3Q1N1R0, A4D1Z8, A8MUM7, D3ZGS3, O00214, O08573, O14727, O23547, O44126, O54891, O88644, O88879, P07583, P08520, P11762, P23668, P26788, P36573, P38552, P47967, P56180, P56217, P56470, P79238, P97400, P97840, Q01968, Q05315, Q09581, Q09605, Q29058, Q3MHZ8, Q62665, Q6DGJ1, Q6NVF0, Q801X7, Q8C726, Q8K419, Q8LEV3, Q8TCE9

Diamond homologs: A4D1Z8, A8MUM7, O00182, O00214, O08573, O44126, O54891, O54974, O88644, P07583, P08520, P08699, P16110, P17931, P23668, P38486, P38552, P47845, P47929, P47953, P47967, P56217, P56470, P97400, P97590, P97840, Q09605, Q09610, Q1ECW6, Q29058, Q29373, Q3B8N2, Q3MHZ8, Q3T0D6, Q3ZCW2, Q5R5K6, Q5ZHQ2, Q62665, Q68FJ4, Q6DDR8

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

54 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	43
Likely benign	4
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1141 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
19:38801908:CAG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:38801988:TCACA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
19:38801989:CA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
19:38801990:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38801990:ACAT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38801991:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38801991:C:CT	donor_loss	1.0000
19:38801991:CAT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38801991:CATC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38801991:CATCA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38802153:CAAAG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:38802154:AAAG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:38802155:AAG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:38802156:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:38802157:GCTGG:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
19:38802158:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:38802158:C:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
19:38802166:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:38802401:CAGG:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:38803740:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38803741:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38803741:CGGG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38803864:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
19:38803865:TTAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
19:38803866:T:TG	donor_loss	1.0000
19:38803867:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38803868:C:CT	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38803868:CA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38803868:CAG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
19:38803891:GGTCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2123 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
19:38801909:A:G	L276P	0.998
19:38806528:A:G	L136P	0.998
19:38808831:C:A	W84C	0.998
19:38808831:C:G	W84C	0.998
19:38808833:A:G	W84R	0.998
19:38808833:A:T	W84R	0.998
19:38802340:C:T	G212D	0.996
19:38808775:A:G	L103P	0.996
19:38812467:A:T	V33D	0.996
19:38802341:C:G	G212R	0.995
19:38801774:A:T	V321D	0.994
19:38808852:G:C	N77K	0.994
19:38808852:G:T	N77K	0.994
19:38812456:C:G	G37R	0.994
19:38812456:C:T	G37R	0.994
19:38802074:C:G	R248P	0.993
19:38802113:A:G	L235P	0.993
19:38806499:A:G	S146P	0.993
19:38806537:A:T	V133D	0.993
19:38808859:A:T	V75D	0.993
19:38808883:C:G	R67P	0.993
19:38808888:A:C	N65K	0.993
19:38808888:A:T	N65K	0.993
19:38808896:G:C	H63D	0.993
19:38808940:A:T	V48E	0.993
19:38812455:C:T	G37E	0.993
19:38801876:A:T	V287D	0.992
19:38801900:C:G	R279P	0.992
19:38806516:C:A	G140V	0.992
19:38806517:C:A	G140W	0.992

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000185922 (19:38807591 G>A), RS1000317875 (19:38813290 G>A), RS1000810037 (19:38803985 C>T), RS1000926818 (19:38809062 A>T), RS1001008182 (19:38803338 G>A), RS1001152327 (19:38804682 C>T), RS1001844702 (19:38814312 CAAT>C), RS1001858871 (19:38810275 G>A), RS1002156523 (19:38803499 A>G), RS1002180427 (19:38810033 G>A), RS1002563250 (19:38811106 G>C), RS1002680265 (19:38809697 C>T), RS1002857637 (19:38813080 T>C), RS1003031012 (19:38807932 A>G), RS1003049538 (19:38805594 C>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602518 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006585_235	Blood protein levels	8.000000e-14
GCST006999_4	Logical memory (immediate recall) in mild cognitive impairment	4.000000e-07

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004874	memory performance

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL1671608 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

1 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 20 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL5182222	SELVIGALTIN	2	20

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

30 potent at pChembl≥5 of 45 total, top 28 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
7.62	Kd	23.88	nM	CHEMBL5653589
7.62	ED50	23.88	nM	CHEMBL5653589
7.24	Kd	58	nM	CHEMBL1669630
7.07	Kd	85	nM	CHEMBL1669628
7.07	Kd	84.7	nM	CHEMBL1669628
7.04	Kd	92	nM	SELVIGALTIN
6.89	Kd	130	nM	CHEMBL5181579
6.89	Kd	130	nM	CHEMBL6142304
6.87	Kd	136	nM	CHEMBL1669628
6.85	Kd	140	nM	CHEMBL1669628
6.72	Kd	191	nM	CHEMBL5193805
6.52	Kd	300	nM	CHEMBL1669630
6.52	Kd	304	nM	CHEMBL1669630
6.34	Kd	460	nM	CHEMBL5557673
6.29	Kd	510	nM	CHEMBL6144786
6.11	Kd	780	nM	CHEMBL1669631
6.11	Kd	777	nM	CHEMBL1669631
5.90	Kd	1260	nM	CHEMBL1669631
5.86	Kd	1370	nM	CHEMBL6144786
5.74	Kd	1820	nM	SELVIGALTIN
5.70	Kd	2000	nM	CHEMBL6145285
5.66	Kd	2200	nM	CHEMBL6144086
5.60	Kd	2500	nM	CHEMBL5416485
5.54	Kd	2900	nM	CHEMBL5181579
5.54	Kd	2900	nM	CHEMBL6142304
5.49	Kd	3220	nM	CHEMBL5193805
5.46	Kd	3500	nM	CHEMBL6150732
5.19	Kd	6500	nM	CHEMBL5189715

PubChem BioAssay actives

20 with measured affinity, of 143 total; 10 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
4-methyl-3-[(2-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2148650: Binding affinity to human LGALS4 incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	0.0239	uM
(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,6S)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(12-sulfanyldodecoxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	567914: Binding affinity to human galectin-4 component 2 by surface plasmon resonance method	kd	0.0580	uM
(3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(12-sulfanyldodecoxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	567914: Binding affinity to human galectin-4 component 2 by surface plasmon resonance method	kd	0.0847	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(5-bromo-3-pyridinyl)sulfanyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	1857066: Binding affinity to C-terminal domain of human Galectin-4 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization	kd	0.0920	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	1857066: Binding affinity to C-terminal domain of human Galectin-4 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization	kd	0.1300	uM
2-chloro-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanylbenzonitrile	1857066: Binding affinity to C-terminal domain of human Galectin-4 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization	kd	0.1910	uM
4-[1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxyoxan-4-yl]triazol-4-yl]-3H-1,3-thiazol-2-one	2064783: Inhibition of C-terminal human galectin-4 by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.4600	uM
N-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(12-sulfanyldodecoxy)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	567914: Binding affinity to human galectin-4 component 2 by surface plasmon resonance method	kd	0.7770	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	2004589: Binding affinity to C-terminal human Galectin-4 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	2.5000	uM
[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-4-(4-methylbenzoyl)oxyoxan-3-yl] 4-fluoro-2-nitrobenzoate	1908311: Binding affinity to human galectin-4C using 2-(fluorescein-5/6-yl-carbonylamino)-ethyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-3)-[alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-(1-2)]-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside as fluorescent probe by fluorescence polarization analysis	kd	6.5000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

27 total (human), top 27 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
fluorene-9-bisphenol	increases expression	1
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
doxifluridine	increases response to substance	1
1-UFT protocol	increases response to substance	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	increases expression, affects response to substance	1
S 1 (combination)	increases response to substance	1
2-palmitoylglycerol	increases expression	1
licochalcone B	increases expression	1
Capecitabine	increases response to substance	1
Fulvestrant	increases methylation	1
Amphotericin B	increases expression	1
Cadmium	decreases expression	1
Diazinon	decreases methylation	1
Lipopolysaccharides	affects response to substance, increases expression	1
Phenobarbital	affects expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Triclosan	decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases expression	1
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases expression	1
Paclitaxel	decreases response to substance	1
Sodium Selenite	increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	affects expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

34 unique, capped per target: 34 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1670074	Binding	Binding affinity to human galectin-4 by surface plasmon resonance method	Synthesis and galectin-binding activities of mercaptododecyl glycosides containing a terminal β-galactosyl group. — Bioorg Med Chem Lett

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.