LGALS9

Summary

LGALS9 (galectin 9, HGNC:6570) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17q11.2, encoding Galectin-9 (O00182). Binds galactosides.

The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The protein encoded by this gene is an S-type lectin. It is overexpressed in Hodgkin’s disease tissue and might participate in the interaction between the H&RS cells with their surrounding cells and might thus play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease and/or its associated immunodeficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 3965 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 100 total
• Druggable target: yes — 2 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• MANE Select transcript: NM_009587

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6570
Approved symbol	LGALS9
Name	galectin 9
Location	17q11.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	LGALS9A
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000168961
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	601879
Entrez	3965

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 26 — 17 protein_coding, 6 retained_intron, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000302228, ENST00000313648, ENST00000395473, ENST00000448970, ENST00000467111, ENST00000481514, ENST00000486774, ENST00000577392, ENST00000578944, ENST00000579402, ENST00000579930, ENST00000580779, ENST00000581710, ENST00000583671, ENST00000584386, ENST00000584661, ENST00000870764, ENST00000870765, ENST00000870766, ENST00000870767, ENST00000870768, ENST00000870769, ENST00000870770, ENST00000870771, ENST00000870772, ENST00000948117

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_009587 NM_001330163, NM_002308, NM_009587

CCDS: CCDS11222, CCDS32592, CCDS82093

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000395473 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002399822	27648836	27649560
ENSE00003514011	27647270	27647432
ENSE00003519858	27645861	27645911
ENSE00003568635	27643525	27643620
ENSE00003578909	27640572	27640773
ENSE00003606095	27645314	27645349
ENSE00003620078	27642238	27642348
ENSE00003633680	27646547	27646588
ENSE00003657577	27647030	27647118
ENSE00003693714	27638263	27638354
ENSE00003841489	27631188	27631304

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 252 present calls, max score 99.12.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 47.4681 / max 749.7345, expressed in 1022 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
159978	45.7960	1013
159979	1.1892	372
159977	0.4828	113

Top tissues by expression

283 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	99.12	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	98.85	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	98.82	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	98.72	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	98.71	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	98.15	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	97.81	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	97.78	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	96.73	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	96.66	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	96.54	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	96.32	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	95.83	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	95.46	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	95.45	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	95.38	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	95.22	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	95.03	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	95.00	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	94.97	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	94.77	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	94.57	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	94.01	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	93.57	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	93.40	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	92.92	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	92.46	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	92.25	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	91.79	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	91.77	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 13 experiment(s), a significant marker in 13.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-13	yes	221.77
E-GEOD-86618	yes	59.83
E-CURD-122	yes	46.89
E-GEOD-84465	yes	37.69
E-MTAB-6701	yes	20.43
E-GEOD-125970	yes	19.23
E-HCAD-1	yes	18.60
E-HCAD-10	yes	13.29
E-CURD-88	yes	13.04
E-MTAB-9467	yes	12.97
E-MTAB-6678	yes	7.89
E-MTAB-10042	yes	4.69
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

1 targets.

Target	Regulation
FOXP3	Activation

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CD28, HDAC3, HNF4A, IFNG, IL1A, IL1B, IRF3, MAPK11, MAPK14, SMAD3, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TNF

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

18 targeting LGALS9, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4447	99.85	67.81	2900
HSA-MIR-8080	99.82	67.52	1342
HSA-MIR-7856-5P	99.75	69.99	2901
HSA-MIR-1296-3P	99.72	64.04	636
HSA-MIR-10393-3P	99.72	66.56	961
HSA-MIR-6801-5P	99.72	66.50	981
HSA-MIR-4530	99.69	66.47	1509
HSA-MIR-1207-5P	99.49	69.11	2983
HSA-MIR-20A-3P	99.44	69.10	1575
HSA-MIR-6837-5P	99.25	65.47	1632
HSA-MIR-6744-3P	99.22	64.41	972
HSA-MIR-4757-5P	99.12	64.51	981
HSA-MIR-4763-3P	99.10	67.83	2649
HSA-MIR-655-5P	98.74	65.93	888
HSA-MIR-455-5P	98.74	67.31	795
HSA-MIR-6864-5P	98.38	66.59	1079
HSA-MIR-6782-5P	96.45	64.42	612
HSA-MIR-4693-3P	95.23	65.92	735

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• ecalectin is a novel eosinophil-activating factor (PMID:11823532)
• overexpression of galectin 9 is associated with cell aggregation and apoptosis of melanoma cells (PMID:12115481)
• IFN-gamma-induced production of galectin-9 by endothelial cells may play an important role in immune responses by regulating interactions between vascular wall & eosinophils. In situ endothelium from inflammatory diseases expressed galectin-9. (PMID:12223516)
• Galectin 9 in IFN-gamma-stimulated fibroblasts plays a crucial role as a physiological modulator at inflammatory sites. (PMID:12421975)
• Gal-9 induces the apoptosis of various immune cells, including activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, through the Ca2+-calpain-caspase-1 pathway, playing a role not only in thymocyte maturation but also in immunomodulation by inducing apoptosis of those cells. (PMID:12646627)
• Changes in the expressions of galectin-9 are potentially important for myeloid cell differentiation into specific lineages. (PMID:12714580)
• REVIEW: role in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions (PMID:14758084)
• Galectin-9 is a possible prognostic factor with antimetastatic potential in breast cancer. (PMID:15837748)
• Data suggest that galectin-9 is correlated with oral cancer cell-matrix interactions and may therefore play an important role in the metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinomas. (PMID:16012760)
• Gal-9 plays a role not only in innate immunity but also in acquired immunity by inducing DC maturation and promoting Th1 immune responses. (PMID:16116184)
• Stimulation of Tim-3 by its ligand galectin-9 results in increased phosphorylation of Y265, suggesting that this tyrosine residue plays an important role in downstream signalling events regulating T-cell fate. (PMID:17069754)
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells can release HLA class-II positive exosomes containing galectin 9 and/or LMP1. (PMID:17156439)
• Galectin-9, consisting of two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) induced Jurkat T-cell apoptosis, however, a single CRD had no effect, suggesting the stable dimeric structure of two CRDs is required for the activity. (PMID:17167046)
• Gal-9 inhibits allergic inflammation of the airway and airway hyperresponsiveness by modulating CD44-dependent leukocyte recognition of the extracellular matrix (PMID:17446336)
• TLR3, PI3K, and IRF3 are involved in the poly IC-induced galectin-9 expression in HUVECs (PMID:17449641)
• Galectin-9 represents a novel surface marker which might be employed for molecular targeting to the Peyer’s patches. (PMID:17596995)
• These results suggest that galectin-9, but not other galectins, induced proliferation of human osteoblasts through clustering lipid rafts on membrane and subsequent phosphorylation of the c-Src/ERK signaling pathway. (PMID:17907924)
• Structural analysis of LGALS9 terminal carbohydrate recognition domain reveals unexpected properties that differ from the mouse orthologue, Lgals9. (PMID:18005988)
• Gal-9-induced apoptosis of hyperproliferative rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes may play a critical role in the suppression of rheumatoid arthritis. (PMID:18050192)
• Galectin-9 and galectin-1 require different glycan ligands and glycoprotein receptors to trigger T cell death. (PMID:18258591)
• decreased Gal-9 expression is inversely associated with malignant potential or differentiation of cervical cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma as a differentiation biomarker. (PMID:18264727)
• Transient expression of galectin-9L decreased E-selectin levels, while transient expression of galectin-9M or galectin-9S increased E-selectin levels in LoVo cells. (PMID:18401566)
• increase of TIM-3 expression on PBMCs, overproduction of IFN-gamma in the sera, and increased galectin-9 in PBMCs was observed in acquired aplastic anemia patients (PMID:18485114)
• the crystal structure of the human galectin-9 N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain in complex with N-acetyllactosamine dimers and trimers. (PMID:18977853)
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma exosomes induce massive apoptosis in EBV-specific CD4(+) cells used as a model of target T cells. This effect is inhibited by both anti-Tim-3 and antigalectin-9 blocking antibodies. (PMID:19005181)
• The simultaneous expression of galectin-9 and Tim-3 may indicate an immunoregulatory function, during the ongoing cytotoxic response. (PMID:19100864)
• Results demonstrate that intracellular galectin-9 transactivates inflammatory cytokine genes in monocytes through direct physical interaction with NF-IL6. (PMID:19335620)
• Galectin-9 isoforms regulate the E-selectin expression in LoVo cells differently and thus influence the adhesion between LoVo cells and HUVECs in vitro in different modes. (PMID:19538882)
• Galectin-9 is a high affinity IgE-binding lectin with anti-allergic effect by blocking IgE-antigen complex formation (PMID:19776007)
• galectin-9 induces osteoblast differentiation through the CD44/Smad signaling pathway in the absence of bone morphogenetic proteins. (PMID:20206131)
• galectin-9 production by Kupffer cells links the innate and adaptive immune response in hepatitis C (PMID:20209097)
• the Gal-9 level correlated with the eotaxin level in patients with acute eosinophilic pneumonia, but there was no significant correlation between those levels in patients with CEP (PMID:20484929)
• Overexpression of the Tim-3 ligand in Gal-9 transgenic mice results in an increase in CD11b-positive Ly-6G-positive myeloid cells and inhibition of immune responses. (PMID:20574007)
• the effects of galectin-9 on T cells are more complex than previously thought and are mediated by additional receptors apart from Tim-3 (PMID:21187321)
• TIM-3 and its ligand galectin-9 are constitutively overexpressed in cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelial cell surface, an observation further confirmed in CF patient samples; A neutrophil-dominated immune response exists in the CF airways. (PMID:21263071)
• investigated the source of Gal-9 in the intestine and the mechanism by which Gal-9 modulated DC’s phenotyping and sustained the T helper 2 polarization. (PMID:21426359)
• galectin-9 binding to PDI on T cells potentiates infection with HIV. We identify a mechanism for regulating cell surface redox status via a galectin-glycoprotein lattice, to regulate distinct T-cell functions (PMID:21670307)
• data suggest that TIM-3 and its interaction with Gal-9 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and may represent a potential therapeutic target (PMID:21717191)
• HDAC3 regulates galectin-9 expression in endothelial cells via interaction with PI3K-IRF3 signal pathway (PMID:22027828)
• Tim-3 is an inducible human natural killer cell receptor that enhances interferon gamma production in response to galectin-9. (PMID:22323453)

Cross-species orthologs

23 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lgals3b	ENSDARG00000044001
danio_rerio	si:ch211-10a23.2	ENSDARG00000060656
danio_rerio	si:dkey-95h12.2	ENSDARG00000092923
drosophila_melanogaster	galectin	FBGN0031213
drosophila_melanogaster	CG11374	FBGN0031214
drosophila_melanogaster	CG13950	FBGN0031289
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002264
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002266
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002269
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002270
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002271
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00004165
caenorhabditis_elegans	C27C7.5	WBGENE00007768
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.3	WBGENE00009746
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.4	WBGENE00009747
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.5	WBGENE00009748
caenorhabditis_elegans	F46A8.8	WBGENE00009751
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00017080
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018255
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018649
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018650
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018651
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00235368

Paralogs (16): LGALS14 (ENSG00000006659), LGALS2 (ENSG00000100079), LGALS1 (ENSG00000100097), LGALS13 (ENSG00000105198), CLC (ENSG00000105205), LGALS8 (ENSG00000116977), LGALSL (ENSG00000119862), LGALS3 (ENSG00000131981), LGALS12 (ENSG00000133317), LGALS9B (ENSG00000170298), LGALS4 (ENSG00000171747), LGALS9C (ENSG00000171916), LGALS7B (ENSG00000178934), LGALS7 (ENSG00000205076), LGALS16 (ENSG00000249861), GRIFIN (ENSG00000275572)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Galectin-9 — O00182 (reviewed: O00182)

Alternative names: Ecalectin, Tumor antigen HOM-HD-21

All UniProt accessions (6): O00182, J3KS82, J3KSA0, J3QKK6, J3QS92, K7EPS0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Binds galactosides. Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. Ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3. Binding to HAVCR2 induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. Also stimulates bactericidal activity in infected macrophages by causing macrophage activation and IL1B secretion which restricts intracellular bacterial growth. Ligand for P4HB; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T-helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration. Ligand for CD44; the interaction enhances binding of SMAD3 to the FOXP3 promoter, leading to up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and increased induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell stability and suppressive function. Promotes ability of mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation. Expands regulatory T-cells and induces cytotoxic T-cell apoptosis following virus infection. Activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation inducing cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12) and chemokine (CCL2) production in mast and dendritic cells. Inhibits degranulation and induces apoptosis of mast cells. Induces maturation and migration of dendritic cells. Inhibits natural killer (NK) cell function. Can transform NK cell phenotype from peripheral to decidual during pregnancy. Astrocyte derived galectin-9 enhances microglial TNF production. May play a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus. May provide the molecular basis for urate flux across cell membranes, allowing urate that is formed during purine metabolism to efflux from cells and serving as an electrogenic transporter that plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal urate excretion. Highly selective to the anion urate. Acts as an eosinophil chemoattractant. It also inhibits angiogenesis. Suppresses IFNG production by natural killer cells.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Secreted Secreted Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphatic tissues. Expressed in lung, liver, breast and kidney with higher levels in tumor endothelial cells than normal endothelium (at protein level). Expressed in trophoblast cells in decidua and placenta in pregnancy (at protein level). Isoform 2 is the most abundant isoform expressed in endothelial cells. Upon endothelial cell activation isoform 2 expression decreases while expression of isoform 3 and isoform 5 increases. Isoform 4 decreases in pathological pregnancy.

Domain organisation. Contains two homologous but distinct carbohydrate-binding domains.

Induction. By toll-like receptor ligands zymosan (TLR2 ligand), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) (TLR3 ligand) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (TLR4 ligand) and by pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNG, TNFA, IL1A and IL1B in mesenchymal stromal cells. By IFNG in macrophages. Up-regulated in dendritic cells following infection with dengue virus. Up-regulated in Kupffer cells following infection with hepatitis C virus. Up-regulated in plasma following infection with HIV-1.

Isoforms (6)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
O00182-1	1, Long, Gal-9FL	yes
O00182-2	2, Medium, Gal-9delta5, D5
O00182-3	3, Short, Gal-9delta5/6, D5/6
O00182-4	4, Gal-9delta5/10, D5/10
O00182-5	5, Gal-9delta5/6/10, D5/6/10
O00182-6	6, D6

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001317092, NP_002299, NP_033665* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001079	Galectin_CRD	Domain
IPR013320	ConA-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR044156	Galectin-like	Family

Pfam: PF00337

UniProt features (52 total): strand 23, sequence conflict 10, binding site 9, splice variant 3, domain 2, helix 2, chain 1, sequence variant 1, turn 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

15 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
2ZHN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.3
3WLU	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.4
3NV1	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.5
3NV3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.57
2ZHL	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.75
2ZHK	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
2ZHM	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.84
2EAL	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.85
3WV6	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.95
2EAK	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.97
3NV4	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.99
3LSD	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.03
2YY1	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.17
3NV2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.34
3LSE	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.69

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O00182-F1	85.36	0.78

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (9): 281; 287–293; 48; 61; 65; 75; 82–88; 267; 271

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-451927	Interleukin-2 family signaling
R-HSA-1280215	Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
R-HSA-168256	Immune System
R-HSA-449147	Signaling by Interleukins

MSigDB gene sets: 508 (showing top): GOBP_MYELOID_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, REACTOME_INTERLEUKIN_2_FAMILY_SIGNALING, TONKS_TARGETS_OF_RUNX1_RUNX1T1_FUSION_MONOCYTE_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_LYMPHOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_VIRUS, GOBP_DENDRITIC_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, CHIARADONNA_NEOPLASTIC_TRANSFORMATION_KRAS_DN, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_DENDRITIC_CELL_MIGRATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ALPHA_BETA_T_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_HEMOPOIESIS, YAGI_AML_WITH_INV_16_TRANSLOCATION, GOBP_TOLERANCE_INDUCTION

GO Biological Process (46): natural killer cell tolerance induction (GO:0002519), negative regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response (GO:0002826), chemotaxis (GO:0006935), inflammatory response (GO:0006954), female pregnancy (GO:0007565), positive regulation of gene expression (GO:0010628), negative regulation of gene expression (GO:0010629), response to lipopolysaccharide (GO:0032496), negative regulation of chemokine production (GO:0032682), negative regulation of type II interferon production (GO:0032689), negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production (GO:0032720), positive regulation of type II interferon production (GO:0032729), positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production (GO:0032731), positive regulation of interleukin-10 production (GO:0032733), positive regulation of interleukin-12 production (GO:0032735), positive regulation of interleukin-13 production (GO:0032736), positive regulation of interleukin-4 production (GO:0032753), positive regulation of interleukin-6 production (GO:0032755), positive regulation of interleukin-8 production (GO:0032757), positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production (GO:0032760), obsolete positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response (GO:0032834), p38MAPK cascade (GO:0038066), positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:0043123), negative regulation of mast cell degranulation (GO:0043305), negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity (GO:0045953), negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation (GO:0046007), positive regulation of viral entry into host cell (GO:0046598), obsolete positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity (GO:0051092), maternal process involved in female pregnancy (GO:0060135), positive regulation of activated T cell autonomous cell death (GO:0070241), ERK1 and ERK2 cascade (GO:0070371), positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade (GO:0070374), response to interleukin-1 (GO:0070555), cellular response to type II interferon (GO:0071346), positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production (GO:0071636), positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production (GO:0071639), cellular response to virus (GO:0098586), positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:1901224), positive regulation of T cell migration (GO:2000406), positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis (GO:2000510)

GO Molecular Function (8): galactose binding (GO:0005534), galactoside binding (GO:0016936), enzyme binding (GO:0019899), carbohydrate binding (GO:0030246), receptor ligand activity (GO:0048018), disaccharide binding (GO:0048030), oligosaccharide binding (GO:0070492), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytosol (GO:0005829), extracellular matrix (GO:0031012), extracellular region (GO:0005576)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Signaling by Interleukins	1
Immune System	1
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
positive regulation of cytokine production	7
cellular anatomical structure	3
gene expression	2
regulation of gene expression	2
negative regulation of cytokine production	2
type II interferon production	2
regulation of type II interferon production	2
tumor necrosis factor production	2
regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	2
binding	2
tolerance induction	1
negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains	1
regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response	1
T-helper 1 type immune response	1
response to chemical	1
taxis	1
defense response	1
multi-organism reproductive process	1
multi-multicellular organism process	1
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
response to molecule of bacterial origin	1
response to lipid	1
response to oxygen-containing compound	1
chemokine production	1
regulation of chemokine production	1
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production	1
interleukin-1 beta production	1
regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	1
positive regulation of interleukin-1 production	1
interleukin-10 production	1
regulation of interleukin-10 production	1
interleukin-12 production	1
regulation of interleukin-12 production	1
interleukin-13 production	1
regulation of interleukin-13 production	1
interleukin-4 production	1
regulation of interleukin-4 production	1
interleukin-6 production	1
regulation of interleukin-6 production	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2826 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LGALS9	HAVCR2	Q8TDQ0	999
LGALS9	LAG3	P18627	993
LGALS9	CTLA4	P16410	991
LGALS9	CD44	P16070	988
LGALS9	CLEC7A	Q9BXN2	987
LGALS9	TIGIT	Q495A1	974
LGALS9	PDCD1	Q15116	968
LGALS9	TNFRSF9	Q07011	930
LGALS9	PTPRC	P08575	902
LGALS9	CD274	Q9NZQ7	888
LGALS9	BTLA	Q7Z6A9	831
LGALS9	TNFRSF14	Q92956	822
LGALS9	CEACAM1	P13688	806
LGALS9	CD8A	P01732	799
LGALS9	HSPB3	Q12988	769

IntAct

27 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CFTR	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SLC15A4	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ATG16L1		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PBK	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LGALS9	PODXL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LGALS9C	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IFNA5	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LGALS9	LGALS8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LGALS9	CYB5A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CDH5	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.270
CDH5	MYO1C	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.270
	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LGALS9	rlmL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
malS	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
acoB	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
flbD	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LGALS9	syd	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
fimD7	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LGALS9		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
cheY	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
bioD1	LGALS9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (730): PTPRK (Affinity Capture-MS), RNF13 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIAA0319L (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP2B4 (Affinity Capture-MS), MET (Affinity Capture-MS), SLC12A2 (Affinity Capture-MS), RRAGC (Affinity Capture-MS), MFAP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), COLEC12 (Affinity Capture-MS), NID2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ALCAM (Affinity Capture-MS), CD109 (Affinity Capture-MS), PTGFRN (Affinity Capture-MS), NCR3LG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SORL1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A8MUM7, C0HJQ1, C0HJR3, O00182, O00214, O08573, O44126, O54891, O54974, O55060, P05162, P07583, P09382, P11116, P11762, P16045, P23668, P36573, P38552, P47929, P47967, P48538, P56217, P56470, P61801, P81184, P97590, P97840, Q05315, Q09581, Q1ECW6, Q29058, Q3B8N2, Q3MHZ8, Q3T0D6, Q49I35, Q504A5, Q5R7M1, Q62665, Q68FJ4

Diamond homologs: A4D1Z8, C0HJQ1, C0HJR3, O00182, O88644, P08699, P09382, P11116, P16110, P47953, P47967, P97840, Q3B8N2, Q3MHZ8, Q3T0D6, Q49I35, Q6DGJ1, Q6DKI2, Q9D1U0, A8MUM7, O08573, O54891, P38486, P38552, P47929, P79238, P97400, Q05315, Q29058, Q8K419, Q8TCE9, Q9UHV8, O00214, O44126, O54974, P07583, P08520, P17931, P23668, P47845

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

100 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	67
Likely benign	7
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1757 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
17:27640633:C:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27640774:GTGA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
17:27642344:TCCAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
17:27642345:CCAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:27642346:CAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:27642347:AGGTC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
17:27642348:GGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
17:27642349:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
17:27642350:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
17:27645912:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
17:27646589:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
17:27647024:CGACA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:27647025:GACA:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:27647026:ACAGC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:27647027:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:27647028:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27647028:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:27647028:AGCC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27647029:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:27647029:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27647029:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27647029:GCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27647029:GCCG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27647029:GCCGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27647116:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
17:27647433:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
17:27648831:CACA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:27648835:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:27648941:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
17:27638258:TGCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900

AlphaMissense

2348 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
17:27647347:G:C	R279P	0.994
17:27647344:T:A	V278D	0.991
17:27647370:T:A	W287R	0.990
17:27647370:T:C	W287R	0.990
17:27647323:G:C	R271P	0.989
17:27647272:T:C	F254S	0.988
17:27647308:T:C	F266S	0.988
17:27647372:G:C	W287C	0.988
17:27647372:G:T	W287C	0.988
17:27647100:T:A	V247D	0.986
17:27647271:T:C	F254L	0.986
17:27647273:C:A	F254L	0.986
17:27647273:C:G	F254L	0.986
17:27647314:T:C	L268P	0.986
17:27647427:T:C	F306L	0.986
17:27647429:C:A	F306L	0.986
17:27647429:C:G	F306L	0.986
17:27640684:T:A	W82R	0.984
17:27640684:T:C	W82R	0.984
17:27647094:G:A	G245D	0.983
17:27647351:C:A	N280K	0.983
17:27647351:C:G	N280K	0.983
17:27647278:T:A	I256N	0.982
17:27647346:C:A	R279S	0.982
17:27638326:G:T	G35W	0.981
17:27640619:T:C	F60S	0.981
17:27647310:C:G	H267D	0.981
17:27638327:G:A	G35E	0.980
17:27640625:T:C	F62S	0.979
17:27648843:T:C	I310T	0.979

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000006507 (17:27647939 G>A), RS1000073519 (17:27646859 C>G), RS1000441564 (17:27647646 C>T), RS1000493640 (17:27644391 G>A,C), RS1000672658 (17:27639720 C>T), RS1000803553 (17:27633574 A>G), RS1000864557 (17:27634260 CA>C), RS1000895572 (17:27633839 G>A), RS1001148668 (17:27639476 T>C,G), RS1001321115 (17:27648159 G>C), RS1001347654 (17:27643946 G>A,T), RS1001441160 (17:27644113 C>A), RS1001580175 (17:27638540 G>A,T), RS1001688839 (17:27648480 C>A), RS1001843420 (17:27640120 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601879 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): epilepsy (MONDO:0005027), autism spectrum disorder (MONDO:0005258)

Orphanet (1): NON RARE IN EUROPE: Autism (Orphanet:106)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001729_22	Crohn’s disease	9.000000e-17
GCST006585_45	Blood protein levels	8.000000e-12
GCST006941_14	Irritable mood	9.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0009594	irritability measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D004827	Epilepsy	C10.228.140.490

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL5474 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

2 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 20 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL5314358	LACTOSE, ANHYDROUS	3
CHEMBL5182222	SELVIGALTIN	2	20

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

12 measured of 12 human assays (12 total across all organisms); most potent 12 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(butylcarbamothioyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	23000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-{[(3-hydroxypropyl)carbamothioyl]amino}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	23000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(prop-2-en-1-ylcarbamothioyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	34000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(cyclohexylcarbamothioyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	40000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-(carbamothioylamino)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	43000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-{[(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)carbamothioyl]amino}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	43000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(phenylcarbamothioyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	45000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(diethylcarbamothioyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	46000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(methylcarbamothioyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	49000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamothioyl]amino}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	49000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-({[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxyoxan-3-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]carbamothioyl}amino)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyoxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	58000 nM
N-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-5-{[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-3-yl]acetamide	KD	70000 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

59 potent at pChembl≥5 of 110 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.28	Kd	530	nM	CHEMBL1253743
6.17	Kd	680	nM	CHEMBL6144786
6.14	Kd	730	nM	CHEMBL444662
6.13	Kd	740	nM	CHEMBL1253187
6.04	Kd	910	nM	CHEMBL1253923
5.96	Kd	1100	nM	CHEMBL1253742
5.96	Kd	1100	nM	CHEMBL1253726
5.85	Kd	1400	nM	CHEMBL509915
5.80	Kd	1600	nM	CHEMBL4446622
5.80	Kd	1600	nM	CHEMBL457430
5.79	Kd	1610	nM	SELVIGALTIN
5.75	Kd	1800	nM	CHEMBL503116
5.74	Kd	1822	nM	CHEMBL1253217
5.71	Kd	1940	nM	SELVIGALTIN
5.68	IC50	2110	nM	CHEMBL5410487
5.68	Kd	2100	nM	CHEMBL1253744
5.66	Kd	2200	nM	CHEMBL458489
5.64	Kd	2300	nM	CHEMBL1253745
5.62	Kd	2400	nM	CHEMBL4446622
5.62	Kd	2400	nM	CHEMBL5181579
5.62	IC50	2420	nM	CHEMBL5410396
5.62	IC50	2400	nM	CHEMBL5590331
5.62	Kd	2400	nM	CHEMBL6142304
5.60	IC50	2500	nM	CHEMBL5181786
5.57	Kd	2700	nM	CHEMBL5181579
5.57	Kd	2700	nM	CHEMBL6142304
5.56	IC50	2740	nM	CHEMBL5206873
5.56	IC50	2750	nM	CHEMBL4754458
5.55	Kd	2800	nM	CHEMBL4438703
5.55	Kd	2800	nM	CHEMBL443156
5.54	IC50	2900	nM	CHEMBL5204834
5.54	Kd	2890	nM	CHEMBL6144786
5.52	IC50	3010	nM	CHEMBL5435736
5.50	Kd	3190	nM	CHEMBL5193805
5.48	IC50	3280	nM	CHEMBL5178581
5.45	IC50	3530	nM	CHEMBL5432398
5.40	IC50	4000	nM	CHEMBL5591252
5.40	Kd	4000	nM	CHEMBL6150732
5.37	Kd	4280	nM	CHEMBL5193805
5.35	Kd	4500	nM	CHEMBL6145285
5.34	Kd	4600	nM	CHEMBL4465115
5.30	Kd	5000	nM	CHEMBL6170150
5.24	Kd	5800	nM	CHEMBL4446731
5.24	Kd	5700	nM	CHEMBL6144086
5.21	Kd	6100	nM	CHEMBL4438703
5.21	IC50	6110	nM	CHEMBL5186112
5.19	Kd	6500	nM	CHEMBL6151585
5.16	Kd	7000	nM	CHEMBL457221
5.16	IC50	7000	nM	CHEMBL5590257
5.14	IC50	7200	nM	CHEMBL5591506

PubChem BioAssay actives

49 with measured affinity, of 211 total; 42 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
N-benzyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(benzylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]triazole-4-carboxamide	513984: Binding affinity to human galectin 9 N-terminal domain at 20 degC by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.5300	uM
N-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(naphthalene-2-carbonylamino)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]naphthalene-2-carboxamide	1628959: Competitive binding affinity to recombinant human galectin-9 N-terminal after 5 mins in presence of fluorescent probe 2-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylamino)ethyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.7300	uM
1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(prop-2-enylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-N-prop-2-enyltriazole-4-carboxamide	513984: Binding affinity to human galectin 9 N-terminal domain at 20 degC by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.7400	uM
1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(methylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-N-methyltriazole-4-carboxamide	513984: Binding affinity to human galectin 9 N-terminal domain at 20 degC by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.9100	uM
N-butyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[4-(butylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]triazole-4-carboxamide	513984: Binding affinity to human galectin 9 N-terminal domain at 20 degC by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.1000	uM
1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(2-phenylethylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-N-(2-phenylethyl)triazole-4-carboxamide	513984: Binding affinity to human galectin 9 N-terminal domain at 20 degC by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.1000	uM
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3-methoxybenzoyl)oxyoxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] 3-methoxybenzoate	412879: Binding affinity to galectin 9N terminal domain at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.4000	uM
[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] naphthalene-1-carboxylate	412879: Binding affinity to galectin 9N terminal domain at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.6000	uM
3-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2-oxochromen-3-yl)methoxy]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxymethyl]chromen-2-one	1628959: Competitive binding affinity to recombinant human galectin-9 N-terminal after 5 mins in presence of fluorescent probe 2-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylamino)ethyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.6000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(5-bromo-3-pyridinyl)sulfanyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	1857059: Binding affinity to human N-terminal domain of Galectin-9 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization	kd	1.6100	uM
N-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-3-methoxybenzamide	412879: Binding affinity to galectin 9N terminal domain at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.8000	uM
N-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)amino]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-3,5-dimethoxybenzamide	513984: Binding affinity to human galectin 9 N-terminal domain at 20 degC by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	1.8220	uM
1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(2-hydroxypropylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-N-(2-hydroxypropyl)triazole-4-carboxamide	513984: Binding affinity to human galectin 9 N-terminal domain at 20 degC by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	2.1000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[2-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-4-[4-(4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1984898: Inhibition of human Galectin-9	ic50	2.1100	uM
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-benzoyloxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] benzoate	412879: Binding affinity to galectin 9N terminal domain at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	2.2000	uM
1-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(2-methoxyethylcarbamoyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)triazole-4-carboxamide	513984: Binding affinity to human galectin 9 N-terminal domain at 20 degC by competitive fluorescence polarization assay	kd	2.3000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	1857058: Binding affinity to human C-terminal domain of Galectin-9 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization	kd	2.4000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-6-[4-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-3-ol	2113962: Inhibition of his-tagged N-terminal human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by Biotin-ASF addition and measured after 1 hr by HTRF assay	ic50	2.4000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[2-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-4-[4-(4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-3-ol	1984898: Inhibition of human Galectin-9	ic50	2.4200	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870982: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	2.5000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870982: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	2.7400	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-N-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-N-methyloxane-2-carboxamide	1984898: Inhibition of human Galectin-9	ic50	2.7500	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(4-methoxyanilino)oxane-3,5-diol	1541795: Binding affinity at recombinant human C-terminal Galectin 9 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 incubated for 5 mins by fluorescence anisotropy assay	kd	2.8000	uM
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(naphthalene-2-carbonyloxy)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] naphthalene-2-carboxylate	412879: Binding affinity to galectin 9N terminal domain at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	2.8000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870982: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	2.9000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[2-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1984898: Inhibition of human Galectin-9	ic50	3.0100	uM
2-chloro-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-2-yl]sulfanylbenzonitrile	1857059: Binding affinity to human N-terminal domain of Galectin-9 assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization	kd	3.1900	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-3,5-diol	1870982: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	3.2800	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[2-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-4-[4-(4-chloro-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-3-ol	1984898: Inhibition of human Galectin-9	ic50	3.5300	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[4-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	2113962: Inhibition of his-tagged N-terminal human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by Biotin-ASF addition and measured after 1 hr by HTRF assay	ic50	4.0000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-(3-chloroanilino)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1541795: Binding affinity at recombinant human C-terminal Galectin 9 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 incubated for 5 mins by fluorescence anisotropy assay	kd	4.6000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl-4-(3,4-dimethylanilino)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1541795: Binding affinity at recombinant human C-terminal Galectin 9 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 incubated for 5 mins by fluorescence anisotropy assay	kd	5.8000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-4-[4-(4-fluoronaphthalen-2-yl)triazol-1-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870982: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	6.1100	uM
N-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-benzamido-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]benzamide	412879: Binding affinity to galectin 9N terminal domain at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	7.0000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-6-[4-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxyoxan-3-ol	2113962: Inhibition of his-tagged N-terminal human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by Biotin-ASF addition and measured after 1 hr by HTRF assay	ic50	7.0000	uM
5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-bromo-2,3-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-4-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione	2113962: Inhibition of his-tagged N-terminal human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by Biotin-ASF addition and measured after 1 hr by HTRF assay	ic50	7.2000	uM
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(naphthalene-1-carbonyloxy)oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] naphthalene-1-carboxylate	412879: Binding affinity to galectin 9N terminal domain at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	8.3000	uM
3-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(7-methoxy-2-oxochromen-3-yl)methoxy]oxan-2-yl]sulfanyl-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxymethyl]-7-methoxychromen-2-one	1628959: Competitive binding affinity to recombinant human galectin-9 N-terminal after 5 mins in presence of fluorescent probe 2-(fluorescein-5-yl-carbonylamino)ethyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-4)-beta-D-glucopyranoside by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	8.3000	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(4-bromo-3,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870982: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	9.7400	uM
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4-[4-(3-chloro-4,5-difluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]-2-[2-[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol	1870982: Inhibition of His-tagged recombinant human Gal-9 preincubated for 30 mins followed by B-ASF addition measured after 1 hr by time resolved fluorescence based assay	ic50	9.8700	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(3R,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-(4-pyrimidin-5-yltriazol-1-yl)oxan-3-yl]sulfanyl-5-methoxy-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxan-3-ol	1814267: Inhibition in human Gal-9	ic50	9.9200	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-N-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methoxy-N-methyl-4-[4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)triazol-1-yl]oxane-2-carboxamide	1984898: Inhibition of human Galectin-9	ic50	9.9700	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

26 total (human), top 26 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Tretinoin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	4
Arsenic Trioxide	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Arsenic	affects methylation, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	2
Calcitriol	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Nickel	increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, increases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation, increases methylation	2
sotorasib	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
beta-lapachone	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
hydroquinone	increases expression	1
tamibarotene	increases expression	1
seocalcitol	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
trametinib	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
NVP-BKM120	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases methylation	1
Cisplatin	increases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Testosterone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Zidovudine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Acrylamide	increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

36 unique, capped per target: 36 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1013543	Binding	Binding affinity to galectin 9N terminal domain at 0 degC by fluorescence polarization assay	Galectin-inhibitory thiodigalactoside ester derivatives have antimigratory effects in cultured lung and prostate cancer cells. — J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

2 cell lines: 2 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_B1AG	Abcam THP-1 LGALS9 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_B2NS	Abcam A-549 LGALS9 KO	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00004637	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vitamin E as Add-on Therapy for Children With Epilepsy
NCT00043914	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Measurement Of Serum Levels Of Two Antiepileptic Drugs During Conversion In Patients With Epilepsy
NCT00132223	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effects on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Imaging Angiographies of the Supra-Aortic Vessels by Three Different Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents in Patients
NCT00133081	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Improve the Treatment of Epilepsy (SITE)
NCT00137709	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Hormone Profiles in Adults With Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy
NCT00154076	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Multicenter Comparative Trial of Zonisamide and Topiramate as Initial Monotherapy in Untreated Epilepsies
NCT00165828	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Efficacy and Safety of an add-on Treatment With Zonisamide in Adults With Focal Epileptic Seizures With or Without Secondary Generalization
NCT00181116	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Levetiracetam for Benign Rolandic Epilepsy
NCT00207935	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Use of Sustained Release Antiepileptic Medication (Depakote® ER) for Pediatric Epilepsy in a Mental Retardation/Developmental Disorder Population
NCT00215592	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open Label, Zonegran (Zonisamide) In Partial Onset Seizures
NCT00266604	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate the Dosing, Effectiveness and Safety of Topiramate for the Treatment of Epilepsy
NCT00288639	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lyrica (Pregabalin) Administered as an Add-on Therapy for Partial Seizures (LEADER).
NCT00312676	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Compare Tolerability of an Overnight Switch to Gradual Switch Between Two Different Forms of Depakote
NCT00323947	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate for Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children With Both ADHD and Epilepsy
NCT00385411	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Valproate in Young Patients Suffering From Epilepsy
NCT00522418	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Study Comparing Best Medical Practice With or Without VNS Therapy in Pharmacoresistant Partial Epilepsy Patients
NCT00537940	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Study Of Pregabalin And Gabapentin As Adjunctive Therapy In Subjects With Partial Seizures
NCT00552526	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Ketogenic Diet vs.Antiepileptic Drug Treatment in Drug Resistant Epilepsy
NCT00564915	PHASE4	COMPLETED	RCT of the Efficacy of the Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy
NCT00571155	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial of Levetiracetam in Patients With Primary Brain Tumors and Symptomatic Seizures Who Undergo Surgery
NCT00572195	PHASE4	COMPLETED	RNS® System LTT Study
NCT00610532	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Evaluating the Transporter Protein Inhibitor Probenecid In Patients With Epilepsy
NCT00630357	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Keppra After Conversion to Mono-therapy in Subjects With Partial Epilepsy
NCT00630630	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study on Safety and Efficacy of Levetiracetam in the Adjunctive Treatment of Female Subjects With C1 Catamenial Epilepsy
NCT00630968	PHASE4	COMPLETED	S.K.A.T.E.: Safety of Keppra as Adjunctive Therapy in Epilepsy
NCT00631150	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Phase IV-Pharmacovigilance Study of Keppra Greece - S.K.A.T.E.: Safety of Keppra as Adjunctive Therapy in Epilepsy
NCT00659958	PHASE4	COMPLETED	ZAGAL Study: Evaluating Effectiveness and Tolerability of Zonisamide as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Partial Onset Seizures Treated With Two Antiepileptic Drugs
NCT00713622	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparing The Effect On Cognition Of Adjunctive Therapy With Zonisamide Versus Sodium Valproate
NCT00807989	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Efficacy and Safety of Low Dose Combination of LTG and VPA Compared to CBZ Monotherapy
NCT00832884	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Safety of Intravenous Lacosamide
NCT00869622	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antiepileptic Drugs and Osteoporotic Prevention Trial
NCT00896987	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lamotrigine Cognitive Function Study in Adult Untreated Epilepsies
NCT00952081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Clevidipine in Neurosurgical Patients
NCT01118455	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Trial to Assess Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy vs. Anti-Epileptic Drug (AED) Treatment in Children With Refractory Seizures
NCT01127165	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Low and High Dose Zonisamide in Children as Monotherapy
NCT01127256	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Study of Zonisamide and Carbamazepine as an Initial Monotherapy: Efficacy and Safety Evaluation
NCT01140867	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label, Multi-center Trial of Zonisamide as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Uncontrolled Partial Epilepsy
NCT01175954	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Lacosamide
NCT01229735	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Levetiracetam Versus Topiramate as Adjunctive Therapy to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety in Subjects With Refractory Partial Onset Seizures
NCT01244724	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Lexapro for Major Depression in Patients With Epilepsy