LMOD2

Summary

LMOD2 (leiomodin 2, HGNC:6648) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 7q31.32, encoding Leiomodin-2 (Q6P5Q4). Mediates nucleation of actin filaments and thereby promotes actin polymerization.

Enables actin monomer binding activity and tropomyosin binding activity. Involved in actin nucleation; positive regulation of actin filament polymerization; and sarcomere organization. Located in M band and actin filament. Implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy 2G.

Source: NCBI Gene 442721 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2G (Definitive, ClinGen) — +1 more curated relationship
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 102 total — 4 pathogenic, 3 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 31
• MANE Select transcript: NM_207163

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6648
Approved symbol	LMOD2
Name	leiomodin 2
Location	7q31.32
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	C-Lmod
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000170807
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	608006
Entrez	442721

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000456238, ENST00000458573

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_207163 NM_207163

CCDS: CCDS47693

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000458573 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001136332	123661860	123663203
ENSE00001835486	123655866	123656236
ENSE00001899532	123663719	123664290

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 153 present calls, max score 99.93.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 8.3499 / max 2674.0014, expressed in 103 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
80853	8.3499	103

Top tissues by expression

249 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	99.93	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	99.86	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	99.76	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	99.76	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	99.76	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	99.68	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	99.61	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	99.60	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	99.60	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	99.59	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	99.45	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	99.40	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	99.30	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	99.23	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	99.04	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	98.90	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	98.86	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	98.81	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	98.48	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	98.46	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	97.90	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	97.32	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	93.57	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	93.31	gold quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	91.61	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	83.66	gold quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	81.02	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	75.81	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	73.54	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	71.88	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	5.47

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

20 targeting LMOD2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3185	99.99	68.12	1959
HSA-MIR-1250-3P	99.96	70.04	4038
HSA-MIR-335-3P	99.93	73.36	4958
HSA-MIR-4753-3P	99.90	71.03	3786
HSA-MIR-153-5P	99.89	73.86	6317
HSA-MIR-4668-5P	99.79	70.58	3782
HSA-MIR-4699-3P	99.71	70.15	3142
HSA-MIR-494-3P	99.70	71.45	2795
HSA-MIR-6516-3P	99.65	68.57	1238
HSA-MIR-4762-5P	99.57	68.54	1424
HSA-MIR-5007-3P	99.51	68.14	1242
HSA-MIR-216A-5P	99.50	68.02	1288
HSA-MIR-4506	99.34	67.47	526
HSA-MIR-877-3P	99.09	68.10	1637
HSA-MIR-6881-3P	98.04	68.24	1777
HSA-MIR-1285-5P	98.01	68.71	779
HSA-MIR-1279	97.83	67.50	1898
HSA-MIR-5196-3P	97.57	65.98	979
HSA-MIR-192-3P	97.52	67.66	1001
HSA-MIR-4445-5P	97.21	66.16	832

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 8)

• study describes an actin-binding protein, leiomodin, that acted as a strong filament nucleator in muscle cells (PMID:18403713)
• The C-terminal extension of Lmod2 and C terminal of Tmod1 are sufficient to produce a filament nucleator. (PMID:26370058)
• Complementary functional studies suggest that the binding of Lmod2 stimulates ATP hydrolysis and accelerates actin nucleation and polymerization. (PMID:26417072)
• The mutation reduced binding affinity for both Lmod2 and Tmod1. The effect of the K15N mutation on Tpm1.1 binding to Lmod2 and Tmod1 provides a molecular rationale for the development of familial dilated cardiomyopathies . (PMID:26873245)
• Crystal Structure of Leiomodin 2 in Complex with Actin (PMID:28834725)
• Disruption of cardiac thin filament assembly arising from a mutation in LMOD2: A novel mechanism of neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy. (PMID:31517052)
• Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Homozygote Nonsense Variants in LMOD2 Gene Causing Infantile Dilated Cardiomyopathy. (PMID:37296576)
• Human disease-causing mutations result in loss of leiomodin 2 through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. (PMID:38748723)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lmod2a	ENSDARG00000045634
danio_rerio	lmod2b	ENSDARG00000045864
mus_musculus	Lmod2	ENSMUSG00000029683
rattus_norvegicus	Lmod2	ENSRNOG00000045831

Paralogs (6): TMOD2 (ENSG00000128872), TMOD1 (ENSG00000136842), TMOD3 (ENSG00000138594), TMOD4 (ENSG00000163157), LMOD3 (ENSG00000163380), LMOD1 (ENSG00000163431)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Leiomodin-2 — Q6P5Q4 (reviewed: Q6P5Q4)

Alternative names: Cardiac leiomodin, Leiomodin

All UniProt accessions (2): Q6P5Q4, C9J8F4

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Mediates nucleation of actin filaments and thereby promotes actin polymerization. Plays a role in the regulation of actin filament length. Required for normal sarcomere organization in the heart, and for normal heart function.

Subunit / interactions. Can bind at least three actin monomers and thereby provides a nucleus for actin filament formation. Interacts (via N-terminus) with tropomyosin alpha (TPM1) (via N-terminus). May also interact with TPM2 (via N-terminus). Interacts with FLII.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Myofibril. Sarcomere. M line. Cytoskeleton.

Tissue specificity. Specifically expressed in heart and skeletal muscles, with higher levels in heart (at protein level). Not expressed in other tissues.

Disease relevance. Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2G (CMD2G) [MIM:619897] A form of dilated cardiomyopathy, a disorder characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function, resulting in congestive heart failure and arrhythmia. Patients are at risk of premature death. CMD2G is an autosomal recessive form characterized by early-onset, severe cardiomyopathy that progresses rapidly to heart failure in the neonatal period without evidence of intervening hypertrophy. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Similarity. Belongs to the tropomodulin family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q6P5Q4-1	1	yes
Q6P5Q4-2	2
Q6P5Q4-3	3

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_997046* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR003124	WH2_dom	Domain
IPR004934	TMOD	Family
IPR032675	LRR_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF03250

UniProt features (63 total): helix 16, mutagenesis site 9, compositionally biased region 8, region of interest 6, strand 6, modified residue 4, splice variant 4, turn 4, sequence variant 2, coiled-coil region 2, chain 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

3 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
4RWT	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.98
5WFN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3
6UT2	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q6P5Q4-F1	67.14	0.32

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (4): 11, 15, 24, 400

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (9):

Position	Phenotype
64	mildly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization; when associated with d-69.
69	mildly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization; when associated with d-64.
72–73	mildly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization.
284	strongly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization.
304	strongly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization; when associated with g-334 and a-356.
334	strongly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization; when associated with g-304 and a-356.
356	strongly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization; when associated with g-304 and g-334.
525–529	strongly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization.
537–540	strongly impaired activity in promoting actin polymerization.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 167 (showing top): GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_CONTAINING_COMPLEX_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_POLYMERIZATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_POLYMERIZATION, GOBP_STRIATED_MUSCLE_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, DARWICHE_SKIN_TUMOR_PROMOTER_DN, DARWICHE_PAPILLOMA_RISK_LOW_UP, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_ACTIN_FILAMENT_DEPOLYMERIZATION, DARWICHE_PAPILLOMA_RISK_HIGH_DN, DARWICHE_SQUAMOUS_CELL_CARCINOMA_DN, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_ORGANELLE_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_SARCOMERE_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_COMPONENT_BIOGENESIS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_COMPONENT_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ACTIN_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ANATOMICAL_STRUCTURE_SIZE

GO Biological Process (8): muscle contraction (GO:0006936), actin filament organization (GO:0007015), actin filament polymerization (GO:0030041), myofibril assembly (GO:0030239), positive regulation of actin filament polymerization (GO:0030838), actin nucleation (GO:0045010), sarcomere organization (GO:0045214), pointed-end actin filament capping (GO:0051694)

GO Molecular Function (3): actin binding (GO:0003779), actin monomer binding (GO:0003785), tropomyosin binding (GO:0005523)

GO Cellular Component (7): cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), striated muscle thin filament (GO:0005865), actin filament (GO:0005884), myofibril (GO:0030016), sarcomere (GO:0030017), M band (GO:0031430), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
supramolecular fiber organization	2
actomyosin structure organization	2
cytoskeletal protein binding	2
actin cytoskeleton	2
muscle system process	1
actin cytoskeleton organization	1
actin polymerization or depolymerization	1
protein polymerization	1
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis	1
striated muscle cell development	1
membraneless organelle assembly	1
actin filament polymerization	1
regulation of actin filament polymerization	1
positive regulation of protein polymerization	1
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization	1
positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization	1
actin filament organization	1
myofibril assembly	1
actin filament capping	1
actin binding	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
sarcomere	1
myofilament	1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber	1
contractile muscle fiber	1
myofibril	1
A band	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

750 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LMOD2	NEB	P20929	619
LMOD2	COBL	O75128	599
LMOD2	JMY	Q8N9B5	525
LMOD2	PFN4	Q8NHR9	513
LMOD2	MYOZ2	Q9NPC6	502
LMOD2	ASB15	Q8WXK1	497
LMOD2	WAS	P42768	495
LMOD2	PFN3	P60673	494
LMOD2	SPIRE1	Q08AE8	470
LMOD2	SPIRE2	Q8WWL2	469
LMOD2	PFN1	P07737	466
LMOD2	CAPZA1	P52907	464
LMOD2	PXT1	Q8NFP0	463
LMOD2	MYBPC1	Q00872	455
LMOD2	WASL	O00401	447

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
Mecom	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (3): LMOD2 (Affinity Capture-MS), LMOD2 (Proximity Label-MS), LMOD2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A088MLT8, A0A0G2K0D3, A2AQ19, B3KU38, D3ZTQ1, E1BTG2, E6ZGB4, E9PSK7, O35274, O60271, O75151, O75376, P12755, P22682, P29536, P49140, Q08DA0, Q13191, Q3B7T9, Q3TTA7, Q3UHZ5, Q3USH5, Q3YEC7, Q4KKX4, Q58A65, Q5SFM8, Q5U3K5, Q60698, Q60974, Q62415, Q640N2, Q6P5Q4, Q6R891, Q70E73, Q80XA6, Q86YP4, Q8BVA4, Q8CHY6, Q8K4S7, Q8R3Y5

Diamond homologs: A0A0G2K0D3, A0JNC0, A1A5Q0, E1BTG2, E7F7X0, E9QA62, O01479, P28289, P29536, P49813, P70566, P70567, Q0VAK6, Q0VC48, Q3UHZ5, Q6P5Q4, Q8BVA4, Q9JHJ0, Q9JKK7, Q9JLH8, Q9NYL9, Q9NZQ9, Q9NZR1

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

102 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	4
Likely pathogenic	3
Uncertain significance	83
Likely benign	5
Benign	6

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (7)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1328520	NM_207163.3(LMOD2):c.273+1G>A	Pathogenic
1687094	NM_207163.3(LMOD2):c.1193G>A (p.Trp398Ter)	Pathogenic
1687095	NM_207163.3(LMOD2):c.1243_1244del (p.Leu415fs)	Pathogenic
1687096	NM_207163.3(LMOD2):c.1537C>T (p.Arg513Ter)	Pathogenic
2690637	NM_207163.3(LMOD2):c.1446_1453dup (p.Val485fs)	Likely pathogenic
2690638	NM_207163.3(LMOD2):c.702del (p.Ala235fs)	Likely pathogenic
3065785	NM_207163.3(LMOD2):c.19del (p.Arg7fs)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

236 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
7:123661855:TTTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
7:123661857:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
7:123661859:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
7:123656214:A:T	donor_gain	0.9900
7:123656233:AAAGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
7:123656234:AAGGT:A	donor_loss	0.9900
7:123656237:G:C	donor_loss	0.9900
7:123656238:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
7:123661858:AG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:123661859:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:123661859:GGTT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:123656075:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9800
7:123661858:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9800
7:123661859:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9800
7:123661856:TTAGG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9700
7:123661857:TAG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9700
7:123661858:AGG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9700
7:123661859:G:T	acceptor_gain	0.9700
7:123656110:GC:G	donor_gain	0.9600
7:123661855:TTTAG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9600
7:123656108:GGGC:G	donor_gain	0.9500
7:123656117:C:T	donor_gain	0.9500
7:123656188:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9400
7:123661852:C:G	acceptor_gain	0.9400
7:123656109:GGC:G	donor_gain	0.9300
7:123656213:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9200
7:123656111:C:G	donor_gain	0.9100
7:123661858:AGGTT:A	acceptor_gain	0.9100
7:123661859:GGTTG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9100
7:123661859:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9000

AlphaMissense

3623 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
7:123656037:T:C	L25P	1.000
7:123656061:T:C	L33P	1.000
7:123656169:T:C	L69P	1.000
7:123662420:C:A	N278K	1.000
7:123662420:C:G	N278K	1.000
7:123656025:T:C	L21P	0.999
7:123656028:T:A	L22H	0.999
7:123656028:T:C	L22P	0.999
7:123656052:T:C	L30P	0.999
7:123656180:T:A	W73R	0.999
7:123656180:T:C	W73R	0.999
7:123662239:T:C	L218S	0.999
7:123662243:C:A	N219K	0.999
7:123662243:C:G	N219K	0.999
7:123662246:C:A	N220K	0.999
7:123662246:C:G	N220K	0.999
7:123662293:T:C	L236P	0.999
7:123662377:T:C	L264P	0.999
7:123662415:T:C	S277P	0.999
7:123662419:A:T	N278I	0.999
7:123662488:T:C	L301P	0.999
7:123662491:G:C	R302P	0.999
7:123662581:G:A	G332E	0.999
7:123662653:G:C	R356T	0.999
7:123662654:G:C	R356S	0.999
7:123662654:G:T	R356S	0.999
7:123656037:T:A	L25Q	0.998
7:123656061:T:A	L33Q	0.998
7:123656169:T:A	L69Q	0.998
7:123662233:T:A	V216D	0.998

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000061798 (7:123660432 A>C,G), RS1000327013 (7:123658198 A>G), RS1000927429 (7:123663899 A>G), RS1000971859 (7:123656353 A>G,T), RS1001209872 (7:123661558 A>C), RS1001359441 (7:123655058 T>A), RS1001661094 (7:123661873 A>C,T), RS1001711027 (7:123654465 T>C), RS1001766950 (7:123661678 T>C), RS1001838988 (7:123662892 C>G), RS1002454643 (7:123656364 C>G,T), RS1002652006 (7:123660367 T>C), RS1002768050 (7:123660160 T>C), RS1002936630 (7:123660280 C>T), RS1003215702 (7:123658304 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:608006 | disease phenotypes: MIM:619897

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2G	Definitive	Autosomal recessive
dilated cardiomyopathy	Strong	Autosomal recessive

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2G	Definitive	AR

Mondo (3): cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2G (MONDO:0030887), familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy (MONDO:0700335), dilated cardiomyopathy (MONDO:0005021)

Orphanet (1): Familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy (Orphanet:154)

HPO phenotypes

31 total (30 of 31 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000407	Sensorineural hearing impairment
HP:0000969	Edema
HP:0001342	Cerebral hemorrhage
HP:0001635	Congestive heart failure
HP:0001644	Dilated cardiomyopathy
HP:0001649	Tachycardia
HP:0001653	Mitral regurgitation
HP:0001659	Aortic regurgitation
HP:0001727	Thromboembolic stroke
HP:0002875	Exertional dyspnea
HP:0003198	Myopathy
HP:0003457	EMG abnormality
HP:0003577	Congenital onset
HP:0003811	Neonatal death
HP:0004751	Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
HP:0005180	Tricuspid regurgitation
HP:0011675	Arrhythmia
HP:0011701	Multifocal atrial tachycardia
HP:0011712	Complete right bundle branch block
HP:0012378	Fatigue
HP:0012666	Severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
HP:0012764	Orthopnea
HP:0025169	Left ventricular systolic dysfunction
HP:0030149	Cardiogenic shock
HP:0031295	Left atrial enlargement
HP:0031318	Myofiber disarray
HP:0031333	Myocardial sarcomeric disarray
HP:0031676	Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
HP:0033008	Increased Z-disc width

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003657_4	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom score	3.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007860	ADHD symptom measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D002311	Cardiomyopathy, Dilated	C14.280.195.160; C14.280.238.070; C16.320.488.750

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

14 total (human), top 14 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects expression	5
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
incobotulinumtoxinA	decreases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Ethanol	decreases expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Benztropine	increases expression	1
Clozapine	increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Triclosan	decreases expression	1
Asbestos, Serpentine	decreases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

158 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00374465	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Therapy With Verapamil or Carvedilol in Chronic Heart Failure
NCT01293903	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Qiliqiangxin Capsule to Treat Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT01557140	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Randomized Trial of Carvedilol in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy
NCT01917149	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Supramaximal Titrated Inhibition of RAAS in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT02115581	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation in Children With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT06236022	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The Effects of Sirolimus in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy Infected With Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Virus
NCT00333827	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Cell Therapy In Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT00505154	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of Rosuvastatin on Left Ventricular Remodeling
NCT01223703	PHASE3	COMPLETED	PUFAs and Left Ventricular Function in Heart Failure
NCT01583114	PHASE3	TERMINATED	PREclinical Mutation CARriers From Families With DIlated Cardiomyopathy and ACE Inhibitors
NCT01914081	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Resveratrol: A Potential Anti- Remodeling Agent in Heart Failure, From Bench to Bedside
NCT02989181	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Continues Positive Airway Pressure Treatment for Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
NCT03439514	PHASE3	TERMINATED	A Study of ARRY-371797 (PF-07265803) in Patients With Symptomatic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Due to a Lamin A/C Gene Mutation
NCT05237323	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Micophenolate Mofetil Versus Azathioprine in Myocarditis
NCT05849766	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of Dapagliflozin on Cardiac Structure, Function and Secondary Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Left Ventricle Dysfunction
NCT06250257	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Bromocriptine in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Among Women of Reproductive Age
NCT00629018	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy Study of Stem Cell Transplantation to Treat Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT00629096	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Intracoronary Infusion of Autologous Bone Marrow Cells for Treatment of Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT00765518	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Use of Ixmyelocel-T (Formerly Cardiac Repair Cell [CRC] Treatment) in Patients With Heart Failure Due to Dilated Cardiomyopathy (IMPACT-DCM)
NCT00847964	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety and Feasibility of Algisyl-LVR™ as a Method of Left Ventricular Restoration in Patients With DCM Undergoing Open-heart Surgery
NCT01020968	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Use of Ixmyelocel-T (Formerly Catheter-based Cardiac Repair Cell [CRC]) Treatment in Patients With Heart Failure Due to Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT01302171	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Bone Marrow Derived Adult Stem Cells for Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT01350310	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy Study of Intramyocardial Stem Cell Therapy in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT02133911	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Pilot Trial of Ranolazine to Treat Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT03071653	PHASE2	SUSPENDED	Left Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation for Cardiomyopathy Feasibility Pilot Study
NCT03572660	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Use of Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cell and G-CSF With Circulatory Assistance in the Treatment of DCM
NCT03775070	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Simvastatin Therapy in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
NCT04405804	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Early Administration of Ivabradine in Children With Heart Failure
NCT05410873	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Examining the Effects of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in DCM
NCT06632834	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Outcome-targeted Therapy: Principle and Outcome Evaluation: Clinical Study and Phenotype-genotype Correlation
NCT00585546	PHASE1	TERMINATED	Harefield Recovery Protocol Study for Patients With Refractory Chronic Heart Failure
NCT02293603	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Dilated cardiomYopathy iNtervention With Allogeneic MyocardIally-regenerative Cells (DYNAMIC)
NCT03062956	PHASE1	COMPLETED	A Single Ascending Dose Study Assessing the Safety, Tolerability, PK and PD of MYK-491
NCT03129568	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Transcoronary Infusion of Cardiac Progenitor Cells in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT04982081	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Treating Congestive HF With hiPSC-CMs Through Endocardial Injection
NCT06381466	PHASE1	TERMINATED	A Study to Investigate Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral AZD0233 Compared With Placebo in Healthy Adult Participants.
NCT06464588	PHASE1	RECRUITING	A Phase 1 Open-Label Study of the Safety of Intravenous Allogeneic Neonatal Mesenchymal Cells (nMSCs) in Young Adult (1A) and Pediatric (1B) Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
NCT06902896	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of FAP iCDC in End-stage Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT07137338	PHASE1	RECRUITING	A Phase 1 AAV Gene Therapy Trial Evaluating Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of RP-A701 in Subjects With BAG3 Dilated Cardiomyopathy
NCT07241104	PHASE1	RECRUITING	A Study of AZD4063 in PLN R14del Dilated Cardiomyopathy