LMOD3

Summary

LMOD3 (leiomodin 3, HGNC:6649) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 3p14.1, encoding Leiomodin-3 (Q0VAK6). Essential for the organization of sarcomeric actin thin filaments in skeletal muscle.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the leiomodin family of proteins. This protein contains three actin-binding domains, a tropomyosin domain, a leucine-rich repeat domain, and a Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein homology 2 domain (WH2). Localization of this protein to the pointed ends of thin filaments has been observed, and there is evidence that this protein acts as a catalyst of actin nucleation, and is important to the organization of sarcomeric thin filaments in skeletal muscles. Mutations in this gene have been associated as one cause of Nemaline myopathy, as other genes have also been linked to this disorder. Nemaline myopathy is a disorder characterized by nonprogressive generalized muscle weakness and protein inclusions (nemaline bodies) in skeletal myofibers. Patients with mutations in this gene often present with a severe congenital form of the disorder.

Source: NCBI Gene 56203 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): nemaline myopathy 10 (Definitive, ClinGen) — +2 more curated relationships
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 458 total — 39 pathogenic, 5 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 79
• MANE Select transcript: NM_198271

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6649
Approved symbol	LMOD3
Name	leiomodin 3
Location	3p14.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000163380
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	616112
Entrez	56203

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 4 protein_coding

ENST00000420581, ENST00000475434, ENST00000489031, ENST00000949407

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_198271 NM_001304418, NM_198271

CCDS: CCDS46862

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000420581 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001742702	69106065	69109121
ENSE00001765922	69118699	69120060
ENSE00001846394	69122093	69122595

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 170 present calls, max score 98.93.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 2.5826 / max 447.9657, expressed in 113 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
42963	1.1327	73
42962	0.9091	76
42961	0.4039	74
42959	0.0853	27
42960	0.0515	22

Top tissues by expression

247 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	98.93	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	98.85	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	98.77	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	98.71	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	98.57	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	98.55	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	98.44	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	98.11	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	97.96	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	97.63	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	97.40	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	96.50	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	95.13	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	94.41	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	94.32	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	94.09	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	93.84	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	93.21	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	92.92	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	90.69	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	90.21	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	89.95	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	89.51	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	89.25	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	87.06	gold quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	85.60	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	83.41	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	78.98	gold quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	72.57	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	67.05	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-75367	yes	32.65
E-ANND-3	yes	5.86

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

24 targeting LMOD3, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4533	100.00	69.48	2758
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-141-3P	99.94	72.79	2421
HSA-MIR-200A-3P	99.94	72.68	2420
HSA-MIR-6835-3P	99.93	70.49	2904
HSA-MIR-4659A-3P	99.80	72.62	4248
HSA-MIR-4659B-3P	99.80	72.62	4248
HSA-MIR-4422	99.72	72.07	2908
HSA-MIR-33A-3P	99.70	70.27	3362
HSA-MIR-4677-5P	99.70	70.09	1940
HSA-MIR-3136-3P	99.57	66.59	781
HSA-MIR-7155-3P	99.57	66.48	794
HSA-MIR-302B-5P	99.50	69.49	1857
HSA-MIR-302D-5P	99.50	69.34	1863
HSA-MIR-578	99.46	68.36	1787
HSA-MIR-3182	99.40	68.15	2454
HSA-MIR-4777-5P	99.33	67.53	1148
HSA-MIR-4727-5P	99.23	67.55	1154
HSA-MIR-6738-3P	99.03	67.14	1326
HSA-MIR-5001-3P	98.91	67.28	1394
HSA-MIR-5197-3P	98.71	67.05	1905
HSA-MIR-22-5P	97.67	68.92	1355
HSA-MIR-668-3P	96.18	65.80	673
HSA-MIR-425-3P	93.06	63.65	68

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 5)

• LMOD3 is essential for the organization of sarcomeric thin filaments in skeletal muscle. (PMID:25250574)
• LMOD3 mutation is associated with congenital myopathy. (PMID:28815944)
• The LMOD3 gene encodes leiomodin 3, a member of the tropomodulin family of proteins, which is expressed in skeletal muscle from the early stages of differentiation and plays a role in actin thin-filament nucleation. (PMID:29331079)
• LMOD3 is expressed in the brain and colocalized with major structures involved in the regulation of vigilance states. LMOD proteins are structural proteins and seem to be developmentally regulated. (PMID:29923248)
• We characterized the clinical features and the genetic status of 4 unrelated adolescent or adult patients with nemaline myopathy due to the missense variant c.1648C>T, p.(Leu550Phe) in the LMOD3 gene, either on both alleles or in trans with another missense variant (c.1004A>G, p.Gln335Arg). (PMID:30291184)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Lmod3	ENSMUSG00000044086
rattus_norvegicus	Lmod3	ENSRNOG00000032443
drosophila_melanogaster	tmod	FBGN0082582
caenorhabditis_elegans	unc-94	WBGENE00006823

Paralogs (6): TMOD2 (ENSG00000128872), TMOD1 (ENSG00000136842), TMOD3 (ENSG00000138594), TMOD4 (ENSG00000163157), LMOD1 (ENSG00000163431), LMOD2 (ENSG00000170807)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Leiomodin-3 — Q0VAK6 (reviewed: Q0VAK6)

Alternative names: Leiomodin, fetal form

All UniProt accessions (1): Q0VAK6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Essential for the organization of sarcomeric actin thin filaments in skeletal muscle. Increases the rate of actin polymerization.

Subunit / interactions. May interact with tropomyosin alpha (TPM1/2) N-terminus. Interacts with KLHL40; leading to stabilization.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Myofibril. Sarcomere. M line. A band. Cytoskeleton.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in cardiac and at higher levels in skeletal muscles (at protein level).

Post-translational modifications. Ubiquitinated, leading to its degradation. Interaction with KLHL40 negatively regulates ubiquitination and degradation.

Disease relevance. Nemaline myopathy 10 (NEM10) [MIM:616165] An autosomal recessive severe form of nemaline myopathy. Nemaline myopathies are muscular disorders characterized by muscle weakness of varying severity and onset, and abnormal thread-like or rod-shaped structures in muscle fibers on histologic examination. NEM10 is characterized by early-onset generalized muscle weakness and hypotonia with respiratory insufficiency and feeding difficulties. Additional features include arthrogryposis or congenital contractures, ophthalmoplegia, a history of prematurity, reduced fetal movements, and polyhydramnios. Most patients die of respiratory failure in early infancy. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Similarity. Belongs to the tropomodulin family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q0VAK6-1	1	yes
Q0VAK6-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001291347, NP_938012* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR004934	TMOD	Family
IPR032675	LRR_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF03250

UniProt features (27 total): compositionally biased region 6, sequence variant 5, region of interest 5, splice variant 4, sequence conflict 3, coiled-coil region 2, chain 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q0VAK6-F1	67.79	0.29

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 305 (showing top): GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_CONTAINING_COMPLEX_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_POLYMERIZATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_SKELETAL_MUSCLE_TISSUE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_MUSCLE_TISSUE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_MUSCLE_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, LFA1_Q6, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_POLYMERIZATION, GOBP_STRIATED_MUSCLE_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_STRIATED_MUSCLE_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_ACTIN_FILAMENT_DEPOLYMERIZATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_COMPONENT_BIOGENESIS, CAGCTG_AP4_Q5, COUP_01, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_COMPONENT_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ACTIN_FILAMENT_BASED_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (10): muscle contraction (GO:0006936), striated muscle contraction (GO:0006941), actin filament organization (GO:0007015), myofibril assembly (GO:0030239), skeletal muscle thin filament assembly (GO:0030240), actin nucleation (GO:0045010), skeletal muscle fiber development (GO:0048741), positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development (GO:0048743), pointed-end actin filament capping (GO:0051694), striated muscle cell development (GO:0055002)

GO Molecular Function (3): actin monomer binding (GO:0003785), tropomyosin binding (GO:0005523), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), striated muscle thin filament (GO:0005865), myofibril (GO:0030016), M band (GO:0031430), A band (GO:0031672)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
supramolecular fiber organization	2
actin filament organization	2
sarcomere	2
muscle system process	1
muscle contraction	1
actin cytoskeleton organization	1
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis	1
actomyosin structure organization	1
striated muscle cell development	1
membraneless organelle assembly	1
skeletal myofibril assembly	1
skeletal muscle tissue development	1
myotube cell development	1
positive regulation of cell development	1
positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development	1
skeletal muscle fiber development	1
regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development	1
positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation	1
actin filament capping	1
striated muscle cell differentiation	1
muscle cell development	1
actin binding	1
cytoskeletal protein binding	1
binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
actin cytoskeleton	1
myofilament	1
contractile muscle fiber	1
A band	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

826 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LMOD3	KLHL40	Q2TBA0	813
LMOD3	KBTBD13	C9JR72	799
LMOD3	KLHL41	O60662	775
LMOD3	NEB	P20929	703
LMOD3	TNNT1	P13805	664
LMOD3	TPM2	P06468	649
LMOD3	MYPN	Q86TC9	628
LMOD3	TPM1	P09493	624
LMOD3	CFL2	Q9Y281	616
LMOD3	TPM3	P06753	605
LMOD3	ACTA1	P02568	587
LMOD3	MYO18B	Q8IUG5	585
LMOD3	COBL	O75128	578
LMOD3	JMY	Q8N9B5	498
LMOD3	PFN4	Q8NHR9	488

IntAct

5 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
LMO2	LMOD3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LMOD3	PLS1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400

BioGRID (7): LMOD3 (Two-hybrid), PLS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LMOD3 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), LMOD3 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), LMOD3 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), KLHL40 (Affinity Capture-Western), LMOD3 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0M8S4, A0M8T5, A1A5Q0, B9EJA2, E1BTG2, E7F7X0, E9QA62, F7AEX0, O35867, O88665, Q00PJ1, Q02225, Q07DV1, Q07DW4, Q07DX4, Q07DY4, Q07E15, Q07E28, Q07E41, Q09YG9, Q09YI1, Q09YJ3, Q09YK4, Q09YM8, Q0VAK6, Q108T9, Q2IBA2, Q2IBD4, Q2IBE6, Q2IBF7, Q2IBF8, Q2QL82, Q2QLA2, Q2QLB3, Q2QLF8, Q2QLG9, Q2V2M9, Q3UHZ5, Q3UQU0, Q4V8E4

Diamond homologs: A0A0G2K0D3, A0JNC0, A1A5Q0, E1BTG2, E7F7X0, E9QA62, O01479, P28289, P29536, P49813, P70566, P70567, Q0VAK6, Q0VC48, Q3UHZ5, Q6P5Q4, Q8BVA4, Q9JHJ0, Q9JKK7, Q9JLH8, Q9NYL9, Q9NZQ9, Q9NZR1

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

458 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	39
Likely pathogenic	5
Uncertain significance	232
Likely benign	134
Benign	23

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (30)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1323241	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1342C>T (p.Gln448Ter)	Pathogenic
1323243	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1020_1023del (p.Thr341fs)	Pathogenic
1354391	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1192del (p.Arg398fs)	Pathogenic
1395938	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1472dup (p.Arg492fs)	Pathogenic
1417273	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.971del (p.Gly324fs)	Pathogenic
1451345	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.704C>G (p.Ser235Ter)	Pathogenic
1451618	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1219C>T (p.Gln407Ter)	Pathogenic
1457468	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.80_95del (p.Asn26_Leu27insTer)	Pathogenic
162215	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.138dup (p.Ser47fs)	Pathogenic
162217	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1201C>T (p.Arg401Ter)	Pathogenic
162219	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1069G>T (p.Glu357Ter)	Pathogenic
2149678	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1330C>T (p.Gln444Ter)	Pathogenic
2169511	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.882dup (p.Asp295fs)	Pathogenic
2176069	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.278_288del (p.Thr93fs)	Pathogenic
2501771	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.944_945del (p.Leu315fs)	Pathogenic
2571781	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.360dup (p.Glu121fs)	Pathogenic
2712484	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.131_132del (p.Pro44fs)	Pathogenic
2898508	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.780del (p.Asn261fs)	Pathogenic
3012412	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.637dup (p.Ile213fs)	Pathogenic
3643646	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1434C>G (p.Tyr478Ter)	Pathogenic
3656192	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1543_1544del (p.Ile515fs)	Pathogenic
3691947	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1012G>T (p.Glu338Ter)	Pathogenic
3720520	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1372C>T (p.Gln458Ter)	Pathogenic
374498	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1648C>T (p.Leu550Phe)	Pathogenic
374499	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.1004A>G (p.Gln335Arg)	Pathogenic
3906263	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.112del (p.Glu38fs)	Pathogenic
4070599	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.391A>T (p.Lys131Ter)	Pathogenic
4070600	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.106C>T (p.Gln36Ter)	Pathogenic
4726249	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.658A>T (p.Lys220Ter)	Pathogenic
4731299	NM_198271.5(LMOD3):c.319G>T (p.Glu107Ter)	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

360 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
3:69120058:TTCC:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
3:69120059:TCC:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
3:69120061:CTAC:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
3:69120062:T:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
3:69122087:GGTTA:G	donor_loss	0.9900
3:69122088:GTTAC:G	donor_loss	0.9900
3:69122089:TTA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
3:69122090:TA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
3:69122091:A:AG	donor_loss	0.9900
3:69122195:T:A	donor_gain	0.9900
3:69122268:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9900
3:69118691:CTACT:C	donor_loss	0.9800
3:69118692:TACTT:T	donor_loss	0.9800
3:69118693:ACTTA:A	donor_loss	0.9800
3:69118694:CT:C	donor_loss	0.9800
3:69118695:TTACA:T	donor_loss	0.9800
3:69118696:TACAG:T	donor_loss	0.9800
3:69118697:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9800
3:69118697:ACAG:A	donor_loss	0.9800
3:69118698:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9800
3:69118698:CAG:C	donor_gain	0.9800
3:69120061:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9800
3:69118690:TCTAC:T	donor_loss	0.9700
3:69121523:TCAAA:T	donor_gain	0.9700
3:69109121:CCTGC:C	acceptor_loss	0.9600
3:69109122:C:CA	acceptor_loss	0.9600
3:69109123:T:C	acceptor_loss	0.9600
3:69118698:CA:C	donor_gain	0.9600
3:69118698:CAGG:C	donor_gain	0.9600
3:69120059:TC:T	acceptor_gain	0.9600

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000213784 (3:69107067 C>G), RS1000277100 (3:69112697 C>T), RS1000424422 (3:69121784 G>A,C), RS1000492842 (3:69123277 T>G), RS1000651914 (3:69111278 G>A), RS1000662429 (3:69116896 T>C), RS1000820899 (3:69117831 TG>T,TGG), RS1001263961 (3:69115582 C>G), RS1001428054 (3:69120502 T>A,C), RS1001549141 (3:69112095 T>A), RS1001650806 (3:69109774 T>C), RS1001695460 (3:69115841 T>C), RS1002233831 (3:69112395 A>C), RS1002665233 (3:69115065 A>G), RS1002669038 (3:69114653 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:616112 | disease phenotypes: MIM:616165, MIM:616654

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
nemaline myopathy 10	Definitive	Autosomal recessive
severe congenital nemaline myopathy	Supportive	Autosomal recessive
typical nemaline myopathy	Supportive	Autosomal dominant

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
nemaline myopathy 10	Definitive	AR

Mondo (4): nemaline myopathy 10 (MONDO:0014513), Joubert syndrome 24 (MONDO:0014724), severe congenital nemaline myopathy (MONDO:0015735), typical nemaline myopathy (MONDO:0015737)

Orphanet (1): Isolated Joubert syndrome (Orphanet:475)

HPO phenotypes

79 total (30 of 79 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000047	Hypospadias
HP:0000054	Micropenis
HP:0000218	High palate
HP:0000239	Large fontanelles
HP:0000275	Narrow face
HP:0000347	Micrognathia
HP:0000369	Low-set ears
HP:0000470	Short neck
HP:0000508	Ptosis
HP:0000602	Ophthalmoplegia
HP:0000765	Abnormal thorax morphology
HP:0000767	Pectus excavatum
HP:0000774	Narrow chest
HP:0000775	Abnormality of the diaphragm
HP:0000883	Thin ribs
HP:0001181	Adducted thumb
HP:0001265	Hyporeflexia
HP:0001270	Motor delay
HP:0001283	Bulbar palsy
HP:0001288	Gait disturbance
HP:0001290	Generalized hypotonia
HP:0001319	Neonatal hypotonia
HP:0001324	Muscle weakness
HP:0001337	Tremor
HP:0001349	Facial diplegia
HP:0001371	Flexion contracture
HP:0001522	Death in infancy
HP:0001558	Decreased fetal movement
HP:0001561	Polyhydramnios

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

13 total (human), top 13 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	2
isobutyl alcohol	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
erucylphospho-N,N,N-trimethylpropylammonium	increases expression	1
incobotulinumtoxinA	decreases expression	1
Temozolomide	decreases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Cisplatin	increases expression	1
Gasoline	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	1
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation	1
Particulate Matter	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.