LRRC34

Summary

LRRC34 (leucine rich repeat containing 34, HGNC:28408) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 3q26.2, encoding Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 34 (Q8IZ02). Highly expressed in stem cells where it may be involved in regulation of pluripotency.

Predicted to be involved in cell differentiation. Predicted to act upstream of or within gene expression and telomere maintenance. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleolus.

Source: NCBI Gene 151827 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 14
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 75 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 1
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001172779

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:28408
Approved symbol	LRRC34
Name	leucine rich repeat containing 34
Location	3q26.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MGC27085
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000171757
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	619037
Entrez	151827

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 15 — 7 protein_coding, 5 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 3 retained_intron

ENST00000446859, ENST00000518252, ENST00000520726, ENST00000522080, ENST00000522329, ENST00000522526, ENST00000522596, ENST00000522830, ENST00000524054, ENST00000524327, ENST00000528597, ENST00000602774, ENST00000895444, ENST00000895445, ENST00000942564

RefSeq mRNA: 6 — MANE Select: NM_001172779 NM_001172779, NM_001172780, NM_001363888, NM_001370608, NM_001370609, NM_153353

CCDS: CCDS3208, CCDS54672, CCDS87166

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000446859 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001216849	169812410	169812904
ENSE00001360325	169793003	169793838
ENSE00001414252	169796214	169796369
ENSE00003466559	169808628	169808745
ENSE00003483931	169807588	169807709
ENSE00003492355	169795485	169795611
ENSE00003509284	169807426	169807490
ENSE00003536531	169806848	169806931
ENSE00003572982	169800659	169800754
ENSE00003618779	169796745	169796899
ENSE00003693383	169804053	169804181

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 192 present calls, max score 97.21.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 2.1258 / max 78.0778, expressed in 767 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
45538	1.2786	569
45537	0.4539	243
45536	0.3021	141
45535	0.0912	39

Top tissues by expression

250 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	97.21	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	95.77	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	93.85	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	90.68	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	90.07	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	89.30	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	85.47	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	85.06	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	84.47	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	83.29	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	82.03	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	81.52	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	81.49	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	81.11	gold quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	80.94	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	80.82	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	80.72	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	80.32	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	79.55	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	79.47	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	79.03	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	78.63	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	77.43	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	77.34	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	77.21	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	76.65	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	76.52	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	75.97	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	75.93	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	75.89	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	7.54

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

13 targeting LRRC34, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-944	99.82	70.85	3042
HSA-MIR-374C-5P	99.80	72.06	2910
HSA-MIR-655-3P	99.80	72.19	2909
HSA-MIR-494-3P	99.70	71.45	2795
HSA-MIR-466	99.67	70.85	2863
HSA-MIR-6513-3P	99.59	69.77	1102
HSA-MIR-4328	99.57	71.06	4094
HSA-MIR-216B-5P	97.16	66.76	1126

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• LRRC34 is a novel nucleolar protein that is predominantly expressed in pluripotent stem cells. (PMID:24991885)
• Variants in LRRC34 reveal distinct mechanisms for predisposition to papillary thyroid carcinoma. (PMID:32051256)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lrrc34	ENSDARG00000062235
mus_musculus	Lrrc34	ENSMUSG00000027702
rattus_norvegicus	Lrrc34	ENSRNOG00000027935

Protein

Protein identifiers

Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 34 — Q8IZ02 (reviewed: Q8IZ02)

All UniProt accessions (3): Q8IZ02, G3V115, H0YEZ4

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Highly expressed in stem cells where it may be involved in regulation of pluripotency. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), important for normal expression of the pluripotency regulators POU5F1/OCT4 and KLF4. Also important for expression of the ectodermal marker gene NES and the endodermal marker gene GATA4. Promotes stem cell proliferation in vitro.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with NPM1 and NCL.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Nucleolus. Cytoplasm.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q8IZ02-2	1	yes
Q8IZ02-3	2

RefSeq proteins (6): NP_001166250, NP_001166251, NP_001350817, NP_001357537, NP_001357538, NP_699184 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001611	Leu-rich_rpt	Repeat
IPR032675	LRR_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR052201	LRR-containing_regulator	Family

Pfam: PF13516

UniProt features (11 total): sequence variant 3, repeat 2, sequence conflict 2, chain 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8J07	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.1

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8IZ02-F1	86.22	0.76

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 45 (showing top): GOBP_CHROMOSOME_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_TELOMERE_ORGANIZATION, chr3q26, SENGUPTA_NASOPHARYNGEAL_CARCINOMA_DN, IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_EARLY_PROGENITOR, GOCC_NUCLEOLUS, GOBP_DNA_METABOLIC_PROCESS, DODD_NASOPHARYNGEAL_CARCINOMA_DN, HATADA_METHYLATED_IN_LUNG_CANCER_UP, KRIGE_RESPONSE_TO_TOSEDOSTAT_6HR_DN, MIKKELSEN_ES_ICP_WITH_H3K4ME3, RAO_BOUND_BY_SALL4_ISOFORM_B, STK33_SKM_DN, ZNF436_TARGET_GENES, ZNF585B_TARGET_GENES

GO Biological Process (4): telomere maintenance (GO:0000723), gene expression (GO:0010467), cell differentiation (GO:0030154), biological_process (GO:0008150)

GO Molecular Function (2): molecular_function (GO:0003674), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): nucleolus (GO:0005730), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cellular_component (GO:0005575), nucleus (GO:0005634)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
DNA metabolic process	1
telomere organization	1
macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
cellular developmental process	1
binding	1
nuclear lumen	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

663 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LRRC34	MYNN	Q9NPC7	810
LRRC34	LRRIQ4	A6NIV6	731
LRRC34	ACTRT3	Q9BYD9	669
LRRC34	LRRC31	Q6UY01	621
LRRC34	LRRC23	Q53EV4	589
LRRC34	INSYN2B	A6NMK8	573
LRRC34	CCDC146	Q8IYE0	571
LRRC34	RSPH14	Q9UHP6	504
LRRC34	CFAP161	Q6P656	502
LRRC34	STN1	Q9H668	500
LRRC34	SPATA18	Q8TC71	482
LRRC34	TSNAXIP1	Q2TAA8	480
LRRC34	LYPD6	Q86Y78	475
LRRC34	DNPEP	Q9ULA0	464
LRRC34	CFAP57	Q96MR6	459

IntAct

4 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
LILRB3	FAM171A2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SLC7A9	CDC7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (7): LRRC34 (Biochemical Activity), LRRC34 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRRC34 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRRC34 (Proximity Label-MS), LRRC34 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRRC34 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRRC34 (Affinity Capture-RNA)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0JM56, A0JPI9, A2BFL2, A5PK13, A6H639, J9SQF3, O13066, P19686, P33402, Q02108, Q0VAA2, Q14BP6, Q15111, Q15813, Q3USB7, Q498T9, Q4R642, Q4V8D9, Q4ZHS0, Q5DU41, Q5FVQ9, Q5RAG3, Q5RBD9, Q5RJH2, Q5ZIJ9, Q5ZIU8, Q62688, Q68F79, Q6DN12, Q6GQN5, Q6NU09, Q6P9F7, Q6WRX3, Q7Z7L7, Q80ZJ6, Q8BG40, Q8CDU4, Q8CIR4, Q8CIV8, Q8HXA6

Diamond homologs: Q4V8D9, Q8IZ02, Q9DAM1

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

75 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	60
Likely benign	4
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1876 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
3:169796213:CG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
3:169804047:ACT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:169804048:CTC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:169804049:TCACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:169804050:CAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:169804051:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:169804051:ACCAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:169804052:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:169804177:TTCTT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:169804178:TCTT:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:169804179:CTT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:169804180:TT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:169804181:TCTG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:169804182:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:169804182:CTGA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:169804183:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:169806846:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:169806847:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:169795483:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169795484:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169795628:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9900
3:169796212:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169796213:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169796304:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169804051:AC:A	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169804052:CC:C	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169804052:CCAG:C	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169804121:TTCC:T	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169804122:TCC:T	donor_gain	0.9900
3:169804123:C:CT	donor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

3047 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
3:169796757:A:G	L299P	0.975
3:169800743:A:C	S223R	0.973
3:169800743:A:T	S223R	0.973
3:169800745:T:G	S223R	0.973
3:169796841:A:G	L271P	0.966
3:169796282:G:C	N332K	0.954
3:169796282:G:T	N332K	0.954
3:169804159:A:G	L184P	0.953
3:169796868:A:G	L262S	0.951
3:169796366:G:C	N304K	0.949
3:169796366:G:T	N304K	0.949
3:169800681:C:G	R244P	0.948
3:169796292:A:G	L329P	0.947
3:169804075:A:G	L212S	0.945
3:169804111:G:T	A200D	0.942
3:169804143:G:C	N189K	0.940
3:169804143:G:T	N189K	0.940
3:169795603:A:T	V358E	0.933
3:169796361:A:T	I306K	0.933
3:169796757:A:T	L299H	0.933
3:169804059:A:C	C217W	0.933
3:169796757:A:C	L299R	0.932
3:169796292:A:C	L329R	0.931
3:169800720:A:G	L231P	0.931
3:169795509:G:C	N389K	0.929
3:169795509:G:T	N389K	0.929
3:169795593:G:C	N361K	0.927
3:169795593:G:T	N361K	0.927
3:169796784:A:G	L290P	0.926
3:169806861:G:T	A172D	0.922

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000282146 (3:169796966 A>G,T), RS1000644681 (3:169794815 AGTTG>A), RS1000915757 (3:169813918 T>C), RS1000942253 (3:169810201 A>C), RS1001161481 (3:169792967 A>C), RS1001248304 (3:169810406 GTT>G), RS1001263042 (3:169813650 T>A), RS1001316550 (3:169798131 A>G), RS1001522052 (3:169799587 G>A), RS1001945310 (3:169811358 T>C), RS1002041826 (3:169803955 AG>A), RS1002075731 (3:169814332 C>T), RS1002148818 (3:169812849 G>C), RS1002182548 (3:169807782 G>A,T), RS1002232225 (3:169805434 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:619037 | disease phenotypes: MIM:209850, MIM:213300

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): autism (MONDO:0005260), Joubert syndrome (MONDO:0018772)

Orphanet (1): Isolated Joubert syndrome (Orphanet:475)

HPO phenotypes

1 total (1 of 1 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000717	Autism

GWAS associations

14 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001968_1	Interstitial lung disease	8.000000e-13
GCST002243_3	Bladder cancer	5.000000e-09
GCST002922_5	Multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy	7.000000e-06
GCST004144_7	Thyroid cancer	3.000000e-08
GCST004600_195	Eosinophil percentage of white cells	6.000000e-15
GCST004617_90	Eosinophil percentage of granulocytes	5.000000e-15
GCST008721_1	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia or multiple sclerosis	2.000000e-09
GCST009597_108	Multiple sclerosis	2.000000e-11
GCST009758_14	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	7.000000e-13
GCST012396_4	Multiple myeloma	3.000000e-08
GCST90002390_172	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin	2.000000e-12
GCST90002392_318	Mean corpuscular volume	6.000000e-11
GCST90002393_210	Monocyte count	3.000000e-09
GCST90002397_85	Mean spheric corpuscular volume	8.000000e-13

EFO canonical traits (5, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007991	eosinophil percentage of leukocytes
EFO:0007996	eosinophil percentage of granulocytes
EFO:0000768	idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
EFO:0004527	mean corpuscular hemoglobin
EFO:0005091	monocyte count

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001321	Autistic Disorder	F03.625.164.113.500

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

30 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	decreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	6
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression	3
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	3
Air Pollutants	increases expression, decreases expression, increases abundance	3
mercuric bromide	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Smoke	increases abundance, increases expression	2
Tretinoin	decreases expression	2
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
NSC 689534	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Temozolomide	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation	1
Cadmium	decreases expression	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1
Coal	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Endosulfan	increases expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	decreases expression, affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Nickel	decreases expression	1
Rotenone	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Vanadates	decreases expression	1
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00211796	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Divalproex Sodium ER in Adult Autism
NCT00391261	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Open-label Trial of Metformin for Weight Control of Pediatric Patients on Antipsychotic Medications.
NCT00409747	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Minocycline to Treat Childhood Regressive Autism
NCT00576732	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Two Doses of Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder
NCT00844753	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism
NCT01028820	PHASE4	COMPLETED	FMRI Brain Activation of Aripiprazole Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01098383	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Treatment With Acetyl-Choline Esterase Inhibitors in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01333865	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01337700	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Milnacipran in Autism and the Functional Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Model of Autism
NCT01695200	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT02069977	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole
NCT02096952	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate ER Liquid Formulation in Adults With ASD and ADHD
NCT02199925	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of High-Dose Gammaplex in Children on the Autism Spectrum
NCT02235467	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multisite Study: Parental Training Using Video Modelling to Develop Social Skills in Children With Autism
NCT02255565	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dose Response Effects of Quillivant XR in Children With ADHD and Autism: A Pilot Study
NCT02940574	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Neural and Behavioral Effects of Oxytocin in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03333629	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Promoting Positive Outcomes for Individuals With ASD: Linking Early Detection, Treatment, and Long-term Outcomes
NCT03337646	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Effect and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine in Children Aged 6-12 With ADHD and Autism
NCT03538431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Improving Driving in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03757585	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Natural Treatments for the Management of Emotional Dysregulation in Youth With Non-verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
NCT04903353	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pragmatic Trial Comparing Weight Gain in Children With Autism Taking Risperidone Versus Aripiprazole
NCT05063656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Biomarker-Driven Pharmacological Treatment of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Gabapentin
NCT05146245	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics in Children 2: Studying TDM in an RCT
NCT05916339	PHASE4	RECRUITING	AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT05954052	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study of Glutathione in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06853665	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The TEAM Study - Treatment Efficacy for Autism/Attention Using Mixed Amphetamine
NCT07054697	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot-RCT With Individualized Homeopathic Treatment in the Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT07161804	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot RCT Using Homeopathic Medicines in ASD
NCT07439042	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Buspirone for Anxiety in Autistic Youth
NCT00036231	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
NCT00036244	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism
NCT00065884	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Valproate Response in Aggressive Autistic Adolescents
NCT00065962	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Secretin for the Treatment of Autism
NCT00252603	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Galantamine Versus Placebo in Childhood Autism
NCT00346736	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352248	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture Versus Sham Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352352	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00355329	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Control Trial of Using Tongue Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Using PET Scan for Clinical Correlation
NCT00498173	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Atomoxetine in Treating ADHD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Autism
NCT00541346	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study of Daytrana TM in Children With Autism Co-Morbid for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms