LSM1

Summary

LSM1 (LSM1 homolog, mRNA degradation associated, HGNC:20472) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 8p11.23, encoding U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm1 (O15116). Plays a role in the degradation of histone mRNAs, the only eukaryotic mRNAs that are not polyadenylated.

This gene encodes a member of the LSm family of RNA-binding proteins. LSm proteins form stable heteromers that bind specifically to the 3’-terminal oligo(U) tract of U6 snRNA and may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing by mediating U4/U6 snRNP formation. Increased expression of this gene may play a role in cellular transformation and the progression of several malignancies including lung cancer, mesothelioma and breast cancer. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 9.

Source: NCBI Gene 27257 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): neurodevelopmental disorder (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 4
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 27 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 3
• MANE Select transcript: NM_014462

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:20472
Approved symbol	LSM1
Name	LSM1 homolog, mRNA degradation associated
Location	8p11.23
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	CASM, YJL124C
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000175324
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	607281
Entrez	27257

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 7 — 4 protein_coding, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000311351, ENST00000520286, ENST00000520755, ENST00000522515, ENST00000523511, ENST00000906731, ENST00000918433

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_014462 NM_014462

CCDS: CCDS6103

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000311351 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002092415	38163339	38163840
ENSE00002099181	38176275	38176493
ENSE00003521722	38171965	38172033
ENSE00003646117	38169802	38169917

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 296 present calls, max score 97.00.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 37.1406 / max 421.0361, expressed in 1820 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
92733	31.1287	1819
92735	4.3070	1641
92734	1.7048	1071

Top tissues by expression

298 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	97.00	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	96.28	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	96.11	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	96.05	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	96.01	gold quality
saphenous vein	UBERON:0007318	95.94	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	95.90	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	95.89	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	95.78	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	95.69	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	95.51	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	95.50	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	95.47	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	95.37	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	95.34	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	95.25	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	95.15	silver quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	95.11	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	95.03	gold quality
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve	UBERON:0002870	95.02	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	94.99	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	94.96	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	94.95	gold quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	94.93	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	94.85	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	94.84	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	94.83	gold quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	94.80	gold quality
choroid plexus epithelium	UBERON:0003911	94.73	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	94.69	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	8.59

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

27 targeting LSM1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-128-3P	99.95	71.17	2484
HSA-MIR-216A-3P	99.95	71.19	2505
HSA-MIR-338-5P	99.92	72.34	2951
HSA-MIR-3681-3P	99.88	70.46	2254
HSA-MIR-548AZ-5P	99.83	69.94	3230
HSA-MIR-548T-5P	99.83	69.91	3220
HSA-MIR-1323	99.83	69.89	2471
HSA-MIR-4495	99.82	72.08	3080
HSA-MIR-139-5P	99.80	69.50	1399
HSA-MIR-448	99.79	72.37	2103
HSA-MIR-548O-3P	99.74	69.30	2228
HSA-MIR-4699-3P	99.71	70.15	3142
HSA-MIR-6134	99.63	65.68	1537
HSA-MIR-105-5P	99.54	69.24	2060
HSA-MIR-7853-5P	99.54	69.30	2055
HSA-MIR-6513-5P	99.43	67.81	1071
HSA-MIR-6882-5P	99.35	71.13	1206
HSA-MIR-542-3P	99.34	67.58	1270
HSA-MIR-4252	98.45	66.37	987
HSA-MIR-4684-3P	98.24	69.91	1075
HSA-MIR-3085-5P	97.72	65.43	544
HSA-MIR-618	97.62	67.46	861
HSA-MIR-1227-3P	97.36	66.94	834
HSA-MIR-1224-3P	97.24	65.92	851

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 9)

• Lsm1 is deeply involved in prostate cancer progression through its down-regulation, independent of any gene mutation. (PMID:11953827)
• LSm1-7 proteins colocalize with DCP1,DCP2 and Xrn1 in cytoplasmic foci (PMID:12515382)
• LSM1 is a breast cancer oncogene from the 8p11-12 amplicon. (PMID:17001308)
• Results suggest that LSm-1/CaSm functions as an oncogene in the promotion of cellular transformation and cancer progression. (PMID:18218995)
• The results of this study provided further support for previous genetic findings reporting the association of an intronic SNP (rs16887244) in LSM1 and schizophrenia in a Chinese sample (PMID:24035562)
• These results provide evidence that LSm1 binding to the DENV RNA 3’ UTR positively regulates DENV RNA replication. (PMID:25872476)
• DIS3L2 and LSm proteins are involved in the surveillance of Sm ring-deficient snRNAs. (PMID:32374871)
• Integrated analysis of pivotal biomarker of LSM1, immune cell infiltration and therapeutic drugs in breast cancer. (PMID:35692083)
• The role of LSM1 in breast cancer: Shaping metabolism and tumor-associated macrophage infiltration. (PMID:37995895)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	lsm1	ENSDARG00000043177
mus_musculus	Lsm1	ENSMUSG00000037296
rattus_norvegicus	Lsm1	ENSRNOG00000015375
drosophila_melanogaster	LSm1	FBGN0261067
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00003076

Paralogs (1): LSM8 (ENSG00000128534)

Protein

Protein identifiers

U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm1 — O15116 (reviewed: O15116)

Alternative names: Cancer-associated Sm-like, Small nuclear ribonuclear CaSm

All UniProt accessions (4): A0A0S2Z590, E5RH18, E5RJ47, O15116

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Plays a role in the degradation of histone mRNAs, the only eukaryotic mRNAs that are not polyadenylated. Probably also part of an LSm subunits-containing complex involved in the general process of mRNA degradation.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with SLBP; interaction with SLBP occurs when histone mRNA is being rapidly degraded during the S phase. LSm subunits form a heteromer with a donut shape.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. P-body.

Disease relevance. FICUS syndrome (FICUS) [MIM:621193] An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by facial dysmorphism, impaired intellectual development, global developmental delay, and multisystem features including cardiovascular, urogenital, skeletal, gastrointestinal, and ophthalmologic abnormalities. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Similarity. Belongs to the snRNP Sm proteins family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_055277* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001163	Sm_dom_euk/arc	Domain
IPR010920	LSM_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR034104	Lsm1	Domain
IPR044642	PTHR15588	Family
IPR047575	Sm	Domain

Pfam: PF01423

UniProt features (5 total): modified residue 2, chain 1, domain 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O15116-F1	89.59	0.76

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (2): 123, 129

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-430039	mRNA decay by 5’ to 3’ exoribonuclease
R-HSA-429914	Deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay
R-HSA-8953854	Metabolism of RNA

MSigDB gene sets: 162 (showing top): GSE18804_BRAIN_VS_COLON_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_DN, GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_DN, MORF_RAGE, MODULE_52, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_NEURON_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MRNA_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, MORF_ATRX, REACTOME_MRNA_DECAY_BY_5_TO_3_EXORIBONUCLEASE, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, MODULE_16, PUJANA_CHEK2_PCC_NETWORK, MODULE_388, GOBP_POST_TRANSCRIPTIONAL_REGULATION_OF_GENE_EXPRESSION, MUELLER_PLURINET

GO Biological Process (9): deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA (GO:0000290), RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions (GO:0000375), mRNA processing (GO:0006397), RNA splicing (GO:0008380), stem cell population maintenance (GO:0019827), neuron differentiation (GO:0030182), negative regulation of neuron differentiation (GO:0045665), histone mRNA catabolic process (GO:0071044), nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process (GO:0000956)

GO Molecular Function (3): RNA binding (GO:0003723), mRNA binding (GO:0003729), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): P-body (GO:0000932), nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytosol (GO:0005829), Lsm1-7-Pat1 complex (GO:1990726), ribonucleoprotein complex (GO:1990904)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay	1
Metabolism of RNA	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process	2
RNA processing	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay	1
mRNA methylguanosine-cap decapping	1
RNA splicing	1
mRNA metabolic process	1
multicellular organismal process	1
maintenance of cell number	1
cell differentiation	1
generation of neurons	1
neuron differentiation	1
negative regulation of cell differentiation	1
regulation of neuron differentiation	1
histone mRNA metabolic process	1
mRNA catabolic process	1
nucleic acid binding	1
RNA binding	1
binding	1
cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1
Sm-like protein family complex	1
protein-containing complex	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1750 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LSM1	XRN1	Q8IZH2	999
LSM1	LSM7	Q9UK45	998
LSM1	EDC3	Q96F86	991
LSM1	LSM4	Q9Y4Z0	988
LSM1	LSM3	P62310	986
LSM1	LSM2	Q9Y333	986
LSM1	LSM6	P62312	981
LSM1	PATL1	Q86TB9	969
LSM1	DCP2	Q8IU60	967
LSM1	LSM5	Q9Y4Y9	965
LSM1	DDX6	P26196	907
LSM1	SNRPD2	P43330	886
LSM1	EDC4	Q6P2E9	882
LSM1	LSM14A	Q8ND56	862
LSM1	DCP1A	Q9NPI6	839

IntAct

159 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
LSM1	LSM3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.950
LSM3	LSM1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.950
LSM3	LSM1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.950
LSM1	LSM4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.840
LSM1	LSM6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
LSM6	LSM1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
LSM1	LSM2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.830
LSM1	PATL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.770
PATL1	LSM1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.770
PATL1	LSM1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.770

BioGRID (151): LSM3 (Two-hybrid), LSM1 (Two-hybrid), LSM1 (Co-fractionation), LSM1 (Co-fractionation), LSM1 (Co-fractionation), LSM1 (Co-fractionation), PRPF3 (Co-fractionation), SNRPE (Co-fractionation), LSM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), NARS (Two-hybrid), PSMB5 (Two-hybrid), LSM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LSM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LSM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LSM1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2BIG9, A4IGZ4, A6H8I2, B8JKF4, D2GXY4, G2TRR1, O14036, O15116, O74499, O80396, P23059, P47017, P53905, P87173, Q02260, Q06217, Q08DB2, Q0IIM8, Q38E83, Q4R804, Q54HF6, Q54W83, Q55EX5, Q5E9Z8, Q6AZT2, Q6C7U0, Q6DJ48, Q6E0V2, Q6GQ67, Q6NU60, Q6NW58, Q7PWB1, Q8IPZ7, Q8LFL8, Q8N2I9, Q8VC85, Q945P8, Q94C95, Q9BRA0, Q9CQQ8

Diamond homologs: O15116, O74483, O74966, O82221, O95777, P24715, P47017, P87173, Q1ZXD5, Q3ZCE0, Q54W83, Q5E9Z8, Q5RCP3, Q6ZWM4, Q8LFL8, Q8VC85, Q8VYI0, Q945P8, Q9VXE0, O74499, P14678, P17136, P27048, P40018, P47093, P53905, P62308, P62309, P63162, P63163, P63164, Q05856, Q17QN3, Q3ZBL0, Q58DW4, Q5R6I0, Q60HD3, Q8SQH7, Q9N1Q0, Q9PV94

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 77 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
mRNA decay by 5’ to 3’ exoribonuclease	9	124.6×	2e-15
mRNA Splicing	8	16.0×	6e-06
Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA	8	11.9×	3e-05
Metabolism of RNA	11	8.3×	8e-06
mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway	8	8.0×	6e-04

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
P-body assembly	6	90.3×	3e-08
spliceosomal snRNP assembly	5	41.5×	5e-05
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	5	17.7×	2e-03
negative regulation of translation	6	16.8×	3e-04
mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	8	10.5×	3e-04
mRNA processing	7	7.9×	4e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

27 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	16
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

461 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
8:38163838:GTCCT:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:38163839:TCCT:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:38169800:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
8:38169801:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
8:38169801:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
8:38169801:CTAT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
8:38169918:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:38169924:G:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:38169924:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:38169926:G:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:38169926:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:38169928:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:38172034:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:38163837:AGTC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:38163838:GTC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:38163839:TC:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:38163840:CC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:38163841:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:38169793:TTCAC:T	donor_loss	0.9900
8:38169794:TCAC:T	donor_loss	0.9900
8:38169795:CACT:C	donor_loss	0.9900
8:38169796:AC:A	donor_loss	0.9900
8:38169797:C:CT	donor_loss	0.9900
8:38169798:TTA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
8:38169799:T:G	donor_loss	0.9900
8:38169800:AC:A	donor_loss	0.9900
8:38169801:CTA:C	donor_gain	0.9900
8:38169801:CTATT:C	donor_gain	0.9900
8:38169913:GTTTG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:38169914:TTTG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

863 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
8:38169830:C:A	G68V	1.000
8:38169830:C:T	G68E	1.000
8:38169831:C:G	G68R	1.000
8:38169831:C:T	G68R	1.000
8:38169836:A:T	V66D	1.000
8:38171966:A:C	F38L	1.000
8:38171966:A:T	F38L	1.000
8:38171968:A:G	F38L	1.000
8:38171973:T:A	D36V	1.000
8:38171991:C:T	G30D	1.000
8:38171992:C:G	G30R	1.000
8:38169809:C:T	G75E	0.999
8:38169815:A:G	L73P	0.999
8:38169823:A:C	N70K	0.999
8:38169823:A:T	N70K	0.999
8:38169827:T:A	E69V	0.999
8:38169832:T:A	R67S	0.999
8:38169832:T:G	R67S	0.999
8:38169833:C:A	R67I	0.999
8:38169833:C:G	R67T	0.999
8:38169848:C:A	G62V	0.999
8:38169848:C:T	G62E	0.999
8:38169849:C:A	G62W	0.999
8:38169849:C:G	G62R	0.999
8:38169849:C:T	G62R	0.999
8:38169887:C:G	R49P	0.999
8:38169888:G:T	R49S	0.999
8:38169905:A:G	L43P	0.999
8:38169913:G:C	N40K	0.999
8:38169913:G:T	N40K	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000000268 (8:38176068 T>A), RS1000096517 (8:38171438 G>A), RS1000254934 (8:38177093 C>T), RS1000392532 (8:38175889 T>G), RS1000449486 (8:38176224 G>A), RS1000860282 (8:38175980 T>C), RS1001425566 (8:38163474 T>C), RS1001598082 (8:38165952 T>C), RS1002023522 (8:38164887 T>C), RS1002356500 (8:38166565 C>T), RS1002708910 (8:38167678 T>C), RS1002744045 (8:38177041 G>A), RS1003066289 (8:38167414 T>C), RS1003194057 (8:38163264 CT>C), RS1003339861 (8:38178224 C>A,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607281 | disease phenotypes: MIM:621193, MIM:219050

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
neurodevelopmental disorder	Limited	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (9): FICUS syndrome (MONDO:0978296), intellectual disability (MONDO:0001071), constipation disorder (MONDO:0002203), strabismus (MONDO:0003432), mitral valve stenosis (MONDO:0005852), oligohydramnios (MONDO:0005881), cryptorchidism (MONDO:0009047), complex neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0100038), neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092)

Orphanet (2): Non-specific syndromic intellectual disability (Orphanet:528084), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Unexplained intellectual disability (Orphanet:319658)

HPO phenotypes

3 total (3 of 3 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0002019	Constipation
HP:0001562	Oligohydramnios
HP:0000028	Cryptorchidism

GWAS associations

4 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001301_2	Schizophrenia	1.000000e-10
GCST004521_242	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	4.000000e-09
GCST004946_16	Schizophrenia	1.000000e-11
GCST006803_65	Schizophrenia	6.000000e-10

MeSH disease descriptors (7)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D003248	Constipation	C23.888.821.150
D003456	Cryptorchidism	C12.100.500.829.258; C12.200.294.829.258; C12.200.706.258; C12.800.258; C16.131.939.258; C19.391.829.258
D008607	Intellectual Disability	C10.597.606.360; C23.888.592.604.646; F01.700.687; F03.625.539
D008946	Mitral Valve Stenosis	C14.280.484.517
D065886	Neurodevelopmental Disorders	F03.625
D016104	Oligohydramnios	C12.050.703.560
D013285	Strabismus	C10.292.562.887; C11.590.810

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

33 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Air Pollutants	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases oxidation, decreases expression	2
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
alpha-pinene	affects cotreatment, increases oxidation, increases abundance	1
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenate	decreases expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
manganese chloride	increases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
methacrylaldehyde	increases abundance, affects cotreatment, increases oxidation	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
(4-amino-1,4-dihydro-3-(2-pyridyl)-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazole)copper(II)	increases expression	1
Acrolein	increases abundance, affects cotreatment, increases oxidation	1
Arsenic	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
Cadmium	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Gasoline	increases abundance, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Hydrogen Peroxide	affects expression	1
Ivermectin	decreases expression	1
Manganese	increases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Ozone	affects cotreatment, increases oxidation, increases abundance	1
Paraquat	increases expression	1
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Potassium Dichromate	decreases expression	1
Rotenone	increases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Metribolone	increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Cadmium Chloride	increases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

493 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04586348	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Prenatal Iodine Supplementation and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment
NCT04873115	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Sialanar Plus orAl rehabiLitation Against Placebo Plus Oral Rehabilitation for chIldren and Adolescents With seVere Sialorrhoea and Neurodisabilties,
NCT05657860	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Guanfacine Extended Release for the Reduction of Aggression and Self-injurious Behavior Associated With Prader-Willi Syndrome
NCT05744479	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Metformin for Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain in Adults With Intellectual Disability
NCT06107829	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Valbenazine Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia in Adults With Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities
NCT06997198	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Deutetrabenazine Treatment for Tardive Dyskinesia in Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities
NCT00149877	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Tegaserod in Patients With Chronic Constipation
NCT00153114	PHASE4	COMPLETED	PolyethyleneGlycol3350 Laxative vs Placebo in Constipated Children
NCT00153127	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of PolyethyleneGlycol and Placebo for Relief of Constipation From Constipating Medications
NCT00153140	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Polyethyleneglycol3350 vs Tegaserod in Treatment of Patients With Chronic Constipation
NCT00153153	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Extended Use of Polyethyleneglycol3350 Laxative in Constipated Patients
NCT00157638	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Integrating Family Medicine and Pharmacy to Advance Primary Care Therapeutics
NCT00164125	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Open Label Study of Chronic Polyethyleneglycol3350 Use in Constipated Patients
NCT00171522	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Preference of Tegaserod vs. PEG 3350 in Patients With Constipation
NCT00256984	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Stapled Transanal Rectal Resection (STARR) Surgery in Refractory Constipation Associated With Obstructive Defecation Syndrome (ODS)
NCT00276354	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Long-term Use of Forlax® in Elderly Patients With Chronic Constipation
NCT00286520	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Fecal Incontinence and Constipation in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury
NCT00319670	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study of a New MiraLax® Dose Formulation For Use in Constipated Children
NCT00348634	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Effect of Tegaserod on Orocecal Transit in Elderly Chronic Constipation Patients
NCT00452335	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of Lubiprostone in Pediatric Patients With Constipation
NCT00521872	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Stapled Trans Anal Rectal Resection (STARR) for Outlet Obstruction: Functional and Morphological Outcome
NCT00583609	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study of a New PEG3350 Dose Formulation For Use in Constipated Children
NCT00603681	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of PEG Solutions With and Without Electrolytes in the Treatment of Constipation
NCT00712543	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Preference Study Comparing Kristalose® and Liquid Lactulose
NCT00763399	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Probiotics on Intestinal Bacterial Population and Immune Modulation
NCT00770432	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Comparing PEG 3350 Laxative to Placebo in the Treatment of Occasional Constipation (Study CL2007-12)(P08216)
NCT00799201	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Enteral Naloxone Versus a Traditional Bowel Regimen for the Prevention of Opioid Induced Constipation in Trauma Patients
NCT00844831	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Lubiprostone on Small Bowel and Colonic Bacteria: A Correlation Study With Segmental and Whole Gut Transit
NCT00949377	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Can Methylnaltrexone Safely Treat Opioid Related Constipation in the Emergency Department?
NCT01003249	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Dysfunctional Voiding and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms With Baclofen
NCT01096290	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Comparison of Lubiprostone and Placebo for the Relief of Constipation From Constipating Medications
NCT01114997	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Effect of Lidocaine and Esmolol to Improve the Quality of Recovery
NCT01170039	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effectiveness of Lubiprostone in Constipated Diabetics
NCT01180725	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Investigation of Dried Plums in the Treatment of Adults With Constipation
NCT01189409	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Versus Sennosides Study in Opioid-Induced Constipation in Cancer Patients
NCT01230840	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Wheat Dextrin on Calcium and Magnesium Absorption
NCT01236534	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lubiprostone in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Associated Constipation
NCT01267370	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Soy Polysaccharide Fiber for the Treatment of Chronic Constipation in Children: a Randomized, Double-blind Trial
NCT01333787	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dietary Fiber Mixture in Constipated Pediatric Patients
NCT01424228	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Long-term Prucalopride Treatment With Chronic Constipation in Subjects Aged ≥ 18 Years