LTB

Summary

LTB (lymphotoxin beta, HGNC:6711) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 6p21.33, encoding Lymphotoxin-beta (Q06643). Cytokine that binds to LTBR/TNFRSF3.

Lymphotoxin beta is a type II membrane protein of the TNF family. It anchors lymphotoxin-alpha to the cell surface through heterotrimer formation. The predominant form on the lymphocyte surface is the lymphotoxin-alpha 1/beta 2 complex (e.g. 1 molecule alpha/2 molecules beta) and this complex is the primary ligand for the lymphotoxin-beta receptor. The minor complex is lymphotoxin-alpha 2/beta 1. LTB is an inducer of the inflammatory response system and involved in normal development of lymphoid tissue. Lymphotoxin-beta isoform b is unable to complex with lymphotoxin-alpha suggesting a function for lymphotoxin-beta which is independent of lympyhotoxin-alpha. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

Source: NCBI Gene 4050 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 22
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 25 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002341

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:6711
Approved symbol	LTB
Name	lymphotoxin beta
Location	6p21.33
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	p33, TNFSF3
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000227507
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	600978
Entrez	4050

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 2 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000429299, ENST00000446745, ENST00000482429, ENST00000483972

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_002341 NM_002341, NM_009588

CCDS: CCDS4703, CCDS4704

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000376117 — 0 exons

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 130 present calls, max score 99.17.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 22.0049 / max 1652.0366, expressed in 431 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
72748	18.6835	380
72747	2.9218	208
72746	0.3996	109

Top tissues by expression

133 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	99.17	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	98.50	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	98.14	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	98.07	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	97.29	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	89.96	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	89.75	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	89.05	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	87.44	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	84.94	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	83.25	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	82.58	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	82.42	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	81.89	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	80.01	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	77.27	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	76.89	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	74.59	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	74.35	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	74.06	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	73.48	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	72.75	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	72.66	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	72.44	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	71.29	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	70.64	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	70.35	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	69.43	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	69.38	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	69.17	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 41 experiment(s), a significant marker in 34.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6505	yes	5821.42
E-MTAB-9906	yes	3255.95
E-MTAB-7407	yes	2768.33
E-MTAB-8221	yes	2555.65
E-CURD-112	yes	1973.65
E-CURD-79	yes	1603.54
E-MTAB-6701	yes	1586.27
E-HCAD-10	yes	1535.66
E-MTAB-9467	yes	1162.79
E-HCAD-1	yes	1157.22
E-HCAD-4	yes	1106.04
E-GEOD-149689	yes	1086.78
E-HCAD-36	yes	1048.52
E-MTAB-7381	yes	1042.25
E-HCAD-24	yes	985.99

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CREB1, CTCF, EGR1, ETS1, KLF3, MYC, NFAT5, NFKB1, NFKB, PAX3, RELA, SP1, YY1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

1 targeting LTB, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-8063	99.91	69.76	3146

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 18)

• Heterotypic interaction between LTbeta-producing lymphocytes and responding fibroblast-like synoviocytes contributes to establishment of complex lymphoid microstructures. May be one element in susceptibility of synovial membrane to lymphoid organogenesis. (PMID:15248211)
• The identification of IL-6 and IL-1beta as activators of LT-beta supports their involvement in LT-beta signaling in liver regeneration associated with chronic liver damage. (PMID:15910501)
• Lymphotoxin (LT) beta receptor ligands LTalpha1 and -beta2 activate both the classical and noncanonical NF-kappa B pathways in human vascular endothelial cells and dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. (PMID:18292573)
• LT-Beta may play a role in rheumatoid arthritis disease pathogenesis by contributing to a more intense inflammatory reaction in the synovium (PMID:18379788)
• blocking the lymphotoxin-beta receptor pathway results in ablation of the lymphoid organization in the NOD salivary glands and thus an improvement in salivary gland function. (PMID:19222863)
• Overexpression of human TNF, lymphotoxin-alpha, and lymphotoxin-beta in mice (transgenic mice) resulted in thymic atropy. Chronic infections may promote thymic atrophy by upregulating lymphotoxin and TNF production. (PMID:19735075)
• Sustained LT signaling represents a pathway involved in hepatitis-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. (PMID:19800575)
• Soluble LTalphabeta in synovial fluid is associated with a proinflammatory cytokine milieu that contributes to synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. (PMID:20356761)
• Data show differential expression of interferon-gamma, TNFSF3, TNFSF10, TNFSF12 and PDGFbeta in CD8+, CD14+ and CD4+ cells. (PMID:21211989)
• Findings provide evidence of additional complexity in the transcriptional regulation of LTB with implications for coordinate expression of genes in this important genomic locus. (PMID:21248773)
• A strong association was found between several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the LTA/LTB/TNFalpha locus and Sjogren syndrome. (PMID:22294627)
• The multifaceted character of lymphotoxin beta may be involved in inflammatory myopathies and muscular dystrophies. (PMID:22652080)
• TNF is able to upregulate LT-beta expression in hepatic cells at the transcriptional level by the binding of NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimers and Ets1 to their respective sites in the LT-beta promoter. (PMID:22742857)
• Combination of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a NF-kappaB inhibitor effectively suppressed cetuximab-resistant HNSCC and interfering with the EGFR-LTbeta interaction reverses resistance. (PMID:28196873)
• Gastrointestinal Symptom Cluster is Associated With Epigenetic Regulation of Lymphotoxin Beta in Oncology Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. (PMID:35929442)
• DNA methylation status of the SPHK1 and LTB genes underlies the clinicopathological diversity of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinomas. (PMID:36348017)
• Long Non-Coding RNA AL928768.3 Promotes Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Proliferation, Invasion and Inflammation, While Inhibits Apoptosis Via Activating Lymphotoxin Beta Mediated NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway. (PMID:37919527)
• Lymphotoxin-beta promotes breast cancer bone metastasis colonization and osteolytic outgrowth. (PMID:39147874)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Ltb	ENSMUSG00000024399
rattus_norvegicus	Ltb	ENSRNOG00000070531

Paralogs (8): CD40LG (ENSG00000102245), FASLG (ENSG00000117560), TNFSF11 (ENSG00000120659), TNFSF10 (ENSG00000121858), TNFSF14 (ENSG00000125735), TNFSF15 (ENSG00000181634), LTA (ENSG00000226979), TNF (ENSG00000232810)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Lymphotoxin-beta — Q06643 (reviewed: Q06643)

Alternative names: Tumor necrosis factor C, Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 3

All UniProt accessions (2): Q06643, Q5STB2

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Cytokine that binds to LTBR/TNFRSF3. May play a specific role in immune response regulation. Provides the membrane anchor for the attachment of the heterotrimeric complex to the cell surface. Isoform 2 is probably non-functional.

Subunit / interactions. Heterotrimer of either two LTB and one LTA subunits or (less prevalent) one LTB and two LTA subunits.

Subcellular location. Membrane.

Tissue specificity. Spleen and thymus.

Similarity. Belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q06643-1	1	yes
Q06643-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_002332, NP_033666 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002961	TNF_C	Family
IPR006052	TNF_dom	Domain
IPR006053	TNF	Family
IPR008983	Tumour_necrosis_fac-like_dom	Homologous_superfamily
IPR021184	TNF_CS	Conserved_site

Pfam: PF00229

UniProt features (18 total): sequence variant 5, mutagenesis site 4, topological domain 2, splice variant 2, chain 1, sequence conflict 1, transmembrane region 1, domain 1, glycosylation site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
4MXW	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.6

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q06643-F1	77.88	0.49

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 1 — 4MXW

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (1): 222

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (4):

Position	Phenotype
108	in subunit 1; reduces binding of lta(1)-ltb(2) to ltbr and abolishes ltbr-mediated nf-kappa-b signaling activation; when
109	in subunit 1; reduces binding of lta(1)-ltb(2) to ltbr and abolishes ltbr-mediated nf-kappa-b signaling activation; when
142	in subunit 1; reduces binding of lta(1)-ltb(2) to ltbr and abolishes ltbr-mediated nf-kappa-b signaling activation; when
170	in subunit 2; no significant effect on binding of lta(1)-ltb(2) to ltbr and ltbr-mediated nf-kappa-b signaling activatio

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-5668541	TNFR2 non-canonical NF-kB pathway
R-HSA-5676594	TNF receptor superfamily (TNFSF) members mediating non-canonical NF-kB pathway

MSigDB gene sets: 410 (showing top): CREL_01, MODULE_92, MCLACHLAN_DENTAL_CARIES_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PHOSPHORYLATION, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, TGCTGCT_MIR15A_MIR16_MIR15B_MIR195_MIR424_MIR497, MODULE_45, MODULE_64, GOBP_CANONICAL_NF_KAPPAB_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_ACTIVATION_OF_NF_KAPPAB_INDUCING_KINASE_ACTIVITY, GOBP_LYMPH_NODE_DEVELOPMENT, THEILGAARD_NEUTROPHIL_AT_SKIN_WOUND_DN, GOBP_EXTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_TRANSFERASE_ACTIVITY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CYTOKINE_PRODUCTION

GO Biological Process (12): immune response (GO:0006955), signal transduction (GO:0007165), cell surface receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007166), cell-cell signaling (GO:0007267), gene expression (GO:0010467), positive regulation of interleukin-12 production (GO:0032735), positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:0043123), skin development (GO:0043588), lymph node development (GO:0048535), positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:2001238), cell communication (GO:0007154), signaling (GO:0023052)

GO Molecular Function (4): signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), cytokine activity (GO:0005125), tumor necrosis factor receptor binding (GO:0005164), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	1
TNFR2 non-canonical NF-kB pathway	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cell communication	2
cellular process	2
signaling	2
immune system process	1
response to stimulus	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
signal transduction	1
macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
positive regulation of cytokine production	1
interleukin-12 production	1
regulation of interleukin-12 production	1
canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	1
regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
animal organ development	1
hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development	1
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	1
regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
regulation of biological process	1
protein binding	1
receptor ligand activity	1
tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding	1
binding	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

7 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TNFSF14	LTB	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
FCN1	LTB	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
LTB	galK	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LTB		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
LTB	rapA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (5): LTB (Reconstituted Complex), LTB (Reconstituted Complex), LTB (Affinity Capture-Western), LTA (Reconstituted Complex), TNFRSF1A (Reconstituted Complex)

ESM2 similar proteins: A4FV98, A5D7B1, A5PK51, A6QLN9, A8MUP2, D3ZVU9, O15527, O35595, O75078, O95848, P57775, Q05B60, Q06643, Q14728, Q14CX5, Q1LZB9, Q27HK4, Q2T9T5, Q2TBS1, Q3UGX3, Q4R3I0, Q4V892, Q58CT4, Q5E9H2, Q5RCI5, Q5SUV1, Q5TM22, Q642A6, Q6IA17, Q6PCB0, Q6XQN6, Q862Z7, Q8N8L6, Q8R2R5, Q8R2Z5, Q8R366, Q8WUG5, Q95JH0, Q95JH2, Q969P0

Diamond homologs: O43557, O95150, P01374, P04924, P09225, P10154, P13296, P23383, P26445, P29553, P36939, P36940, P41047, P48023, P51743, P59684, P59693, P59694, P61125, P63306, P63307, P63308, Q06332, Q06599, Q06600, Q06643, Q19LH4, Q2MH05, Q5TM20, Q5TM22, Q5UBV8, Q5WR07, Q75N23, Q861W5, Q862Z7, Q8JFG3, Q8K3Y7, Q8MKG8, Q8WNR1, Q9BDN1

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
LTB	“up-regulates activity”	LTBR	binding

Disease & clinical

Cancer significance

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

25 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	12
Likely benign	5
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

363 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
6:31581628:ACC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:31581629:CC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:31581629:CCC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:31581630:CC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
6:31581630:CCTGG:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
6:31581631:C:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
6:31581631:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9800
6:31581631:C:T	acceptor_gain	0.9800
6:31581627:AACC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9700
6:31581626:AAACC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9600
6:31581808:TCTTA:T	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31581810:TTA:T	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31581811:TAC:T	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31581812:AC:A	donor_gain	0.9500
6:31581813:CC:C	donor_gain	0.9500
6:31582248:CCACT:C	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31582249:CACTC:C	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31582250:ACTC:A	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31582251:CT:C	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31582252:T:TC	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31582253:CAC:C	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31582254:A:AT	donor_loss	0.9500
6:31582255:CCAGT:C	donor_gain	0.9500
6:31581807:CTCTT:C	donor_loss	0.9400
6:31582247:GCCAC:G	donor_loss	0.9400
6:31582254:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9400
6:31582255:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9400
6:31581812:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9300
6:31581813:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9300
6:31581161:CGC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9200

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1001191370 (6:31580937 G>A), RS1001470507 (6:31580302 C>T), RS1002865202 (6:31582561 T>G), RS1005203493 (6:31583963 C>T), RS1005671968 (6:31583514 C>G), RS1006622188 (6:31582134 A>G,T), RS1007933816 (6:31583669 G>A), RS1011274938 (6:31582953 T>G), RS1011723204 (6:31583279 A>G), RS1011927853 (6:31581399 T>A,C,G), RS1012527826 (6:31584150 A>G), RS1013185586 (6:31582927 C>G), RS1013486390 (6:31582580 G>A), RS1013789569 (6:31582295 C>G), RS1014107548 (6:31580777 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:600978 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

22 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000308_1	AIDS progression	3.000000e-19
GCST000738_5	Neonatal lupus	5.000000e-10
GCST000879_24	Crohn’s disease	4.000000e-11
GCST004131_25	Inflammatory bowel disease	2.000000e-31
GCST004133_79	Ulcerative colitis	5.000000e-65
GCST004521_114	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	3.000000e-17
GCST004521_117	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	3.000000e-15
GCST004521_126	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	2.000000e-10
GCST004521_209	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	5.000000e-16
GCST004521_211	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	5.000000e-15
GCST004521_213	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	5.000000e-13
GCST004521_265	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	7.000000e-14
GCST004521_3	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	2.000000e-15
GCST004521_70	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	8.000000e-20
GCST004521_81	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	1.000000e-14
GCST008916_111	Asthma	2.000000e-14
GCST008916_114	Asthma	1.000000e-09
GCST008916_30	Asthma	1.000000e-09
GCST008917_2	Asthma (childhood onset)	4.000000e-07
GCST008921_1	Asthma and major depressive disorder	2.000000e-16
GCST010725_43	Malaria	5.000000e-07
GCST010725_62	Malaria	3.000000e-06

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (2): CHEMBL3713022 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL3833421 (PROTEIN COMPLEX)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

1 annotations.

Variant	Type	Level	Drugs	Phenotypes
rs3093726	Toxicity	3	abacavir	Drug Hypersensitivity

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs3093726	LST1, LTA, LTB, TNF	3	0.00	1	abacavir

CTD chemical–gene interactions

70 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases expression, increases methylation	4
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
1-nitropyrene	increases expression	2
Air Pollutants	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Arsenic	affects expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Lipopolysaccharides	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Silicon Dioxide	increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
sanguinarine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	increases expression	1
nickel chloride	increases expression	1
3,4,5,3’,4’-pentachlorobiphenyl	increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
3-nitrofluoranthene	increases expression	1
cobalt oxide	decreases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
lipopolysaccharide, E. coli O26-B6	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
beta-hydroxy simvastatin acid	decreases expression	1
ICG 001	increases expression	1
ormosil	affects binding, decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
PF 3758309	increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Aripiprazole	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

1 unique, capped per target: 1 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL4688320	Binding	Inhibition of LTbeta (unknown origin)	Biologic-like In Vivo Efficacy with Small Molecule Inhibitors of TNFα Identified Using Scaffold Hopping and Structure-Based Drug Design Approaches. — J Med Chem

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.