LVRN

Summary

LVRN (laeverin, HGNC:26904) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q23.1, encoding Aminopeptidase Q (Q6Q4G3). Metalloprotease which may be important for placentation by regulating biological activity of key peptides at the embryo-maternal interface.

Predicted to enable metalloaminopeptidase activity; peptide binding activity; and zinc ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in peptide catabolic process and proteolysis. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm; extracellular space; and membrane.

Source: NCBI Gene 206338 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 5
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 147 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_173800

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:26904
Approved symbol	LVRN
Name	laeverin
Location	5q23.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	APQ, FLJ90650, AQPEP, TAQPEP
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000172901
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	610046
Entrez	206338

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 4 nonsense_mediated_decay, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 2 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding

ENST00000357872, ENST00000503203, ENST00000503329, ENST00000504467, ENST00000506279, ENST00000512314, ENST00000512413, ENST00000514509, ENST00000515454

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_173800 NM_173800

CCDS: CCDS4124

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000357872 — 20 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000972254	116000433	116000498
ENSE00000972255	116000593	116000658
ENSE00000972256	116001067	116001239
ENSE00001274418	116010741	116010894
ENSE00001274423	116005912	116005967
ENSE00001274429	116003241	116003380
ENSE00001274433	116002835	116002911
ENSE00001861823	115962475	115963312
ENSE00001884161	116025978	116027606
ENSE00003485355	116012374	116012468
ENSE00003489055	116014420	116014527
ENSE00003509105	116022391	116022466
ENSE00003570164	116015628	116015765
ENSE00003599275	115999762	115999902
ENSE00003647972	116015252	116015419
ENSE00003733475	115993741	115993854
ENSE00003734503	115983287	115983429
ENSE00003742736	115992123	115992277
ENSE00003744025	115984570	115984709
ENSE00003750313	115987813	115987939

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 160 present calls, max score 94.50.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.6554 / max 245.6195, expressed in 91 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (6 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
58059	0.3531	42
58058	0.0846	17
58061	0.0770	45
58060	0.0612	12
58062	0.0513	28
58057	0.0283	12

Top tissues by expression

251 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	94.50	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	90.45	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	88.75	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	88.00	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	87.98	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	85.26	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	85.18	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	85.12	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	84.69	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	80.73	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	74.86	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	74.67	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	74.32	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	74.14	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	73.72	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	73.35	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	73.24	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	72.88	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	72.41	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	72.25	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	71.84	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	71.81	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	70.97	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	70.95	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	70.79	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	70.56	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	70.33	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	68.49	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	68.39	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	68.33	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6678	yes	17.67
E-ANND-3	yes	9.91

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

98 targeting LVRN, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5692B	100.00	71.32	2622
HSA-MIR-5692C	100.00	71.32	2622
HSA-MIR-4789-5P	99.98	70.76	2721
HSA-MIR-512-3P	99.97	67.35	1049
HSA-MIR-6888-3P	99.97	65.95	1170
HSA-MIR-548AB	99.95	71.31	3488
HSA-MIR-559	99.95	72.28	3609
HSA-MIR-548AD-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AE-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AY-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548B-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548D-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548A-5P	99.94	71.27	3482
HSA-MIR-548AK	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AM-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AP-5P	99.94	71.14	3489
HSA-MIR-548AQ-5P	99.94	71.34	3426
HSA-MIR-548AR-5P	99.94	71.28	3515
HSA-MIR-548AS-5P	99.94	71.22	3482
HSA-MIR-548AU-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548BB-5P	99.94	71.27	3509
HSA-MIR-548C-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548H-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548I	99.94	71.25	3481
HSA-MIR-548J-5P	99.94	71.14	3489
HSA-MIR-548O-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548W	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548Y	99.94	71.28	3514
HSA-MIR-381-3P	99.93	71.87	2854
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 12)

• Extravillous trophoblasts express laeverin, a novel protein that belongs to membrane-bound gluzincin metallopeptidases(laeverin) (PMID:14706636)
• A novel membrane-bound cell surface peptidase, laeverin (FLJ90650), was found to be specifically expressed on extravillous trophoblasts that had almost ceased invasion into maternal decidual tissues. (PMID:15897020)
• The 3 most significantly overexpressed genes in rheumatoid arthritis were laeverin, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (a steroid pathway enzyme), and cysteine-rich, angiogenic inducer 61 (a known angiogenic factor). (PMID:16804865)
• is a novel bestatin-sensitive leucine aminopeptidase; plays important roles in human placentation by regulating biological activity of key peptides at the embryo-maternal interface (PMID:17525158)
• These results indicate that His(379) of laeverin plays essential roles in its distinctive enzymatic properties and contributes to maintaining the appropriate structure of the catalytic cavity of the enzyme. (PMID:19819873)
• Replacement of glutamine-238 with alanine caused a significant change in substrate specificity rather than a decrease in enzymatic activity. (PMID:21212512)
• Laeverin is a specific cell-surface marker for human extravillous trophoblast (EVT) and plays a regulatory role in EVT migration. (PMID:22402206)
• In preeclamptic placentas, laeverin is experssed in the cytoplasm and microvesicles, rather than the cell membrane. Laeverin appears to be involved in trophoblast cell migration and invasion through interaction with integrins and matrix metalloprotease 1. (PMID:24959655)
• Laeverin is expressed in all trophoblast cell types of normal and preeclamptic placentas. Expression pattern of laeverin in trophoblast cells is heterogeneous and not necessarily membrane-bound. (PMID:29355889)
• First trimester maternal serum laeverin level cannot be used to predict preeclampsia. (PMID:29681208)
• Overexpression of LVRN impedes the invasion of trophoblasts by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. (PMID:33355358)
• PRG2 and AQPEP are misexpressed in fetal membranes in placenta previa and percretadagger. (PMID:33982062)

Cross-species orthologs

20 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	anpeplb	ENSDARG00000041083
danio_rerio	anpepla	ENSDARG00000089706
mus_musculus	Lvrn	ENSMUSG00000024481
rattus_norvegicus	Lvrn	ENSRNOG00000003950
drosophila_melanogaster	CG7653	FBGN0028935
drosophila_melanogaster	CG9806	FBGN0030222
drosophila_melanogaster	CG2111	FBGN0030223
drosophila_melanogaster	CG6071	FBGN0036186
drosophila_melanogaster	CG5849	FBGN0038897
drosophila_melanogaster	superdeath	FBGN0039640
drosophila_melanogaster	CG3502	FBGN0046253
drosophila_melanogaster	CG31233	FBGN0051233
drosophila_melanogaster	CG31343	FBGN0051343
drosophila_melanogaster	CG31445	FBGN0051445
drosophila_melanogaster	SP1029	FBGN0263236
drosophila_melanogaster	CG46339	FBGN0285963
caenorhabditis_elegans	F49B2.6	WBGENE00009865
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00011587
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00012776
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00013166

Paralogs (11): TRHDE (ENSG00000072657), LTA4H (ENSG00000111144), LNPEP (ENSG00000113441), ENPEP (ENSG00000138792), NPEPPS (ENSG00000141279), RNPEPL1 (ENSG00000142327), AOPEP (ENSG00000148120), ERAP1 (ENSG00000164307), ERAP2 (ENSG00000164308), ANPEP (ENSG00000166825), RNPEP (ENSG00000176393)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Aminopeptidase Q — Q6Q4G3 (reviewed: Q6Q4G3)

Alternative names: CHL2 antigen, Laeverin

All UniProt accessions (1): Q6Q4G3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Metalloprotease which may be important for placentation by regulating biological activity of key peptides at the embryo-maternal interface. On synthetic substrates it shows a marked preference for Leu-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (Leu-MCA) over Met-MCA, Arg-LCA and Lys-LCA. Cleaves the N-terminal amino acid of several peptides such as angiotensin-3, kisspeptin-10 and endokinin C.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer.

Subcellular location. Membrane.

Tissue specificity. Specifically expressed in placenta and not in other tissues. Mainly found at the cell surface region of the extravillous trophoblasts. Detected on extravillous trophoblasts in the outer layer of the chorion laeve in the fetal membrane Not detected on either fetal amnionic epithelial cells or maternal decidual cells. Also detected in the migrating extravillous trophoblasts in the maternal decidual tissues (at protein level).

Post-translational modifications. N-glycosylated.

Activity regulation. Inhibited by bestatin.

Cofactor. Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit.

Miscellaneous. May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Similarity. Belongs to the peptidase M1 family.

Isoforms (4)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q6Q4G3-1	1	yes
Q6Q4G3-2	2
Q6Q4G3-3	3
Q6Q4G3-4	4

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_776161* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001930	Peptidase_M1	Family
IPR014782	Peptidase_M1_dom	Domain
IPR024571	ERAP1-like_C_dom	Domain
IPR027268	Peptidase_M4/M1_CTD_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR034016	M1_APN-typ	Family
IPR042097	Aminopeptidase_N-like_N_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR045357	Aminopeptidase_N-like_N	Domain
IPR050344	Peptidase_M1_aminopeptidases	Family

Pfam: PF01433, PF11838, PF17900

UniProt features (35 total): glycosylation site 8, splice variant 7, binding site 5, sequence variant 3, sequence conflict 3, topological domain 2, active site 2, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, site 1, transmembrane region 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q6Q4G3-F1	89.08	0.71

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (3): 503 (transition state stabilizer); 416 (proton acceptor); 503 (proton donor)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (5): 415; 419; 438; 240; 379–383

Glycosylation sites (8): 132, 168, 261, 288, 319, 346, 607, 653

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 66 (showing top): GOMF_METALLOPEPTIDASE_ACTIVITY, GCANCTGNY_MYOD_Q6, GOBP_PEPTIDE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, KOYAMA_SEMA3B_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_PEPTIDE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_PROTEOLYSIS, GOMF_METALLOEXOPEPTIDASE_ACTIVITY, GOMF_PEPTIDASE_ACTIVITY, GOMF_AMINOPEPTIDASE_ACTIVITY, GOMF_EXOPEPTIDASE_ACTIVITY, GOMF_METALLOAMINOPEPTIDASE_ACTIVITY, TAL1BETAITF2_01, SUPT16H_TARGET_GENES, ZFHX3_TARGET_GENES, MIR559

GO Biological Process (2): proteolysis (GO:0006508), peptide catabolic process (GO:0043171)

GO Molecular Function (8): zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), metalloaminopeptidase activity (GO:0070006), aminopeptidase activity (GO:0004177), protein binding (GO:0005515), peptidase activity (GO:0008233), metallopeptidase activity (GO:0008237), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (2): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), membrane (GO:0016020)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
protein metabolic process	1
peptide metabolic process	1
catabolic process	1
transition metal ion binding	1
aminopeptidase activity	1
metalloexopeptidase activity	1
exopeptidase activity	1
binding	1
hydrolase activity	1
catalytic activity, acting on a protein	1
peptidase activity	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1202 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
LVRN	CHRDL2	Q6WN34	799
LVRN	DNAI3	Q8IWG1	479
LVRN	WBP2NL	Q6ICG8	477
LVRN	EDN3	P14138	468
LVRN	GALNTL5	Q7Z4T8	456
LVRN	ACSBG2	Q5FVE4	438
LVRN	ABCA13	Q86UQ4	418
LVRN	NME8	Q8N427	410
LVRN	CCDC149	Q6ZUS6	404
LVRN	KIF14	Q15058	398
LVRN	MAP4	P27816	397
LVRN	ZFHX3	Q15911	389
LVRN	DRC11	Q86XH1	385
LVRN	ADGB	Q8N7X0	383
LVRN	OR51I2	Q9H344	383
LVRN	FANCL	Q9NW38	383

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
M		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (3): AQPEP (Two-hybrid), AQPEP (Two-hybrid), AQPEP (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A6J2ATK2, A5HUI5, A6QPT7, D3UW23, M3XFH7, O57579, O88917, O88923, O94910, O95490, O97817, O97827, O97831, P15144, P15145, P15541, P15684, P16406, P42658, P42659, P46101, P50123, P79098, P79143, P79171, P97449, P97629, Q07075, Q10737, Q22523, Q2KHK3, Q2M2H8, Q32LQ0, Q5RFP3, Q6P179, Q6Q4G3, Q7Q2T8, Q7TT41, Q80TR1, Q80TS3

Diamond homologs: A0A6J2ATK2, A6NEC2, A6QPT7, M3XFH7, O57579, P15144, P15145, P15541, P15684, P46557, P50123, P79098, P79143, P79171, P97449, P97629, Q07075, Q10736, Q10836, Q2KHK3, Q32LQ0, Q5RFP3, Q6P179, Q6Q4G3, Q7Q2T8, Q8C129, Q8K093, Q95334, Q9EQH2, Q9JJ22, Q9UIQ6, Q9UKU6, A5HUI5, D3UW23, O93654, O93655, P0DQU2, P16406, P32454, P37893

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

147 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	126
Likely benign	10
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

3941 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
5:115963314:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:115964712:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
5:115964712:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
5:115993736:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:115993737:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:115993737:AAAGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:115993738:AAGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116000591:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116000592:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116000592:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116000592:GTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116000592:GTCA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116000592:GTCAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116002829:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116002830:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116002832:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116002832:AAGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116002833:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116002834:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116002834:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116002907:CAGCA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:116002908:AGCA:A	donor_gain	1.0000
5:116002909:GCA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
5:116002909:GCAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
5:116002910:CA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:116002912:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
5:116003240:GAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116012372:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116012373:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:116012464:GCTCT:G	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

6541 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
5:116001127:T:A	W570R	0.990
5:116001127:T:C	W570R	0.990
5:115983325:G:T	R245M	0.986
5:115984620:T:C	F297L	0.986
5:115984622:T:A	F297L	0.986
5:115984622:T:G	F297L	0.986
5:115999902:G:C	K505N	0.986
5:115999902:G:T	K505N	0.986
5:115983341:T:G	C250W	0.985
5:115993741:T:A	W421R	0.985
5:115993741:T:C	W421R	0.985
5:115993773:G:C	W431C	0.982
5:115993773:G:T	W431C	0.982
5:115993771:T:A	W431R	0.981
5:115993771:T:C	W431R	0.981
5:116010814:T:A	W723R	0.981
5:116010814:T:C	W723R	0.981
5:115993783:T:A	W435R	0.980
5:115993783:T:C	W435R	0.980
5:116000641:T:A	W544R	0.977
5:116000641:T:C	W544R	0.977
5:115963239:T:C	F208L	0.976
5:115963241:C:A	F208L	0.976
5:115963241:C:G	F208L	0.976
5:115983325:G:C	R245T	0.976
5:116015731:T:C	F908L	0.976
5:116015733:C:A	F908L	0.976
5:116015733:C:G	F908L	0.976
5:115987825:G:C	A331P	0.973
5:116015318:G:C	W839C	0.972

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000076499 (5:116027023 T>A), RS1000108994 (5:115977602 T>C), RS1000157733 (5:115969840 A>T), RS1000174840 (5:115987212 A>G), RS1000262658 (5:116006679 A>G), RS1000391198 (5:115998109 T>C), RS1000433497 (5:115962733 A>G), RS1000548487 (5:115971288 G>T), RS1000595504 (5:116004070 A>G), RS1000665710 (5:116002902 C>G,T), RS1000721885 (5:116020720 T>G), RS1000722610 (5:115967461 T>C), RS1000723826 (5:115999099 C>A,T), RS1000781669 (5:115986159 G>C,T), RS1000792890 (5:116020940 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:610046 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST002685_12	Refractive astigmatism	1.000000e-06
GCST002690_6	Very long-chain saturated fatty acid levels (fatty acid 20:0)	4.000000e-06
GCST008181_6	Spontaneous preterm birth without premature rupture of membranes	4.000000e-06
GCST90002390_138	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin	1.000000e-09
GCST90002404_211	Red cell distribution width	1.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0006796	very long-chain saturated fatty acid measurement
EFO:0006917	spontaneous preterm birth
EFO:0004527	mean corpuscular hemoglobin
EFO:0009188	Red cell distribution width

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3831223 (PROTEIN FAMILY)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: enzyme — M1: Aminopeptidase N

CTD chemical–gene interactions

7 total (human), top 7 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Nickel	decreases expression	2
arsenite	increases methylation	1
abrine	increases expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, affects methylation	1
Naled	affects expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

1 unique, capped per target: 1 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL4334276	ADMET	Stability in pH 2 HCl assessed as aminopeptidase (unknown origin)-mediated compound hydrolysis by measuring parent compound remaining at 200 uM up to 6 hrs by RP-HPLC analysis	Astratides: Insulin-Modulating, Insecticidal, and Antifungal Cysteine-Rich Peptides from Astragalus membranaceus. — J Nat Prod

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.